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QMGR(8) QMGR(8)
<b>NAME</b>
qmgr - Postfix queue manager
<b>SYNOPSIS</b>
<b>qmgr</b> [generic Postfix daemon options]
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon awaits the arrival of incoming mail and arranges for
its delivery via Postfix delivery processes. The actual mail routing
strategy is delegated to the <a href="trivial-rewrite.8.html"><b>trivial-rewrite</b>(8)</a> daemon. This program
expects to be run from the <a href="master.8.html"><b>master</b>(8)</a> process manager.
Mail addressed to the local <b>double-bounce</b> address is logged and dis-
carded. This stops potential loops caused by undeliverable bounce
notifications.
<b>MAIL QUEUES</b>
The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon maintains the following queues:
<b>incoming</b>
Inbound mail from the network, or mail picked up by the local
<a href="pickup.8.html"><b>pickup</b>(8)</a> daemon from the <b>maildrop</b> directory.
<b>active</b> Messages that the queue manager has opened for delivery. Only a
limited number of messages is allowed to enter the <b>active</b> queue
(leaky bucket strategy, for a fixed delivery rate).
<b>deferred</b>
Mail that could not be delivered upon the first attempt. The
queue manager implements exponential backoff by doubling the
time between delivery attempts.
<b>corrupt</b>
Unreadable or damaged queue files are moved here for inspection.
<b>hold</b> Messages that are kept "on hold" are kept here until someone
sets them free.
<b>DELIVERY STATUS REPORTS</b>
The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon keeps an eye on per-message delivery status reports
in the following directories. Each status report file has the same name
as the corresponding message file:
<b>bounce</b> Per-recipient status information about why mail is bounced.
These files are maintained by the <a href="bounce.8.html"><b>bounce</b>(8)</a> daemon.
<b>defer</b> Per-recipient status information about why mail is delayed.
These files are maintained by the <a href="defer.8.html"><b>defer</b>(8)</a> daemon.
<b>trace</b> Per-recipient status information as requested with the Postfix
"<b>sendmail -v</b>" or "<b>sendmail -bv</b>" command. These files are main-
tained by the <a href="trace.8.html"><b>trace</b>(8)</a> daemon.
The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon is responsible for asking the <a href="bounce.8.html"><b>bounce</b>(8)</a>, <a href="defer.8.html"><b>defer</b>(8)</a> or
<a href="trace.8.html"><b>trace</b>(8)</a> daemons to send delivery reports.
<b>STRATEGIES</b>
The queue manager implements a variety of strategies for either opening
queue files (input) or for message delivery (output).
<b>leaky bucket</b>
This strategy limits the number of messages in the <b>active</b> queue
and prevents the queue manager from running out of memory under
heavy load.
<b>fairness</b>
When the <b>active</b> queue has room, the queue manager takes one mes-
sage from the <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#incoming_queue"><b>incoming</b> queue</a> and one from the <b>deferred</b> queue.
This prevents a large mail backlog from blocking the delivery of
new mail.
<b>slow start</b>
This strategy eliminates "thundering herd" problems by slowly
adjusting the number of parallel deliveries to the same destina-
tion.
<b>round robin</b>
The queue manager sorts delivery requests by destination.
Round-robin selection prevents one destination from dominating
deliveries to other destinations.
<b>exponential backoff</b>
Mail that cannot be delivered upon the first attempt is
deferred. The time interval between delivery attempts is dou-
bled after each attempt.
<b>destination status cache</b>
The queue manager avoids unnecessary delivery attempts by main-
taining a short-term, in-memory list of unreachable destina-
tions.
<b>preemptive message scheduling</b>
The queue manager attempts to minimize the average per-recipient
delay while still preserving the correct per-message delays,
using a sophisticated preemptive message scheduling.
<b>TRIGGERS</b>
On an idle system, the queue manager waits for the arrival of trigger
events, or it waits for a timer to go off. A trigger is a one-byte mes-
sage. Depending on the message received, the queue manager performs
one of the following actions (the message is followed by the symbolic
constant used internally by the software):
<b>D (QMGR_REQ_SCAN_DEFERRED)</b>
Start a <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scan. If a deferred queue scan is
already in progress, that scan will be restarted as soon as it
finishes.
<b>I (QMGR_REQ_SCAN_INCOMING)</b>
Start an <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#incoming_queue">incoming queue</a> scan. If an incoming queue scan is
already in progress, that scan will be restarted as soon as it
finishes.
<b>A (QMGR_REQ_SCAN_ALL)</b>
Ignore <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> file time stamps. The request affects the
next <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scan.
<b>F (QMGR_REQ_FLUSH_DEAD)</b>
Purge all information about dead transports and destinations.
<b>W (TRIGGER_REQ_WAKEUP)</b>
Wakeup call, This is used by the master server to instantiate
servers that should not go away forever. The action is to start
an <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#incoming_queue">incoming queue</a> scan.
The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon reads an entire buffer worth of triggers. Multiple
identical trigger requests are collapsed into one, and trigger requests
are sorted so that <b>A</b> and <b>F</b> precede <b>D</b> and <b>I</b>. Thus, in order to force a
<a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> run, one would request <b>A F D</b>; in order to notify the
queue manager of the arrival of new mail one would request <b>I</b>.
<b>STANDARDS</b>
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3463">RFC 3463</a> (Enhanced status codes)
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3464">RFC 3464</a> (Delivery status notifications)
<b>SECURITY</b>
The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon is not security sensitive. It reads single-character
messages from untrusted local users, and thus may be susceptible to
denial of service attacks. The <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> daemon does not talk to the out-
side world, and it can be run at fixed low privilege in a chrooted
environment.
<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b>
Problems and transactions are logged to the syslog daemon. Corrupted
message files are saved to the <b>corrupt</b> queue for further inspection.
Depending on the setting of the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#notify_classes">notify_classes</a></b> parameter, the postmas-
ter is notified of bounces and of other trouble.
<b>BUGS</b>
A single queue manager process has to compete for disk access with mul-
tiple front-end processes such as <a href="cleanup.8.html"><b>cleanup</b>(8)</a>. A sudden burst of inbound
mail can negatively impact outbound delivery rates.
<b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b>
Changes to <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> are not picked up automatically as <a href="qmgr.8.html"><b>qmgr</b>(8)</a> is a per-
sistent process. Use the "<b>postfix reload</b>" command after a configuration
change.
The text below provides only a parameter summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>postconf</b>(5)</a> for
more details including examples.
In the text below, <i>transport</i> is the first field in a <a href="master.5.html"><b>master.cf</b></a> entry.
<b>COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS</b>
Available before Postfix version 2.5:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#allow_min_user">allow_min_user</a> (no)</b>
Allow a sender or recipient address to have `-' as the first
character.
Available with Postfix version 2.7 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_filter_nexthop">default_filter_nexthop</a> (empty)</b>
When a <a href="postconf.5.html#content_filter">content_filter</a> or FILTER request specifies no explicit
next-hop destination, use $<a href="postconf.5.html#default_filter_nexthop">default_filter_nexthop</a> instead; when
that value is empty, use the domain in the recipient address.
<b>ACTIVE QUEUE CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_clog_warn_time">qmgr_clog_warn_time</a> (300s)</b>
The minimal delay between warnings that a specific destination
is clogging up the Postfix <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#active_queue">active queue</a>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_message_active_limit">qmgr_message_active_limit</a> (20000)</b>
The maximal number of messages in the <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#active_queue">active queue</a>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_message_recipient_limit">qmgr_message_recipient_limit</a> (20000)</b>
The maximal number of recipients held in memory by the Postfix
queue manager, and the maximal size of the short-term, in-memory
"dead" destination status cache.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_message_recipient_minimum">qmgr_message_recipient_minimum</a> (10)</b>
The minimal number of in-memory recipients for any message.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_limit">default_recipient_limit</a> (20000)</b>
The default per-transport upper limit on the number of in-memory
recipients.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_recipient_limit"><i>transport</i>_recipient_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_limit">default_recipient_limit</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_extra_recipient_limit">default_extra_recipient_limit</a> (1000)</b>
The default value for the extra per-transport limit imposed on
the number of in-memory recipients.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_extra_recipient_limit"><i>transport</i>_extra_recipient_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_extra_recipient_limit">default_extra_recipient_limit</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
Available in Postfix version 2.4 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_limit">default_recipient_refill_limit</a> (100)</b>
The default per-transport limit on the number of recipients
refilled at once.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_recipient_refill_limit"><i>transport</i>_recipient_refill_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_limit">default_recipient_refill_limit</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_delay">default_recipient_refill_delay</a> (5s)</b>
The default per-transport maximum delay between recipients
refills.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_recipient_refill_delay"><i>transport</i>_recipient_refill_delay</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_recipient_refill_delay">default_recipient_refill_delay</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b>DELIVERY CONCURRENCY CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#initial_destination_concurrency">initial_destination_concurrency</a> (5)</b>
The initial per-destination concurrency level for parallel
delivery to the same destination.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_limit">default_destination_concurrency_limit</a> (20)</b>
The default maximal number of parallel deliveries to the same
destination.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_concurrency_limit"><i>transport</i>_destination_concurrency_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_limit">default_destination_concur</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_limit">rency_limit</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
Available in Postfix version 2.5 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_initial_destination_concurrency"><i>transport</i>_initial_destination_concurrency</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#initial_destination_concurrency">initial_destination_concur</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#initial_destination_concurrency">rency</a>)</b>
Initial concurrency for delivery via the named message <i>trans-</i>
<i>port</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit">default_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit</a> (1)</b>
How many pseudo-cohorts must suffer connection or handshake
failure before a specific destination is considered unavailable
(and further delivery is suspended).
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit"><i>transport</i>_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit">default_desti</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit">nation_concurrency_failed_cohort_limit</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback">default_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback</a> (1)</b>
The per-destination amount of delivery concurrency negative
feedback, after a delivery completes with a connection or hand-
shake failure.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback"><i>transport</i>_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback">default_destina</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_negative_feedback">tion_concurrency_negative_feedback</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback">default_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback</a> (1)</b>
The per-destination amount of delivery concurrency positive
feedback, after a delivery completes without connection or hand-
shake failure.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback"><i>transport</i>_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback">default_destina</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_positive_feedback">tion_concurrency_positive_feedback</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#destination_concurrency_feedback_debug">destination_concurrency_feedback_debug</a> (no)</b>
Make the queue manager's feedback algorithm verbose for perfor-
mance analysis purposes.
<b>RECIPIENT SCHEDULING CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_recipient_limit">default_destination_recipient_limit</a> (50)</b>
The default maximal number of recipients per message delivery.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_recipient_limit"><i>transport</i>_destination_recipient_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_recipient_limit">default_destination_recipi</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_recipient_limit">ent_limit</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b>MESSAGE SCHEDULING CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_cost">default_delivery_slot_cost</a> (5)</b>
How often the Postfix queue manager's scheduler is allowed to
preempt delivery of one message with another.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_delivery_slot_cost"><i>transport</i>_delivery_slot_cost</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_cost">default_delivery_slot_cost</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_minimum_delivery_slots">default_minimum_delivery_slots</a> (3)</b>
How many recipients a message must have in order to invoke the
Postfix queue manager's scheduling algorithm at all.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_minimum_delivery_slots"><i>transport</i>_minimum_delivery_slots</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_minimum_delivery_slots">default_minimum_delivery_slots</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_discount">default_delivery_slot_discount</a> (50)</b>
The default value for transport-specific _delivery_slot_discount
settings.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_delivery_slot_discount"><i>transport</i>_delivery_slot_discount</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_discount">default_delivery_slot_discount</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_loan">default_delivery_slot_loan</a> (3)</b>
The default value for transport-specific _delivery_slot_loan
settings.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_delivery_slot_loan"><i>transport</i>_delivery_slot_loan</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_slot_loan">default_delivery_slot_loan</a>)</b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b>OTHER RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#minimal_backoff_time">minimal_backoff_time</a> (300s)</b>
The minimal time between attempts to deliver a deferred message;
prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 1000s.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#maximal_backoff_time">maximal_backoff_time</a> (4000s)</b>
The maximal time between attempts to deliver a deferred message.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#maximal_queue_lifetime">maximal_queue_lifetime</a> (5d)</b>
Consider a message as undeliverable, when delivery fails with a
temporary error, and the time in the queue has reached the <a href="postconf.5.html#maximal_queue_lifetime">maxi</a>-
<a href="postconf.5.html#maximal_queue_lifetime">mal_queue_lifetime</a> limit.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b>
The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue manager;
prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 1000s.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_retry_time">transport_retry_time</a> (60s)</b>
The time between attempts by the Postfix queue manager to con-
tact a malfunctioning message delivery transport.
Available in Postfix version 2.1 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_queue_lifetime">bounce_queue_lifetime</a> (5d)</b>
Consider a bounce message as undeliverable, when delivery fails
with a temporary error, and the time in the queue has reached
the <a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_queue_lifetime">bounce_queue_lifetime</a> limit.
Available in Postfix version 2.5 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_rate_delay">default_destination_rate_delay</a> (0s)</b>
The default amount of delay that is inserted between individual
deliveries to the same destination; the resulting behavior
depends on the value of the corresponding per-destination recip-
ient limit.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_destination_rate_delay"><i>transport</i>_destination_rate_delay</a> $<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_rate_delay">default_destination_rate_delay</a></b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
Available in Postfix version 3.1 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_transport_rate_delay">default_transport_rate_delay</a> (0s)</b>
The default amount of delay that is inserted between individual
deliveries over the same message delivery transport, regardless
of destination.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#transport_transport_rate_delay"><i>transport</i>_transport_rate_delay</a> $<a href="postconf.5.html#default_transport_rate_delay">default_transport_rate_delay</a></b>
Idem, for delivery via the named message <i>transport</i>.
<b>SAFETY CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_daemon_timeout">qmgr_daemon_timeout</a> (1000s)</b>
How much time a Postfix queue manager process may take to handle
a request before it is terminated by a built-in watchdog timer.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#qmgr_ipc_timeout">qmgr_ipc_timeout</a> (60s)</b>
The time limit for the queue manager to send or receive informa-
tion over an internal communication channel.
Available in Postfix version 3.1 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#address_verify_pending_request_limit">address_verify_pending_request_limit</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
A safety limit that prevents address verification requests from
overwhelming the Postfix queue.
<b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> con-
figuration files.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#defer_transports">defer_transports</a> (empty)</b>
The names of message delivery transports that should not deliver
mail unless someone issues "<b>sendmail -q</b>" or equivalent.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_logging_resolution_limit">delay_logging_resolution_limit</a> (2)</b>
The maximal number of digits after the decimal point when log-
ging sub-second delay values.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#helpful_warnings">helpful_warnings</a> (yes)</b>
Log warnings about problematic configuration settings, and pro-
vide helpful suggestions.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#process_id">process_id</a> (read-only)</b>
The process ID of a Postfix command or daemon process.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#process_name">process_name</a> (read-only)</b>
The process name of a Postfix command or daemon process.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The location of the Postfix top-level queue directory.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b>
The syslog facility of Postfix logging.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The mail system name that is prepended to the process name in
syslog records, so that "smtpd" becomes, for example, "post-
fix/smtpd".
Available in Postfix version 3.0 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#confirm_delay_cleared">confirm_delay_cleared</a> (no)</b>
After sending a "your message is delayed" notification, inform
the sender when the delay clears up.
<b>FILES</b>
/var/spool/postfix/incoming, <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#incoming_queue">incoming queue</a>
/var/spool/postfix/active, <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#active_queue">active queue</a>
/var/spool/postfix/deferred, <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a>
/var/spool/postfix/bounce, non-delivery status
/var/spool/postfix/defer, non-delivery status
/var/spool/postfix/trace, delivery status
<b>SEE ALSO</b>
<a href="trivial-rewrite.8.html">trivial-rewrite(8)</a>, address routing
<a href="bounce.8.html">bounce(8)</a>, delivery status reports
<a href="postconf.5.html">postconf(5)</a>, configuration parameters
<a href="master.5.html">master(5)</a>, generic daemon options
<a href="master.8.html">master(8)</a>, process manager
syslogd(8), system logging
<b>README FILES</b>
<a href="SCHEDULER_README.html">SCHEDULER_README</a>, scheduling algorithm
<a href="QSHAPE_README.html">QSHAPE_README</a>, Postfix queue analysis
<b>LICENSE</b>
The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.
<b>AUTHOR(S)</b>
Wietse Venema
IBM T.J. Watson Research
P.O. Box 704
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
Preemptive scheduler enhancements:
Patrik Rak
Modra 6
155 00, Prague, Czech Republic
Wietse Venema
Google, Inc.
111 8th Avenue
New York, NY 10011, USA
QMGR(8)
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