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   &#160;<span id="projectnumber">1.45</span>
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<div class="title">Introduction </div>  </div>
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<div class="textblock"><center> Forward to <a class="el" href="install.html">Installing GeographicLib</a>. Up to <a class="el" href="index.html#contents">Contents</a>. </center><p><a class="el" href="namespaceGeographicLib.html" title="Namespace for GeographicLib. ">GeographicLib</a> offers a C++ interfaces to a small (but important!) set of geographic transformations. It grew out of a desire to improve on the <a href="http://earth-info.nima.mil/GandG/geotrans/">geotrans</a> package for transforming between geographic and <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1MGRS.html" title="Convert between UTM/UPS and MGRS. ">MGRS</a> coordinates. At present, <a class="el" href="namespaceGeographicLib.html" title="Namespace for GeographicLib. ">GeographicLib</a> provides UTM, UPS, <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1MGRS.html" title="Convert between UTM/UPS and MGRS. ">MGRS</a>, geocentric, and local cartesian projections, gravity and geomagnetic models, and classes for geodesic calculations.</p>
<p>The goals of <a class="el" href="namespaceGeographicLib.html" title="Namespace for GeographicLib. ">GeographicLib</a> are:</p><ul>
<li>Accuracy. In most applications the accuracy is close to round-off, about 5&#160;nm (5 nanometers). Even though in many geographic applications 1 cm is considered "accurate enough", there is little penalty in providing much better accuracy. In situations where a faster approximate algorithm is necessary, <a class="el" href="namespaceGeographicLib.html" title="Namespace for GeographicLib. ">GeographicLib</a> offers an accurate benchmark to guide the development.</li>
<li>Completeness. For each of the projections included, an attempt is made to provide a complete solution. For example, <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1Geodesic.html#ad7e59a242125a35a95c96cdb20573081">Geodesic::Inverse</a> works for anti-podal points. Similarly, <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1Geocentric.html#a1907735ce8f5f915a14a5f7a8b3adfea">Geocentric.Reverse</a> will return accurate geodetic coordinates even for points close to the center of the earth.</li>
<li>C++ interface. For the projection methods, this allows encapsulation of the ellipsoid parameters.</li>
<li>Emphasis on projections necessary for analyzing military data.</li>
<li>Uniform treatment of UTM/UPS. The <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1UTMUPS.html" title="Convert between geographic coordinates and UTM/UPS. ">UTMUPS</a> class treats UPS as zone 0. This simplifies conversions between UTM and UPS coordinates, etc.</li>
<li>Well defined and stable conventions for the conversion between UTM/UPS to <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1MGRS.html" title="Convert between UTM/UPS and MGRS. ">MGRS</a> coordinates.</li>
<li>Detailed internal documentation on the algorithms. For the most part <a class="el" href="namespaceGeographicLib.html" title="Namespace for GeographicLib. ">GeographicLib</a> uses published algorithms and references are given. If changes have been made (usually to improve the numerical accuracy), these are described in the code.</li>
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<p>Various <a class="el" href="utilities.html">Utility programs</a> are provided with the library. These illustrate the use of the library and are useful in their own right. This library and the utilities have been tested with g++ 4.4 under Linux, with g++ 4.2 under Mac OS X, and with MS Visual Studio 9 (2008), 10 (2010), 11 (2012), and 12 (2013) compiled for 32 bit and 64 bit.</p>
<p>MATLAB, JavaScript, and Python interfaces are provided to portions of <a class="el" href="namespaceGeographicLib.html" title="Namespace for GeographicLib. ">GeographicLib</a>; see <a class="el" href="other.html">Implementations in other languages</a>.</p>
<p>The section <a class="el" href="geodesic.html">Geodesics on an ellipsoid of revolution</a> documents the method of solving the geodesic problem.</p>
<p>The section <a class="el" href="transversemercator.html">Transverse Mercator projection</a> documents various properties of this projection.</p>
<p>The bulk of the testing has used geographically relevant values of the flattening. Thus, you can expect close to full accuracy for &minus;0.01 &le; <em>f</em> &le; 0.01 (but note that <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1TransverseMercatorExact.html" title="An exact implementation of the transverse Mercator projection. ">TransverseMercatorExact</a> is restricted to <em>f</em> &gt; 0). However, reasonably accurate results can be expected if &minus;0.1 &le; <em>f</em> &le; 0.1. Outside this range, you should attempt to verify the accuracy of the routines independently. Two types of problems may occur with larger values of <em>f</em>:</p><ul>
<li>Some classes, specifically <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1Geodesic.html" title="Geodesic calculations ">Geodesic</a>, <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1GeodesicLine.html" title="A geodesic line. ">GeodesicLine</a>, and <a class="el" href="classGeographicLib_1_1TransverseMercator.html" title="Transverse Mercator projection. ">TransverseMercator</a>, use series expansions using <em>f</em> as a small parameter. The accuracy of these routines will degrade as <em>f</em> becomes large.</li>
<li>Even when exact formulas are used, many of the classes need to invert the exact formulas (e.g., to invert a projection), typically, using Newton's method. This usually provides an essentially exact inversion. However, the choice of starting guess and the exit conditions have been tuned to cover small values of <em>f</em> and the inversion may be incorrect if <em>f</em> is large.</li>
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<p>Undoubtedly, bugs lurk in this code and in the documentation. Please report any you find to <a href="#" onclick="location.href='mai'+'lto:'+'cha'+'rl'+'es@'+'ka'+'rne'+'y.'+'com'; return false;">charl<span style="display: none;">.nosp@m.</span>es@k<span style="display: none;">.nosp@m.</span>arney<span style="display: none;">.nosp@m.</span>.com</a>.</p>
<center> Forward to <a class="el" href="install.html">Installing GeographicLib</a>. Up to <a class="el" href="index.html#contents">Contents</a>. </center> </div></div><!-- contents -->
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