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<!--l. 12--><p class="noindent" >
</p><!--l. 14--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-207">The Generic Mapping Tools</span>

</p><!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_covertext.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
</p><!--l. 20--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-248">Version 4.5.11</span>
</p><!--l. 24--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-207">Technical Reference and Cookbook</span>
</p><!--l. 28--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">by</span>
</p><!--l. 32--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-207">Pål (Paul) Wessel</span>
</p><!--l. 36--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-144">School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology</span>
</p><!--l. 37--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-144">University of Hawai&#8217;i at M</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-144">&#x0101;</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-144">noa</span>
</p><!--l. 41--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">and</span>
</p><!--l. 45--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-207">Walter H. F. Smith</span>
</p><!--l. 49--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-144">Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry</span>
</p><!--l. 50--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-144">NOAA/NESDIS</span>
</p><!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">November 2013</span>

</p><!--l. 57--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_coverlogo.png" alt="PIC"  
 /></p></div>
<a 
 id="Q1-1-1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x1-1000"></a>Contents</h2> <div class="tableofcontents">
   <span class="chapterToc" > <a 
href="#Q1-1-1">Front page</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" > <a 
href="#Q1-1-4">List of Tables</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" > <a 
href="#Q1-1-6">List of Figures</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" > <a 
href="#Q1-1-8">Acknowledgments</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" > <a 
href="#Q1-1-11">The GMT Documentation Project</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" > <a 
href="#Q1-1-13">A Reminder</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" > <a 
href="#Q1-1-15">Copyright and Caveat Emptor!</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" > <a 
href="#Q1-1-17">Typographic conventions</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >1 <a 
href="#x1-90001" id="QQ2-1-18">Preface</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >1.1 <a 
href="#x1-100001.1" id="QQ2-1-19">What is new in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.x?</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.1 <a 
href="#x1-110001.1.1" id="QQ2-1-20">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.11 [Nov-5, 2013]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.2 <a 
href="#x1-120001.1.2" id="QQ2-1-21">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.9 [Jan-1, 2013]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.3 <a 
href="#x1-130001.1.3" id="QQ2-1-22">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.8 [Apr-1, 2012]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.4 <a 
href="#x1-140001.1.4" id="QQ2-1-23">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.7 [Jul-15, 2011]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.5 <a 
href="#x1-150001.1.5" id="QQ2-1-24">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.6 [Mar-1, 2011]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.6 <a 
href="#x1-160001.1.6" id="QQ2-1-25">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.5 [Nov-1, 2010]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.7 <a 
href="#x1-170001.1.7" id="QQ2-1-26">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.4 [Nov-1, 2010]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.8 <a 
href="#x1-180001.1.8" id="QQ2-1-27">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.3 [Jul-15, 2010]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.9 <a 
href="#x1-190001.1.9" id="QQ2-1-28">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.2 [Jan-15, 2010]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.10 <a 
href="#x1-200001.1.10" id="QQ2-1-29">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.1 [Sept-20, 2009]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.11 <a 
href="#x1-210001.1.11" id="QQ2-1-30">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.5.0 [July-15, 2009]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.12 <a 
href="#x1-220001.1.12" id="QQ2-1-31">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.4.0 [Feb-15, 2009]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.13 <a 
href="#x1-230001.1.13" id="QQ2-1-32">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.3.1 [May-15, 2008]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.14 <a 
href="#x1-240001.1.14" id="QQ2-1-33">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.3.0 [May-1, 2008]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.15 <a 
href="#x1-250001.1.15" id="QQ2-1-34">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.2.1 [October-10, 2007]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.16 <a 
href="#x1-260001.1.16" id="QQ2-1-35">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.2.0 [April-1, 2007]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.17 <a 
href="#x1-270001.1.17" id="QQ2-1-36">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.1.4 [Nov-1, 2006]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.18 <a 
href="#x1-280001.1.18" id="QQ2-1-37">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.1.3 [June-1, 2006]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.19 <a 
href="#x1-290001.1.19" id="QQ2-1-38">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.1.2 [May-15, 2006]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.20 <a 
href="#x1-300001.1.20" id="QQ2-1-39">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.1.1 [Mar-1, 2006]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.21 <a 
href="#x1-310001.1.21" id="QQ2-1-40">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.1 [Jan-7, 2006]</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >1.1.22 <a 
href="#x1-320001.1.22" id="QQ2-1-41">Overview of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 4.0 [Oct-10, 2004]</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >2 <a 
href="#x1-330002" id="QQ2-1-42">Introduction</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >3 <a 
href="#x1-350003" id="QQ2-1-44"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> overview and quick reference</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >3.1 <a 
href="#x1-360003.1" id="QQ2-1-45"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> summary</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >3.2 <a 
href="#x1-370003.2" id="QQ2-1-46"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> quick reference</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >4 <a 
href="#x1-380004" id="QQ2-1-47">General features</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.1 <a 
href="#x1-390004.1" id="QQ2-1-48"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> units</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.2 <a 
href="#x1-400004.2" id="QQ2-1-49"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> defaults</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.1 <a 
href="#x1-410004.2.1" id="QQ2-1-50">Overview and the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.2.2 <a 
href="#x1-420004.2.2" id="QQ2-1-53">Changing <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> defaults</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.3 <a 
href="#x1-430004.3" id="QQ2-1-55">Command line arguments</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.4 <a 
href="#x1-440004.4" id="QQ2-1-56">Standardized command line options</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.1 <a 
href="#x1-450004.4.1" id="QQ2-1-58">Data domain or map region: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.2 <a 
href="#x1-460004.4.2" id="QQ2-1-60">Coordinate transformations and map projections: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.3 <a 
href="#x1-470004.4.3" id="QQ2-1-62">Map frame and axes annotations: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.4 <a 
href="#x1-530004.4.4" id="QQ2-1-82">Header data records: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.5 <a 
href="#x1-540004.4.5" id="QQ2-1-83">Portrait plot orientation: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.6 <a 
href="#x1-550004.4.6" id="QQ2-1-85">Plot overlays: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-K-O </span>options</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.7 <a 
href="#x1-560004.4.7" id="QQ2-1-87">Timestamps on plots: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.8 <a 
href="#x1-570004.4.8" id="QQ2-1-89">Verbose feedback: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.9 <a 
href="#x1-580004.4.9" id="QQ2-1-90">Plot positioning and layout: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X-Y </span>options</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.10 <a 
href="#x1-590004.4.10" id="QQ2-1-92">Binary table i/o: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b </span>option</a></span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.11 <a 
href="#x1-600004.4.11" id="QQ2-1-93">Number of Copies: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-c </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.12 <a 
href="#x1-610004.4.12" id="QQ2-1-94">Data type selection: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.13 <a 
href="#x1-620004.4.13" id="QQ2-1-95">Data gap detection: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.14 <a 
href="#x1-630004.4.14" id="QQ2-1-96">Multiple segment data: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.4.15 <a 
href="#x1-640004.4.15" id="QQ2-1-97">Lat/Lon or Lon/Lat?: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-: </span>option</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.5 <a 
href="#x1-650004.5" id="QQ2-1-98">Command line history</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.6 <a 
href="#x1-660004.6" id="QQ2-1-99">Usage messages, syntax- and general error messages</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.7 <a 
href="#x1-670004.7" id="QQ2-1-100">Standard input or file, header records</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.8 <a 
href="#x1-680004.8" id="QQ2-1-101">Verbose operation</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.9 <a 
href="#x1-690004.9" id="QQ2-1-102">Program output</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.10 <a 
href="#x1-700004.10" id="QQ2-1-103">Input data formats</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.11 <a 
href="#x1-710004.11" id="QQ2-1-104">Output data formats</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.12 <a 
href="#x1-720004.12" id="QQ2-1-105"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript </span>features</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.13 <a 
href="#x1-730004.13" id="QQ2-1-106">Specifying pen attributes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.14 <a 
href="#x1-740004.14" id="QQ2-1-109">Specifying area fill attributes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.15 <a 
href="#x1-750004.15" id="QQ2-1-111">Color palette tables</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.15.1 <a 
href="#x1-760004.15.1" id="QQ2-1-112">Categorical CPT files</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >4.15.2 <a 
href="#x1-770004.15.2" id="QQ2-1-113">Regular CPT files</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.16 <a 
href="#x1-780004.16" id="QQ2-1-114">Character escape sequences</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.17 <a 
href="#x1-790004.17" id="QQ2-1-117">Grid file format specifications</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.18 <a 
href="#x1-800004.18" id="QQ2-1-119">Options for COARDS-compliant netCDF files</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.19 <a 
href="#x1-810004.19" id="QQ2-1-120">The NaN data value</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >4.20 <a 
href="#x1-820004.20" id="QQ2-1-121"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> environment parameters</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >5 <a 
href="#x1-830005" id="QQ2-1-122"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> Coordinate Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >5.1 <a 
href="#x1-840005.1" id="QQ2-1-123">Cartesian transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.1 <a 
href="#x1-850005.1.1" id="QQ2-1-124">Cartesian linear transformation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx-JX</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.2 <a 
href="#x1-890005.1.2" id="QQ2-1-131">Cartesian logarithmic projection</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.3 <a 
href="#x1-900005.1.3" id="QQ2-1-133">Cartesian power projection</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >5.2                   <a 
href="#x1-910005.2" id="QQ2-1-135">Linear                   projection                   with                   polar
(<!--l. 136--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></math>)
coordinates (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jp -JP</span>)</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >6 <a 
href="#x1-920006" id="QQ2-1-137"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> Map Projections</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >6.1 <a 
href="#x1-930006.1" id="QQ2-1-138">Conic projections</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.1 <a 
href="#x1-940006.1.1" id="QQ2-1-139">Albers conic equal-area projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jb-JB</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.2 <a 
href="#x1-950006.1.2" id="QQ2-1-141">Equidistant conic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jd-JD</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.3 <a 
href="#x1-960006.1.3" id="QQ2-1-143">Lambert conic conformal projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jl-JL</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.4 <a 
href="#x1-970006.1.4" id="QQ2-1-145">(American) polyconic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jpoly-JPoly</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >6.2 <a 
href="#x1-980006.2" id="QQ2-1-147">Azimuthal projections</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.1 <a 
href="#x1-990006.2.1" id="QQ2-1-148">Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ja-JA</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.2 <a 
href="#x1-1020006.2.2" id="QQ2-1-154">Stereographic Equal-Angle projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Js-JS</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.3 <a 
href="#x1-1060006.2.3" id="QQ2-1-161">Perspective projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jg-JG</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.4 <a 
href="#x1-1070006.2.4" id="QQ2-1-163">Orthographic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jg-JG</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.5 <a 
href="#x1-1080006.2.5" id="QQ2-1-165">Azimuthal Equidistant projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Je-JE</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.6 <a 
href="#x1-1090006.2.6" id="QQ2-1-167">Gnomonic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jf-JF</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >6.3 <a 
href="#x1-1100006.3" id="QQ2-1-169">Cylindrical projections</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.1 <a 
href="#x1-1110006.3.1" id="QQ2-1-170">Mercator projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jm-JM</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.2 <a 
href="#x1-1120006.3.2" id="QQ2-1-172">Transverse Mercator projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jt-JT</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.3 <a 
href="#x1-1130006.3.3" id="QQ2-1-175">Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ju-JU</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.4 <a 
href="#x1-1140006.3.4" id="QQ2-1-177">Oblique Mercator projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jo-JO</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.5 <a 
href="#x1-1150006.3.5" id="QQ2-1-179">Cassini cylindrical projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jc-JC</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.6 <a 
href="#x1-1160006.3.6" id="QQ2-1-181">Cylindrical equidistant projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jq-JQ</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.7 <a 
href="#x1-1170006.3.7" id="QQ2-1-184">Cylindrical equal-area projections (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jy-JY</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.8 <a 
href="#x1-1180006.3.8" id="QQ2-1-187">Miller Cylindrical projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jj-JJ</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.3.9 <a 
href="#x1-1190006.3.9" id="QQ2-1-189">Cylindrical stereographic projections (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jcyl_stere-JCyl_stere</span>)</a></span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >6.4 <a 
href="#x1-1200006.4" id="QQ2-1-192">Miscellaneous projections</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.4.1 <a 
href="#x1-1210006.4.1" id="QQ2-1-193">Hammer projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jh-JH</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.4.2 <a 
href="#x1-1220006.4.2" id="QQ2-1-195">Mollweide projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jw-JW</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.4.3 <a 
href="#x1-1230006.4.3" id="QQ2-1-197">Winkel Tripel projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jr-JR</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.4.4 <a 
href="#x1-1240006.4.4" id="QQ2-1-199">Robinson projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jn-JN</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.4.5 <a 
href="#x1-1250006.4.5" id="QQ2-1-201">Eckert IV and VI projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jk-JK</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.4.6 <a 
href="#x1-1260006.4.6" id="QQ2-1-204">Sinusoidal projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ji-JI</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >6.4.7 <a 
href="#x1-1270006.4.7" id="QQ2-1-207">Van der Grinten projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jv-JV</span>)</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >7 <a 
href="#x1-1280007" id="QQ2-1-209">Creating GMT Graphics</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.1 <a 
href="#x1-1290007.1" id="QQ2-1-210">The making of contour maps</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.2 <a 
href="#x1-1300007.2" id="QQ2-1-212">Image presentations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.3 <a 
href="#x1-1310007.3" id="QQ2-1-214">Spectral estimation and xy-plots</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.4 <a 
href="#x1-1320007.4" id="QQ2-1-216">A 3-D perspective mesh plot</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.5 <a 
href="#x1-1330007.5" id="QQ2-1-218">A 3-D illuminated surface in black and white</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.6 <a 
href="#x1-1340007.6" id="QQ2-1-220">Plotting of histograms</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.7 <a 
href="#x1-1350007.7" id="QQ2-1-222">A simple location map</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.8 <a 
href="#x1-1360007.8" id="QQ2-1-224">A 3-D histogram</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.9 <a 
href="#x1-1370007.9" id="QQ2-1-226">Plotting time-series along tracks</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.10 <a 
href="#x1-1380007.10" id="QQ2-1-228">A geographical bar graph plot</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.11 <a 
href="#x1-1390007.11" id="QQ2-1-230">Making a 3-D RGB color cube</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.12 <a 
href="#x1-1400007.12" id="QQ2-1-232">Optimal triangulation of data</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.13 <a 
href="#x1-1410007.13" id="QQ2-1-234">Plotting of vector fields</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.14 <a 
href="#x1-1420007.14" id="QQ2-1-236">Gridding of data and trend surfaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.15 <a 
href="#x1-1430007.15" id="QQ2-1-238">Gridding, contouring, and masking of unconstrained areas</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.16 <a 
href="#x1-1440007.16" id="QQ2-1-240">Gridding of data, continued</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.17 <a 
href="#x1-1450007.17" id="QQ2-1-242">Images clipped by coastlines</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.18 <a 
href="#x1-1460007.18" id="QQ2-1-244">Volumes and Spatial Selections</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.19 <a 
href="#x1-1470007.19" id="QQ2-1-246">Color patterns on maps</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.20 <a 
href="#x1-1480007.20" id="QQ2-1-248">Custom plot symbols</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.21 <a 
href="#x1-1490007.21" id="QQ2-1-250">Time-series of RedHat stock price</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.22 <a 
href="#x1-1500007.22" id="QQ2-1-252">World-wide seismicity the last 7 days</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.23 <a 
href="#x1-1510007.23" id="QQ2-1-254">All great-circle paths lead to Rome</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.24 <a 
href="#x1-1520007.24" id="QQ2-1-256">Data selection based on geospatial criteria</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.25 <a 
href="#x1-1530007.25" id="QQ2-1-258">Global distribution of antipodes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.26 <a 
href="#x1-1540007.26" id="QQ2-1-260">General vertical perspective projection</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.27 <a 
href="#x1-1550007.27" id="QQ2-1-262">Plotting Sandwell/Smith Mercator img grids</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.28 <a 
href="#x1-1560007.28" id="QQ2-1-264">Mixing UTM and geographic data sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.29 <a 
href="#x1-1570007.29" id="QQ2-1-266">Gridding spherical surface data using splines</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >7.30 <a 
href="#x1-1580007.30" id="QQ2-1-268">Trigonometric functions plotted in graph mode</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >8 <a 
href="#x1-1590008" id="QQ2-1-270">Creating GMT Animations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >8.1 <a 
href="#x1-1600008.1" id="QQ2-1-271">Animation of the sine function</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >8.2 <a 
href="#x1-1610008.2" id="QQ2-1-273">Examining DEMs using variable illumination</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >8.3 <a 
href="#x1-1620008.3" id="QQ2-1-275">Orbiting a static map</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >8.4 <a 
href="#x1-1630008.4" id="QQ2-1-277">Flying over topography</a></span>
<br />   <span class="chapterToc" >9 <a 
href="#x1-1640009" id="QQ2-1-279">Mailing lists, updates, and bug reports</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >A <a 
href="#x1-165000A" id="QQ2-1-280"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> supplemental packages</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.1 <a 
href="#x1-166000A.1" id="QQ2-1-281">dbase: gridded data extractor</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.2 <a 
href="#x1-167000A.2" id="QQ2-1-282">gshhg: GSHHG data extractor</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.3 <a 
href="#x1-168000A.3" id="QQ2-1-283">imgsrc: gridded altimetry extractor</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.4 <a 
href="#x1-169000A.4" id="QQ2-1-284">meca: seismology and geodesy symbols</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.5 <a 
href="#x1-170000A.5" id="QQ2-1-285">mex: Matlab/Octave&#8211;<span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> interface</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.6 <a 
href="#x1-171000A.6" id="QQ2-1-286">mgd77: MGD77 extractor and plotting tools</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.7 <a 
href="#x1-172000A.7" id="QQ2-1-287">mgg: GMT-MGD77 extractor and plotting tools</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.8 <a 
href="#x1-173000A.8" id="QQ2-1-288">misc: Miscellaneous tools</a></span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.9 <a 
href="#x1-174000A.9" id="QQ2-1-289">segyprogs: plotting SEGY seismic data</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.10 <a 
href="#x1-175000A.10" id="QQ2-1-290">sph: spherical triangulation and gridding</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.11 <a 
href="#x1-176000A.11" id="QQ2-1-291">spotter: backtracking and hotspotting</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.12 <a 
href="#x1-177000A.12" id="QQ2-1-292">x2sys: track crossover error estimation</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.13 <a 
href="#x1-178000A.13" id="QQ2-1-293">x_system: track crossover error estimation</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >A.14 <a 
href="#x1-179000A.14" id="QQ2-1-294">xgrid: visual editor for grid files</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >B <a 
href="#x1-180000B" id="QQ2-1-295"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> file formats</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >B.1 <a 
href="#x1-181000B.1" id="QQ2-1-296">Table data</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >B.1.1 <a 
href="#x1-182000B.1.1" id="QQ2-1-297">ASCII tables</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >B.1.2 <a 
href="#x1-185000B.1.2" id="QQ2-1-300">Binary tables</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >B.1.3 <a 
href="#x1-186000B.1.3" id="QQ2-1-301">NetCDF tables</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >B.2 <a 
href="#x1-187000B.2" id="QQ2-1-302">Grid files</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >B.2.1 <a 
href="#x1-188000B.2.1" id="QQ2-1-303">NetCDF files</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >B.2.2 <a 
href="#x1-189000B.2.2" id="QQ2-1-305">Gridline and Pixel node registration</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >B.2.3 <a 
href="#x1-192000B.2.3" id="QQ2-1-310">Boundary Conditions for operations on grids</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >B.2.4 <a 
href="#x1-193000B.2.4" id="QQ2-1-311">Native binary grid files</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >B.3 <a 
href="#x1-194000B.3" id="QQ2-1-313">Sun raster files</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >C <a 
href="#x1-195000C" id="QQ2-1-316">Including <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> graphics into your documents</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >C.1 <a 
href="#x1-196000C.1" id="QQ2-1-317">Making <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> Encapsulated <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript </span>Files</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >C.2 <a 
href="#x1-197000C.2" id="QQ2-1-318">Converting <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript </span>to PDF or raster images</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >C.2.1 <a 
href="#x1-198000C.2.1" id="QQ2-1-319">When converting or viewing <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript </span>goes awry</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >C.2.2 <a 
href="#x1-199000C.2.2" id="QQ2-1-320">Using <span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >C.3 <a 
href="#x1-200000C.3" id="QQ2-1-321">Examples</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >C.3.1 <a 
href="#x1-201000C.3.1" id="QQ2-1-322"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> graphics in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >C.3.2 <a 
href="#x1-202000C.3.2" id="QQ2-1-323"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> graphics in <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >C.4 <a 
href="#x1-203000C.4" id="QQ2-1-326">Concluding remarks</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >D <a 
href="#x1-204000D" id="QQ2-1-327">Availability of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> and related code</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >D.1 <a 
href="#x1-205000D.1" id="QQ2-1-328">Source distribution</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >D.2 <a 
href="#x1-206000D.2" id="QQ2-1-329">Pre-compiled Executables</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >E <a 
href="#x1-207000E" id="QQ2-1-330">Predefined bit and hachure patterns in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >F <a 
href="#x1-208000F" id="QQ2-1-331">Chart of octal codes for characters</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >G <a 
href="#x1-209000G" id="QQ2-1-334"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript </span>fonts used by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >H <a 
href="#x1-210000H" id="QQ2-1-336">Problems with display of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >H.1 <a 
href="#x1-211000H.1" id="QQ2-1-337"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript </span>driver bugs</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >H.2 <a 
href="#x1-212000H.2" id="QQ2-1-338">Resolution and dots per inch</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >H.3 <a 
href="#x1-213000H.3" id="QQ2-1-339">European characters</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >H.4 <a 
href="#x1-214000H.4" id="QQ2-1-340">Hints</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >I <a 
href="#x1-215000I" id="QQ2-1-341">Color Space: The final frontier</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >I.1 <a 
href="#x1-216000I.1" id="QQ2-1-342">RGB color system</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >I.2 <a 
href="#x1-217000I.2" id="QQ2-1-345">HSV color system</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >I.3 <a 
href="#x1-218000I.3" id="QQ2-1-346">The color cube</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >I.4 <a 
href="#x1-219000I.4" id="QQ2-1-348">Color interpolation</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >I.5 <a 
href="#x1-220000I.5" id="QQ2-1-350">Artificial illumination</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >I.6 <a 
href="#x1-221000I.6" id="QQ2-1-351">Thinking in RGB or HSV</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >I.7 <a 
href="#x1-222000I.7" id="QQ2-1-352">CMYK color system</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >J <a 
href="#x1-223000J" id="QQ2-1-353">Filtering of data in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >K <a 
href="#x1-224000K" id="QQ2-1-357">The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> High-Resolution Coastline Data</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >K.1 <a 
href="#x1-225000K.1" id="QQ2-1-358">Selecting the right data</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >K.2 <a 
href="#x1-226000K.2" id="QQ2-1-359">Format required by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >K.3 <a 
href="#x1-227000K.3" id="QQ2-1-360">The long and winding road</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >K.4 <a 
href="#x1-228000K.4" id="QQ2-1-361">The Five Resolutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >K.4.1 <a 
href="#x1-229000K.4.1" id="QQ2-1-362">The crude resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Dc</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >K.4.2 <a 
href="#x1-230000K.4.2" id="QQ2-1-364">The low resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Dl</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >K.4.3 <a 
href="#x1-231000K.4.3" id="QQ2-1-366">The intermediate resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Di</span>)</a></span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >K.4.4 <a 
href="#x1-232000K.4.4" id="QQ2-1-368">The high resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Dh</span>)</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >K.4.5 <a 
href="#x1-233000K.4.5" id="QQ2-1-370">The full resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Df</span>)</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >L <a 
href="#x1-234000L" id="QQ2-1-372"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> on non-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX </span>platforms</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >L.1 <a 
href="#x1-235000L.1" id="QQ2-1-373">Introduction</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >L.2 <a 
href="#x1-236000L.2" id="QQ2-1-374">Cygwin and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >L.3 <a 
href="#x1-237000L.3" id="QQ2-1-375">SFU and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >L.4 <a 
href="#x1-238000L.4" id="QQ2-1-376">DJGPP and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >L.5 <a 
href="#x1-239000L.5" id="QQ2-1-377">WIN32 and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >L.6 <a 
href="#x1-240000L.6" id="QQ2-1-378">OS/2 and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >L.7 <a 
href="#x1-241000L.7" id="QQ2-1-379">Mac OS and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >M <a 
href="#x1-242000M" id="QQ2-1-380">Of colors and color legends</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >M.1 <a 
href="#x1-243000M.1" id="QQ2-1-381">Built-in color palette tables</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >M.2 <a 
href="#x1-244000M.2" id="QQ2-1-383">Labeled and non-equidistant color legends</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >N <a 
href="#x1-245000N" id="QQ2-1-385">Custom Plot Symbols</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >O <a 
href="#x1-246000O" id="QQ2-1-387">Annotation of Contours and &#8220;Quoted Lines&#8221;</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >O.1 <a 
href="#x1-247000O.1" id="QQ2-1-388">Label Placement</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >O.2 <a 
href="#x1-248000O.2" id="QQ2-1-389">Label Attributes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >O.3 <a 
href="#x1-249000O.3" id="QQ2-1-390">Examples of Contour Label Placement</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >O.3.1 <a 
href="#x1-250000O.3.1" id="QQ2-1-391">Equidistant labels</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >O.3.2 <a 
href="#x1-251000O.3.2" id="QQ2-1-393">Fixed number of labels</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >O.3.3 <a 
href="#x1-252000O.3.3" id="QQ2-1-395">Prescribed label placements</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >O.3.4 <a 
href="#x1-253000O.3.4" id="QQ2-1-397">Label placement at simple line intersections</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >O.3.5 <a 
href="#x1-254000O.3.5" id="QQ2-1-399">Label placement at general line intersections</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >O.4 <a 
href="#x1-255000O.4" id="QQ2-1-401">Examples of Label Attributes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >O.4.1 <a 
href="#x1-256000O.4.1" id="QQ2-1-402">Label placement by along-track distances, 1</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >O.4.2 <a 
href="#x1-257000O.4.2" id="QQ2-1-404">Label placement by along-track distances, 2</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="subsectionToc" >O.4.3 <a 
href="#x1-258000O.4.3" id="QQ2-1-406">Using a different data set for labels</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >O.5 <a 
href="#x1-259000O.5" id="QQ2-1-408">Putting it all together</a></span>
<br />   <span class="appendixToc" >P <a 
href="#x1-260000P" id="QQ2-1-410">Special Operations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >P.1 <a 
href="#x1-261000P.1" id="QQ2-1-411">Running <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">isolation mode</span></a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" >P.2 <a 
href="#x1-262000P.2" id="QQ2-1-413">Using both <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> 3 and 4</a></span>
   </div>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x1-2000"></a>List of Tables</h2> <a 
 id="Q1-1-4"></a> <div class="tableofcontents"><span class="lotToc" >4.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-44021r1">The 17 standardized <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> command line switches.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >4.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-47008r2">Interval
type codes.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >4.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-47009r3">Interval unit codes.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >4.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-73006r4"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> predefined pen widths.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >4.5&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-73029r5">A few examples
of pen specifications.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >4.6&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-74012r6">A few examples of fill specifications.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >4.7&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-78027r7"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> text escape
sequences.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >4.8&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-78030r8">Shortcuts for some European characters.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >4.9&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-79013r9"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> grid file formats.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >6.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-116009r1">Standard
parallels for some cylindrical equidistant projections.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >6.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-117012r2">Standard parallels for some
cylindrical equal-area projections.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >6.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-119009r3">Standard parallels for some cylindrical equal-area
projections.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >B.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-188004r1">Attributes of default <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> grid file in COARDS-compliant netCDF
format.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >B.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-193004r2"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> grid file header record. <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TYPE </span>can be <span 
class="ptmb8t-">char</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">short</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">int</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">float</span>, or
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">double</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >B.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-194002r3">Structure of a Sun raster file.</a></span><br /><span class="lotToc" >B.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-194004r4">Sun macro definitions relevant to raster files.</a></span><br />
   </div>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x1-3000"></a>List of Figures</h2> <a 
 id="Q1-1-6"></a> <div class="tableofcontents"><span class="lofToc" >1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-4002r1">The four horsemen of the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> apocalypse: Remko Scharroo, Paul Wessel,
Walter H.F. Smith, and Joaquim Luis at the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> Developer Summit in Honolulu, Hawaii
during February 14&#8211;18, 2011.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-41003r1">Some <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> parameters that affect plot appearance.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-41012r2">More
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> parameters that affect plot appearance.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-42013r3">Even more <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> parameters that affect
plot appearance.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-45003r4">The plot region can be specified in two different ways. (a) Extreme
values for each dimension, or (b) coordinates of lower left and upper right corners.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.5&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-46004r5">The
30+ map projections and coordinate transformations available in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.6&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-48001r6">Geographic
map border using separate selections for annotation, frame, and grid intervals. Formatting
of the annotation is controlled by the parameter <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT </span>in your
<span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.7&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-48002r7">Geographic map border with both primary (P) and secondary (S)
components.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.8&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-49004r8">Linear Cartesian projection axis. Long tickmarks accompany annotations,
shorter ticks indicate frame interval. The axis label is optional. We used <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>0/12/0/1 <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>3/0.4
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>4<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>1:Frequency::,%:.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.9&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-50011r9">Logarithmic projection axis using separate values for annotation,
frame, and grid intervals. (top) Here, we have chosen to annotate the actual values. Interval = 1
means every whole power of 10, 2 means 1, 2, 5 times powers of 10, and 3 means every 0.1 times
powers of 10. We used <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>1/1000/0/1 <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>3l/0.4 <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>3. (middle) Here, we have chosen to
annotate log<!--l. 72--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
of the actual values, with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>3<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span>. (bottom) We annotate every power of 10 using
log<!--l. 72--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
of    the    actual    values    as    exponents,    with    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>3<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.10&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-51001r10">Exponential
or   power   projection   axis.   (top)   Using   an   exponent   of   0.5   yields   a
<!--l. 74--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msqrt><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msqrt></math> axis. Here,
intervals refer to actual data values, in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>0/100/0/1 <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>3<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>0.5/0.4 <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>20<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>10<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>5. (bottom)
Here, intervals refer to projected values, although the annotation uses the corresponding
unprojected values, as in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>3<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.11&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52001r11">Cartesian time axis, example 1.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.12&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52002r12">Cartesian
time axis, example 2.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.13&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52003r13">Cartesian time axis, example 3.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.14&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52004r14">Cartesian time axis, example
4.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.15&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52005r15">Cartesian time axis, example 5.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.16&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52006r16">Cartesian time axis, example 6.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.17&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52007r17">Cartesian
time axis, example 7.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.18&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-54008r18">Users can specify Landscape [Default] or Portrait (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P</span>)
orientation.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.19&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-55006r19">A final <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript </span>file consists of any number of individual pieces.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.20&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-56004r20">The
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U </span>option makes it easy to &#8220;date&#8221; a plot.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >4.21&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-58005r21">Plot origin can be translated freely with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X</span>
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Y</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >5.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-86001r1">Linear transformation of Cartesian coordinates.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >5.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-87004r2">Linear transformation of map
coordinates.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >5.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-88004r3">Linear transformation of calendar coordinates.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >5.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-89004r4">Logarithmic transformation of
<!--l. 133--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-coordinates.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >5.5&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-90004r5">Exponential
or power transformation of <!--l. 135--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-coordinates.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >5.6&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-91004r6">Polar
(Cylindrical) transformation of (<!--l. 137--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></math>)
coordinates.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-94004r1">Albers equal-area conic map projection</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-95004r2">Equidistant conic map
projection</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-96004r3">Lambert conformal conic map projection</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-97004r4">(American) polyconic
projection</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.5&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-100003r5">Rectangular map using the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.6&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-101002r6">Hemisphere
map using the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.7&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-101003r7">Equal-Area (Schmidt) and
Equal-Angle (Wulff) stereo nets.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.8&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-103002r8">Polar stereographic conformal projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.9&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-104002r9">Polar
stereographic conformal projection with rectangular borders.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.10&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-105002r10">General stereographic
conformal projection with rectangular borders.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.11&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-106005r11">View from the Space Shuttle in Perspective
projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.12&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-107005r12">Hemisphere map using the Orthographic projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.13&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-108005r13">World map using
the equidistant azimuthal projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.14&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-109005r14">Gnomonic azimuthal projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.15&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-111007r15">Simple
Mercator map.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.16&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-112004r16">Rectangular Transverse Mercator map.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.17&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-112005r17">A global transverse Mercator
map.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.18&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-113004r18">Universal Transverse Mercator zone layout.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.19&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-114010r19">Oblique Mercator map using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Joc</span>.
We make it clear which direction is North by adding a star rose with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>option.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.20&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-115004r20">Cassini
map over Sardinia.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.21&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-116005r21">World map using the Plate Carrée projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.22&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-117013r22">World map using
the Behrman cylindrical equal-area projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.23&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-118004r23">World map using the Miller cylindrical
projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.24&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-119010r24">World map using Gall&#8217;s stereographic projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.25&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-121004r25">World map using the
Hammer projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.26&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-122004r26">World map using the Mollweide projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.27&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-123004r27">World map using
the Winkel Tripel projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.28&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-124005r28">World map using the Robinson projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.29&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-125004r29">World map
using the Eckert IV projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.30&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-125005r30">World map using the Eckert VI projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.31&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-126004r31">World
map using the Sinusoidal projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.32&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-126007r32">World map using the Interrupted Sinusoidal
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >6.33&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-127004r33">World map using the Van der Grinten projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-129004r1">Contour maps
of gridded data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-130014r2">Color images from gridded data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-131015r3">Spectral estimation and
<!--l. 216--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>y</mi></math>-plots.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-132004r4">3-D
perspective mesh plot (left) and colored version (right).</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.5&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-133009r5">3-D illuminated surface.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.6&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-134004r6">Two kinds
of histograms.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.7&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-135003r7">A typical location map.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.8&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-136003r8">A 3-D histogram.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.9&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-137006r9">Time-series as &#8220;wiggles&#8221; along
a track.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.10&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-138002r10">Geographical bar graph.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.11&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-139003r11">The RGB color cube.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.12&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-140006r12">Optimal triangulation of
data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.13&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-141005r13">Display of vector fields in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.14&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-142012r14">Gridding of data and trend surfaces.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.15&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-143010r15">Gridding,
contouring, and masking of data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.16&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-144017r16">More ways to grid data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.17&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-145007r17">Clipping of images using
coastlines.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.18&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-146008r18">Volumes and geo-spatial selections.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.19&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-147009r19">Using color patterns and additional
PostScript material in illustrations.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.20&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-148017r20">Using custom symbols in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.21&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-149002r21">Time-series of
RedHat stock price since IPO.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.22&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-150008r22">World-wide seismicity the last 7 days.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.23&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-151005r23">All great-circle
paths lead to Rome.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.24&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-152011r24">Data selection based on geospatial criteria.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.25&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-153006r25">Global distribution
of antipodes.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.26&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-154004r26">General vertical perspective projection.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.27&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-155011r27">Plotting Sandwell/Smith
Mercator img grids.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.28&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-156007r28">Mixing UTM and geographic data sets requires knowledge of the
map region domain in both UTM and lon/lat coordinates and consistent use of the same map
scale.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.29&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-157006r29">Gridding of spherical surface data using Green&#8217;s function splines.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >7.30&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-158002r30">Trigonometric
functions plotted in graph mode.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >8.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-160002r1">Animation of a simple sine function.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >8.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-161003r2">Animation of a DEM
using variable illumination.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >8.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-162003r3">Orbiting a static map.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >8.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-163006r4">Flying over topography.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >B.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-190002r1">Gridline
registration of data nodes.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >B.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-191002r2">Pixel registration of data nodes.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >C.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-202001r1">Examples of rendered
images in a <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint </span>presentation.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >C.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-202003r2"><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span>&#8217;s &#8220;Format Picture&#8221; dialogue to set
scale and rotation.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >F.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-208006r1">Octal codes and corresponding symbols for StandardEncoding (left)
and ISOLatin1Encoding (right) fonts.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >F.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-208010r2">Octal codes and corresponding symbols for Symbol
(left) and ZapfDingbats (right) fonts.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >G.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-209002r1">The standard 35 <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript </span>fonts recognized by
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >I.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-216002r1">Chartreuse in <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">GIMP</span>. (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">a</span>) Sliders indicate how the color is altered when changing
the H, S, V, R, G, or B levels. (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">b</span>) For a constant hue (here 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) value increases to the right and
saturation increases up, so the &#8220;pure&#8221; color is on the top right.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >I.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-216005r2">The 555 unique color names
that can be used in GMT. Lower, upper, or mixed case, as well as the british spelling of &#8220;grey&#8221;
are allowed. A4, Letter, and Tabloid sized versions of this RGB chart can be found in the GMT
documentation directory.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >I.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-218001r3">The HSV color space.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >I.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-219002r4">When interpolating colors, the color
system matters. The polar palette on the left needs to be interpolated in RGB, otherwise hue
will change between blue (240<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) and white (0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>). The rainbow palette should be interpolated in
HSV, since only hue should change between magenta (300<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) and red (0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>). Diamonds indicate
which colors are defined in the palettes; they are fixed, the rest is interpolated.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >J.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-223006r1">Impulse
responses for <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> filters.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >J.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-223007r2">Transfer functions for 1-D <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> filters.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >J.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-223009r3">Transfer functions
for 2-D (radial) <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> filters.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >K.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-229002r1">Map using the crude resolution coastline data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >K.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-230002r2">Map
using the low resolution coastline data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >K.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-231002r3">Map using the intermediate resolution coastline
data. We have added a compass rose just because we have the power to do so.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >K.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-232002r4">Map using
the high resolution coastline data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >K.5&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-233002r5">Map using the full resolution coastline data.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >M.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-243006r1">The
standard 22 cpt files supported by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >M.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-244003r2">The many forms of color legends created by
<span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >N.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-245004r1">Custom plot symbols supported by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-250001r1">Equidistant contour label
placement with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gd</span>, the only algorithm available in previous <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span> versions.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.2&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-251001r2">Placing one
label per contour that exceed 1 inch in length, centered on the segment with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gn</span>.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.3&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-252001r3">Four
labels are positioned on the points along the contours that are closest to the locations given in
the file <span class="underline">fix.d</span> in the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gf </span>option.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.4&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-253001r4">Labels are placed at the intersections between contours
and the great circle specified in the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-GL </span>option.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.5&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-254001r5">Labels are placed at the intersections
between contours and the multi-segment lines specified in the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-GX </span>option.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.6&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-256001r6">Labels
attributes are controlled with the arguments to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sq </span>option.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.7&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-257001r7">Another label attribute
example.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.8&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-258002r8">Labels based on another data set (here bathymetry) while the placement is based
on distances.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >O.9&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-259003r9">Tsunami travel times from the Canary Islands to places in the Atlantic, in
particular New York. Should a catastrophic landslide occur it is possible that New York will
experience a large tsunami about 8 hours after the event.</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc" >P.1&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-261003r1">Example created in isolation mode</a></span><br />
   </div>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x1-4000"></a>Acknowledgments</h2><a 
 id="dx1-4001"></a> <a 
 id="Q1-1-8"></a>
<!--l. 15--><p class="noindent" >The Generic Mapping Tools (<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>) could not have been designed without the generous support of several people.
We gratefully acknowledge A. B. Watts and the late W. F. Haxby for supporting our efforts on the original version
1.0 while we were their graduate students at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Doug Shearer and Roger Davis
patiently answered many questions over e-mail. The subroutine <span 
class="pcrr8t-">gauss </span>was written and supplied by Bill Menke.
Further development of versions 2.0&#8211;2.1 at SOEST would not have been possible without the support from the
HIGP/SOEST Post-Doctoral Fellowship program to Paul Wessel. Walter H. F. Smith gratefully acknowledges
the generous support of the C. H. and I. M. Green Foundation for Earth Sciences at the Institute of
Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San
Diego. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;series 3.x, 4.x, and 5.x owe their existence to grants EAR-93-02272, OCE-95-29431,
OCE-00-82552, OCE-04-52126, and OCE-1029874 from the National Science Foundation, which we gratefully
acknowledge.
</p><!--l. 33--><p class="indent" >   We would also like to acknowledge the feedback we have received from many of the users of earlier versions.
Many of these suggestions have been implemented, and the bug reports have been useful in providing more robust
programs. Specifically, we would like to thank Michael Barck, Manfred Brands, Stephan Eickschen, Ben
Horner-Johnson, John Kuhn, Angel Li, John Lillibridge, Andrew Macrae, Alex Madon, Greg Neumann, Lloyd
Parkes, Ameet Raval, Georg Schwarz, Richard Signell, Peter Schimidt, Dirk Stoecker, Eduardo Suárez, Mikhail
Tchernychev, Malte Thoma, David Townsend, Garry Vaughan, William Weibel, Florian Wobbe, and many
others, including their advice on how to make <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;portable to a wide range of platforms. John
Lillibridge provided the original example 11; Hanno von Lom helped resolve early problems with DLL
libraries for Win32; Lloyd Parkes enabled indexed color images in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>; Kurt Schwehr maintains
the <span 
class="phvr8t-">Fink </span>packages; Wayne Wilson implemented the full general perspective projection; and William
Yip helped translate <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to POSIX ANSI C and incorporate netCDF 3. The SOEST RCF staff
(Ross Ishida, Pat Townsend, and Sharon Stahl) provided valuable help on Linux, web, and CGI script
issues.
</p>
                                                                                 <div class="flushright" 
>
<!--l. 71--><p class="noindent" >
 Honolulu, HI, Silver Spring, MD, Cornish, NH, and Faro, Portugal, November 2013</p></div>
<!--l. 75--><p class="noindent" ></p><hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-4002r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 78--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT5_Summit_2011.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;1: </span><span  
class="content">The four horsemen of the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;apocalypse: Remko Scharroo, Paul Wessel, Walter H.F. Smith,
and Joaquim Luis at the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;Developer Summit in Honolulu, Hawaii during February 14&#8211;18, 2011.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-4002r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x1-5000"></a>The GMT Documentation Project</h2> <a 
 id="Q1-1-11"></a>
<!--l. 89--><p class="noindent" >Starting with <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;version 3.2, all <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;documentation was converted from Microsoft <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Word</span><a 
 id="dx1-5001"></a> to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#x00A0;files.
This step was taken for a number of reasons:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-5003x1">Having all the documentation source available in ASCII format makes it easier to access by several
   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;developers working on different platforms in different countries.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-5005x2"><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;scripts can now be included directly into the text so that the documentation is automatically
   up-to-date when scripts are modified.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-5007x3">All figures are generated on the fly and included as <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;EPS files which thus are always up-to-date.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-5009x4">It is easy to convert the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#x00A0;files to other formats, such as HTML, SGML, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>, and PDF.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-5011x5">The whole task of assembling the pieces, be it generating figures or extracting text portions from the
   master archive under subversion control, is automated by a makefile.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-5013x6">Only free software are used to maintain the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;Documentation.
   </li></ol>
<!--l. 118--><p class="indent" >   Please send email to <a 
href="mailto:gmt-help@lists.hawaii.edu" >the GMT help list</a> if you find errors or inconsistencies in the documentation.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x1-6000"></a>A Reminder</h2> <a 
 id="Q1-1-13"></a>
<!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" >If you feel it is appropriate, you may consider paying us back by citing our <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS </span>articles on <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;(and perhaps
also our Geophysics article on the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;program <a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-6001"></a>) when you publish papers containing results or
illustrations obtained using <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. The EOS articles on <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;are <br 
class="newline" /><a 
 id="dx1-6002"></a><a 
 id="dx1-6003"></a>
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS Trans.</span>
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Amer. Geophys. U.</span>, vol. 79 (47), pp. 579, 1998.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, New version of the Generic Mapping Tools released, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS Trans. Amer.</span>
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Geophys. U.</span>, vol. 76 (33), pp. 329, 1995.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, New version of the Generic Mapping Tools released, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS Trans. Amer.</span>
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Geophys. U. electronic supplement</span>, <a 
href="http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/95154e.html" >http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/95154e.html</a>, 1995.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, Free software helps map and display data, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys.</span>
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">U.</span>, vol. 72 (41), pp. 441, 445-446, 1991.
   </li></ul>
<!--l. 155--><p class="indent" >   The article in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Geophysics </span>on surface is <a 
 id="dx1-6004"></a><a 
 id="dx1-6005"></a></p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Smith, W. H. F., and P. Wessel, Gridding with continuous curvature splines in tension, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Geophysics</span>, vol.
   55 (3), pp. 293-305, 1990.
   </li></ul>
<!--l. 166--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;includes some code supplied by others, in particular the Triangle code used for Delaunay triangulation.
Its author, Jonathan Shewchuk, says
   </p><div class="quote">
   <!--l. 169--><p class="noindent" >&#8220;If you use Triangle, and especially if you use it to accomplish real work, I would like very much
   to hear from you. A short letter or email (to jrs@cs.cmu.edu) describing how you use Triangle will
   mean a lot to me. The more people I know are using this program, the more easily I can justify
   spending time on improvements and on the three-dimensional successor to Triangle, which in turn
   will benefit you.&#8221;</p></div>
<!--l. 177--><p class="indent" >   A few <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;users take the time to write us letters, telling us of the difference <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is making in their work.
We appreciate receiving these letters. On days when we wonder why we ever released <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;we pull these letters
out and read them. Seriously, as financial support for <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;depends on how well we can &#8220;sell&#8221; the idea to funding
agencies and our superiors, letter-writing is one area where <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;users can affect such decisions by supporting the
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;project.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x1-7000"></a>Copyright and Caveat Emptor!</h2> <a 
 id="dx1-7001"></a><a 
 id="Q1-1-15"></a>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 191--><p class="noindent" >
</p><!--l. 192--><p class="noindent" >Copyright <span 
class="ptmr8c-">©</span>1991 &#8211; 2013&#x00A0;by Paul Wessel and Walter H. F. Smith</p></div>
<!--l. 197--><p class="noindent" >The Generic Mapping Tools (<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>) is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation. <br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 201--><p class="indent" >   The <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;package is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
the file <span class="underline">LICENSE.TXT</span> in the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;directory or the <a 
href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" >GNU General Public License</a> for more details.
<br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 208--><p class="indent" >   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided that the copyright notice
and these paragraphs are preserved on all copies. The <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;package may be included in a bundled distribution of
software for which a reasonable fee may be charged. <br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 213--><p class="indent" >   The Generic Mapping Tools (<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>) does not come with any warranties, nor is it guaranteed to work on your
computer. The user assumes full responsibility for the use of this system. In particular, the School of Ocean and
Earth Science and Technology, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science
Foundation, Paul Wessel, Walter H. F. Smith, or any other individuals involved in the design and maintenance of
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;are NOT responsible for any damage that may follow from correct <span 
class="ptmri8t-">or </span>incorrect use of these
programs.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x1-8000"></a>Typographic conventions</h2> <a 
 id="dx1-8001"></a><a 
 id="Q1-1-17"></a>
<!--l. 228--><p class="noindent" >In reading this documentation, the following provides a summary of the typographic conventions used in this
document.
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-8003x1">User input and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;commands are indicated by using the <span 
class="pcrr8t-">typewriter </span>type style, e.g.,
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">chmod +x job03.sh</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-8005x2">The names of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs are indicated by the <span 
class="phvb8t-">bold, sans serif </span>type style, e.g., we plot text with
   <span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-8007x3">The names of other programs are indicated by the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">bold, slanted </span>type style, e.g., <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">grep</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-8009x4">File names are indicated by the <span class="underline">underline</span> type style, e.g., <span class="underline">gmt.h</span>.
   </li></ol>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;1</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-90001"></a>Preface</h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >While <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has served the map-making and data processing needs of scientists since
1988<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn1x1" id="fn1x1-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">1</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-9001f1"></a>,
the current global use was heralded by the first official release in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS Trans. AGU </span>in the fall of 1991. Since
then, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has grown to become a standard tool for many users, particularly in the Earth and Ocean
Sciences. Development has at times been rapid, and numerous releases have seen the light of day since
the early versions. For a detailed history of the changes from release to release, see file <span class="underline">ChangeLog</span>
in the main <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;directory. For a nightly snapshot of ongoing activity, see the online <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt/gmt_changelog.php" >ChangeLog</a>
page.
</p><!--l. 22--><p class="indent" >   The success of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is to a large degree due to the input of the user community. In fact, most of the
capabilities and options in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs originated as user requests. We would like to hear from you should you
have any suggestions for future enhancements and modification. Please send your comments to <a 
href="mailto:gmt-help@lists.hawaii.edu" >the GMT help
list</a>.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-100001.1"></a>What is new in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.x?</h3>
<!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.x will continue to see corrections of legacy bugs and problems, including Windows DLL silliness. The
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.x releases are mostly bug-fixes as all development is now focussed on <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;5; this new series,
released Nov-5, 2013, is distinguished by being completely restructured so as to allow developers
to call high-level <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;processes from a variety of programming environments. Below is a brief
history of the development milestones in the 4.x series. We expect to maintain the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4 series for
some time until <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;5 has reached a stable state. As of July 27, 2011, GMT&#x00A0;4 is under subversion
control.
</p><!--l. 37--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-110001.1.1"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.11 [Nov-5, 2013]</h4>
<!--l. 39--><p class="noindent" >Note: Due to a few issues we had an aborted update to 4.5.10 that was briefly released, then retracted; hence the
4.5.11-numbered version. Another service release with bug-fixes only. The only non-bug change was adding the
latest dimensions for recent Sandwell/Smith img files that go up to 85<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>, and adding definition file dat.def for mgd77
ASCII DAT format to the x2sys supplement. We also had to modify the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">&#8211;S </span>option in <a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11001"></a> to
address a bug. This <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;release also coincides with the latest GSHHG release version 2.2.4 which
adds a few missing lakes to California and fixes an error in the Baffin Island coastline and removes
skinny spikes from numerous features. Below is the list of bug corrections for individual library files or
programs:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_customio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_customio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11002"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The magic recognition of native bit grids failed due to bad math. Wrote wrong number
   of bytes per record for odd-width Sun rasterfiles.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11003"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Would restrict grid region in <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11004"></a> despite doing a global map with azimuthal
   projections.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11005"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Formats  for  degree  annotations  using  colons  should  never  end  in  a  trailing  colon.  Could
   not properly decode yyodd (no delimiter) time coordinates like 12Oct24. The <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_import_table</span>
   function checked for greenwich before assigning the input data.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Shifted JD origin by one day (24 Nov, instead of 25 Nov).
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11007"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  The  oblique  Mercator  would  get  the  pole  on  the  wrong  hemisphere.  When  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx </span>is
   used  with  longitudes  we  must  use  the  wesn  clipping  and  outside  functions,  not  the  Cartesian
   ones.  Fixed  clipping  problem  in  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_wesn_clip </span>for  regions  larger  than  180  but  less  than  360.
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_grdproject_init </span>did not handle increments that had been specified as units, e.g., <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>30e.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not check for map-jumping in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_plot_rectangle </span>(psxy <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SJ</span>).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_proj.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_proj.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Inverse <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JR </span>blew up at origin; now added a check. Needed to allow for minor round-off
   when determining if a point is beyond the horizon for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JG </span>general perspective projection.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not use data near west column nodes that were off by 360 for gridline registered
   grids.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmedian.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmedian.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not use data near west column nodes that were off by 360 for gridline registered
   grids.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmode.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmode.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not use data near west column nodes that were off by 360 for gridline registered
   grids.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Susceptible to round-off when determining t of first and last output point when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>was not
   given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The MIN and MAX operators ignored NaNs, but result should be NaN if one of the operands
   equal NaN. Wrong index order in rarely used SVD part of LSQFIT.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11015"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not write values to <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> if BASEMAP_TYPE was graph or inside.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fix normalization for std.dev of power estimate in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Fix  bug  represented  by  the  <span class="underline">globalgrid.sh</span>  test  script  for  mix  of  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>selections  and
   pixel/gridline choices.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:    Despite    geographic    grids    there    were    no    check    to    shift    a    grid    region    by
   <!--l. 79--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">±</mo><mn>3</mn><mn>6</mn><mn>0</mn></math>
   to match specified output region.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not set output as geographic after using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx</span>1d.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The MIN and MAX operators ignored NaNs, but result should be NaN if one of the operands
   equal NaN. The XOR operator was incorrect, it is now clarified to be 0 if A == NaN and B == NaN,
   NaN if B == NaN, else A. Fix bug in CURV operator.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When given a <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rg </span>grid and giving <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rg </span>on command line, the output region became
   -360/0 instead of the expected 0/360.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdtrend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: We messed up an interior parameter array in the 2009-10-14 fix in 4.5.2. This affected robust
   fits and grids with NaNs.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdvector.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvector.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not reject vectors on far side of orthographic maps. Enforce that <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span>dx/dy must be
   multiples of grid dx/dy and abort if they are not. Before we would crash, hang, etc.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:          The          normalization          for          2-D          with          geographic          data
   suffered         from         not         checking         that         longitudes         may         be         off         by
   <!--l. 92--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">±</mo><mn>3</mn><mn>6</mn><mn>0</mn></math>.
   Needed <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>in order to select <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f0T </span>input, plus it made assumptions about getting lon,lat despite not
   being selected. When <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>was used the number of z-layers (1) was not initialized.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Clarify how <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>works, what the defaults are, and let the minimum number of sectors
   default to 50% of sectors instead of a hard-wired 2.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-St </span>to skip triangles whose 3 vertices are outside domain; in contrast, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sp</span>
   skips all points outside domain before triangularization.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Multiple, ancient bugs fixed: properly mark used edges, fix memory allocations, not report
   clipping if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>is used, starting point for a contour was not offset by 1/2 pixel. Was off by one in the
   grid index calculation.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pstext.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The line in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>...v was plotted on top rather than beneath box.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>, must read data as double so can properly compare with the nodata_value read as
   double.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/psvelo.cc.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/psvelo.cc</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Called <span 
class="pcrr8t-">get_trans </span>at north pole and tried to find a point further north. Did not honor
   the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>setting.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77list.cc.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77list.cc</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11031"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The azimuth written was back-azimuth, not forward. Picked id = time_column
   when set was 1 (custom), causing the first custom data column to be formatted as time (this is for the
   netCDF format files).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/sph/sphdistance.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sph/sphdistance.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-11032"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Make sure we visit replicated columns for gridline registered grids.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 113--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-120001.1.2"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.9 [Jan-1, 2013]</h4>
<!--l. 115--><p class="noindent" >Predominantly a bug-fix release, we also have made some changes to GSHHS. First, GSHHS is now called
GSHHG, the &#8220;Global Self-consistent Hierarchical High-resolution Geography&#8221;, since GSHHG contains both
shorelines as well as political boundaries and rivers. GSHHG, being required by both <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4 and 5, is now
released separately from <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. Second, we have made some minor changes to a few islands that have shown to be
offset with respect to modern data (Tahiti, Moorea, and Mehetia in South Pacific and Agalega Islands in the Indian
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
Ocean). Third, we have removed the item known as &#8220;Sandy Island&#8221; in the Corel Sea since available satellite data
show no evidence of land in this area. Finally, we have purged 48 duplicates of very small islands
(mostly in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and the Cook-Austral archipelago) where inaccurate WDBII
versions and accurate WVS versions of the same features had survived our initial processing. This
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;release thus coincides with the latest GSHHG release version 2.2.2. We also fixed a typo in the
MJD date in the <span class="underline">gmtdefaults.txt</span> documentation and updated the CM4 coefficient files for the mgd77
supplement.
</p><!--l. 128--><p class="indent" >   Below is the list of bug corrections for individual programs:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12001"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>...r the adjusted w/e/s/n for a grid could have excessive e/n values, leading to extra
   work and large intermediate grids.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12002"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: With <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>...r and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JE</span>, <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12003"></a> could end up trying to paint a block that is outside the
   rectangular region yet whose projection completely contains the region. Clipping function could shift
   the w/e boundaries by an extra 360, thus finding nothing inside in some <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12004"></a> tiles.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_shore.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_shore.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12005"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Will now look for either &#8220;.nc&#8221; or &#8220;.cdf&#8221; GSHHG files; needed since GSHHG is now
   stand-alone. Also look in given <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dir </span>directory if compiled in via configure with-gshhg-dir=<span 
class="ptmri8t-">dir</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Improved  contour  orientation  function  for  <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12007"></a>  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F</span>,  thanks  to  Thomas
   Hottendorff. Resolved case of crossings at perfect saddles.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Operators <span 
class="ptmb8t-">UPPER </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">LOWER </span>did not assign output to rows that contain NaN.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>4 we must set scale based on max |lat| in input grid.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The north coordinate would get reset to 2 when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>was used, thus creating wrong map
   setup calls.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/project.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Had to backport changes implemented in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;5 to make the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C-T-G </span>combination work
   properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Typo  in  array  index  in  European  letter  shorthands  for  German  double-s;  thanks  to  David
   Lachapelle.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Would hang for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx</span>...d due to wrong meter-per-degree variable.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/psvelo.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/psvelo.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in parsing the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>arguments.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12015"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Copied 4 rather than 2 characters into day field, causing overflow and SEGV.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77magerf.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77magerf.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A+t</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">time </span>option did not parse ISO calendar items.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/dimfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/dimfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Initialized a max value to -DBL_MIN instead of -DBL_MAX.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/backtracker.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/backtracker.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  First  and  last  point  in  a  path  was  not  converted  back  from  geocentric
   coordinates.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/libspotter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/libspotter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not check for time reversals among total reconstruction rotations.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/originator.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/originator.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bad format statement would wreck the 5th output column when run in default
   mode.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_cross.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_cross.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-12021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Did  not  convert  time  to  seconds  before  calculating  speed.  Disallowed  the
   distance gap check if time was present.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 159--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-130001.1.3"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.8 [Apr-1, 2012]</h4>
<!--l. 161--><p class="noindent" >Another bug-fix release, except for the mgd77 supplement where we now have added support for the new
MGD77T tab-delimited format introduced by NGDC, and for <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13001"></a> under Windows where the
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-13002"></a> executable path is now fetched from the registry. In case that fails, we fall back to the old &#8220;get it
from the path&#8221; mechanism. One common bug shared by several programs was the failure to consult
FIELD_DELIMITER and/or D_FORMAT for ASCII output formatting. Below is the list of bug corrections for
individual programs:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_customio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_customio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13003"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Change nx and ny to &#8220;unsigned short int&#8221; type in surfer6 header. Note that original
   format specification by Golden Software clearly say they are &#8220;short int&#8221; but this change shouldn&#8217;t break
   anything and will allow dealing with larger grid sizes.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13004"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The opening of files for rec-by-rec grid reading had a mixed if-test that inadvertently could
   take us to the wrong else clause.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13005"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>0/360/... and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JM</span>lon/lat would not set global_map properly, giving NaNs as scale.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:   Fixed   the   corner   caps   in   linear   basemap   frames.   In   function   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_xy_axis</span>,
   string[GMT_CALSTRING_LENGTH] was used to hold labels that could be longer, leading to memory
   corruption.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_proj.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_proj.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13007"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JE</span>, both projection center and its antipode gave x = y = 0. Now, antipode (which
   maps to a circle) results in NaN, NaN. Determine whether conic projections are north or south polar by
   looking at the selected region, not just the central point.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:   Function   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_crossover </span>was   susceptible   to   longitude   wrapping.   Function
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_getfill </span>got confused when a Windows path C:/etc was given as an pattern file (mixed up with
   :F and :B mechanism). In <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_hold_contour_sub</span>, a variable called closed (which could be a
   flag 0-3) was used as a 0/1 variable. Added variable is_closed = 0|1. Fixed error in reading colors of
   patterns in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>options. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_inonout_sphpol_count </span>did not properly handle line segments that
   were exactly vertical in all cases, leading to errors as to a point being inside or outside a spherical
   polygon.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcut.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcut.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now recognizes any region to be a global grid as long as nx*dx == 360. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>option would
   give incorrect region for pixel grids; print warning if output grid equals input grid (i.e., no change).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now recognizes any region to be a global grid as long as nx*dx == 360.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now recognizes any region to be a global grid as long as nx*dx == 360.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now recognizes any region to be a global grid as long as nx*dx == 360.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now recognizes any <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>as a global grid as long as nx*dx == 360.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Contouring could suffer from the same round-off issues that affected <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13015"></a> (and fixed
   back in 2004). Now the same fix is applied here. Also let <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>default to 0 as stated in man page; this
   matches the default in <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13016"></a>. Also, when nodes are adjusted to avoid matching a contour value
   exactly (during contouring), the same adjustment must be made later when those nodes are used to
   determine how to stitch together polygons for fill.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/minmax.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Avoid infinite loop if a record has different number of fields than expected.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now recognizes any region to be a global grid as long as nx*dx == 360.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/project.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">inc </span><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bo </span>we failed to write any output.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: On Windows it never actually opened the input data file, so a crash resulted down the road.
   Only require two input columns when using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-An</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/pscoupe.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/pscoupe.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Could not read from stdin because of the cross dll boundaries on Windows, must use
   GMT_stdin instead of stdin.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/pspolar.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/pspolar.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Could not read from stdin because of the cross dll boundaries on Windows, must use
   GMT_stdin instead of stdin.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/psvelo.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/psvelo.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not show <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>in the synopsis. Could not read from stdin because of the cross dll
   boundaries on Windows, must use GMT_stdin instead of stdin.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fix memory allocation bug in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">MGD77_Read_Header_Sequence </span>where it was
   reading  MGD77_RECORD_LENGTH  records  into  a  shorter  MGD77_HEADER_LENGTH  longer
   variable.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Confused the meaning of the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>shorthands mgd77 and all. Now handle all stored
   and derived quantities needed to reproduce original data files.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77track.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77track.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not set GMT&#8217;s time system to Unix before dealing with dates. Now done
   centrally by <span 
class="pcrr8t-">MGD77_Init</span>.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_cross.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_cross.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-13027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: A memset call used wrong size if 64-bit, thus not resetting some boolean values
   causing crossovers to be missed.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 226--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-140001.1.4"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.7 [Jul-15, 2011]</h4>
<!--l. 228--><p class="noindent" >This is another bug-fix release, including an update to GSHHS (now at 2.2.0) which fixes a truncation error for the
polygon areas (which only affected users of the gshhs supplement and not <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;itself). The supplement tool
<a 
href="../html/man/gshhs.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gshhs</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14001"></a> now has a few more options to allow better feature extraction for GSHHS users. Below is the list of bug
corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_agc.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_agc.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14002"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not do proper indexing for complex data. Had wrong size for array floatvalue.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14003"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed to create proper old-style v3 netcdf file if selected for as output format in <a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14004"></a>.
   Did not account for the doubling of a grid array for complex data when scaling data after read. This
   made <a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14005"></a> give odd results when grids with a scale other than 1 was read. Bug was first introduced
   in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;3.0 in 1995, making it a bug with seniority!
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  The  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_wesn_search </span>did  not  handle  periodic  longitudes  well,  now  replaced  with
   proper quadrant checking as in <a 
href="../html/man/minmax.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14007"></a>. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_wesn_clip </span>needed to adjust longitudes to fit the
   given domain. Clip path for van Grinten was wrong for global maps.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_mgg_header2.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_mgg_header2.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not implement complex arrays at all.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Force arcs to be clockwise in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_pie </span>and <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_matharc</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Hardwired DEG_TO_KM with Earth&#8217;s mean radius meant wrong distance results for
   other planets. Now using the current ELLIPSOID values.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not restore to current font size after a sub- or super-script if a font size change had previously
   taken  place.  Also  did  not  recompute  sub-  or  super-script  sizes  after  a  font  size  change.  [Thanx  to
   Christian Sperber for noticing].
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Could crash if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C -A </span>give no contours and we freed a non-allocated array. [Thanx to
   Walter Harms].
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now mentions which formats are supported and polices the process.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>option did not consider replicate w/e points for gridline-registered grids.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14015"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Nr </span>option did not work as it skipped assigning the NaN. Convolution weights were
   y-transposed so gave wrong results at/near the poles for spherical filtering. Also, some nodes were
   duplicated in the convolution, resulting in inconsistent values at the S or N pole. Now gives consistent
   values at poles and along shared E/W cols.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When image is grayscale and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>is used then image must be converted to 24-bit and we set
   NaN color to a non-gray value.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not correctly truncate nodes for GSHHS bins with no data.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Output header had wrong units when non-inch settings were in effect.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Removed  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">grdview_init_setup </span>because  it  yields  unpredictable  results  and  prevents
   lineup of different 3D plots.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Kept treating x,y as lon,lat when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>[lon/lat/]c (c for Cartesian) were given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>1 selection did not reset the minimum sector setting to 1. For global region in
   longitudes, cannot extend w/e limits as we do for Cartesian and region-limited areas.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/project.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G-T </span>combination failed to produce great circles.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Got wrong contour level when some segments along edges were skipped.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pstext.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>was missing from the synopsis. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option resets the text angle but also needed
   to reset justification.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug when reading a file using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>option on Windows.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not check that input file could be found before trying to compute stuff and crash
   [Thanks to Orion Poplawski].
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/grdrotater.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/grdrotater.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-14027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:                                  Ensure                                  that                                  output
   grid xmin/xmax honors the current OUTPUT_DEGREE_FORMAT range settings. Could end up with
   w=e=0 in some cases.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 283--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-150001.1.5"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.6 [Mar-1, 2011]</h4>
<!--l. 285--><p class="noindent" >This is another bug-fix release, including an update to GSHHS which fixes error is the Germany-Poland border and
a few &#8220;spiky&#8221; islands. Therefore, this version requires the new GSHHS 2.1.1 release. We also patched some errors
in the &#8220;jet&#8221; color table. Below is the list of bug corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15001"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: On Windows: Look for HOMEPATH after HOME for setting GMT_HOMEDIR. Processing
   of mathangle symbol (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sm</span>[bfl]) confused the unit detector. The symbol-parsing for psxy and psxyz did
   not properly set the column types when no symbol size was given. This affected symbols that require
   angles (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sw</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SE</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SJ</span>) when unit was SI. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-: </span>option messed up the column type arrays; should
   only swap x,y data columns, not type columns.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_cdf.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_cdf.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15002"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Apply netcdf fix for open/fill; thanks to Sebastian Heimann.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15003"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Increase the size of the string array in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_grd_get_units </span>to avoid &#8220;Buffer overrun&#8221;
   that occurred with long description strings.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15004"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When ASCII mode, also need to save/restore any netcdf i/o settings.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15005"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Fixed  bug  in  Haversine  equation  for  duplicate  point.  For  van  Grinten:  errors  in
   left/right-circle functions. We have a safety valve for preventing a painful slow search around the map
   perimeter. The search is appropriate for maps but not for mapproject results. The limit was for 200 inch
   wide maps == 14400p. A user ran pscoast with 14401p and was caught. Now check for 400 inch and
   also check current page size (PAPER_MEDIA). If map width vastly outsizes the paper size then it is
   probably a projection job.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_nc.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_nc.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Apply netcdf fix for open/fill; thanks to Sebastian Heimann.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15007"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: A colored TICK_PEN would also color annotations. Tried to free an unallocated array in
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_draw_custom_symbol</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_cspline </span>should initialize c[0] = c[n-1] = 0.0 in case it is called repeatedly
   [this is not the case in GMT]. When calculating how far to place an annotation from the tick mark we
   must check if a fancy frame width exceeds the tick length. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_inonout_sphpol_count </span>failed
   to detect crossings if a polygon had vertical line-segments with same longitude as the point we were
   testing.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Add check for incomplete escape sequences..
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Due to resampling of parallels in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>, some points exactly on a coast bin parallel could fail
   the test due to roundoff. Fixed by not resampling coastlines since it is a Cartesian test.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Extended <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ef </span>mode to write floats (patch by Pierre Cazenave).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdclip.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdclip.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now complains if no <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>option was given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Allow -D2 and -D3 to handle periodic and polar boundary conditions.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Same as entry for <a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15015"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Must skip &#8220;polygons&#8221; with less than 3 points. Also, the resampling distance for spherical
   data was wrong, now 0.1 degrees.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Not providing <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>was not working anymore. Test if hemisphere sign is provided when
   doing <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ju </span>and no <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>. Now assign proper x/y units.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Message about <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>being obsolete should only come when no modifier is given; else it is
   valid for BC setting.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug fix after last <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>option update. Must pass the optional <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>args when calculating BB.
   Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-dSAFER </span>as well, + fix <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>option [F. Wobbe]. For some reason <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>was not forcing <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A</span>. Now it
   does it again.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not find some contours following triangle edges.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Need to keep the original <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R-J </span>around for proper calls.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now patterns have constant orientation regardless of using horizontal or vertical bar.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Changed default to a more reasonable <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>4/2.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/splitxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">splitxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not list <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>in the synopsis.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/surface.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug if using seconds (c) in search radius (got minutes).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not use projected coordinates when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R-J </span>was given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Do not tolerate NaNs in x,y and give error (e.g., if junk is given). Failed if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>value was
   given and the ESRI grid already had a nodata-value line. Now will process this line, if present. The
   value given on the command line will override any setting found in the file. Also made string-checks
   case-insensitive.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/utilmeca.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/utilmeca.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Patch  to  fix  incorrect  plotting  of  moment  tensors  with  big  isotropic  components.
   Thanks to Jeremy Pesicek. Fix bug affecting the plot of P and T axis.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mex/grdwrite.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mex/grdwrite.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Round-off could lead to false detection of a non-equally spaced grid.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmt2kml.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmt2kml.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Options <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N+ </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>would crash under Windows (usual DLL hell).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/backtracker.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/backtracker.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15031"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>, now report full-length major/minor axes and not SEMI-axes (docs said
   major/minor but code did semi.)
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/grdrotater.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/grdrotater.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15032"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not handle the rotation of an entire global grid since the polygon outline
   interfered with the domain.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/rotconverter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/rotconverter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15033"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Forgot to skip args when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15034"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Minor bug in x2sys binary reading of floats.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15035"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When geographic data and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>it failed to consider periodic longitudes.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_get.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_get.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15036"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:     The     <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N  </span>option     did     not     work     properly,     and     the     reported
   Y<!--l. 363--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>N
   flags reflected the entire track on not just the portion inside the region. Man page updated to clarify
   what is returned.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-15037"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not write both of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Nd-Ns </span>to the tag file. Crashed if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>was not given [should
   imply -DTAG].</dd></dl>
<!--l. 370--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-160001.1.6"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.5 [Nov-1, 2010]</h4>
<!--l. 372--><p class="noindent" >This is again mostly a bug-fix release, and coincides with the availability of
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;5.0.0<!--l. 372--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></math>.
Due to a few issues we had an aborted update to 4.5.4 that was never announced; hence the 4.5.5-numbered
version. A few minor improvements have been added:
</p><!--l. 376--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-16002x1">The <a 
href="../html/man/spotter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16003"></a> supplement now converts geodetic latitudes to geocentric before doing spherical rotations
   and recovers geodetic coordinates for output (this new behavior can be bypassed by setting ELLIPSOID
   to Sphere). Thanks to L. M. Matias for pointing this out.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-16005x2">We have added time-axes support for the Hawaiian language (Thanks to K&#x0101;wika Trang).</li></ol>
<!--l. 382--><p class="noindent" >Here is the list of bug corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/configure.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">configure</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now sets correct mex extensions for 64-bit operating systems.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16007"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B </span>labels would not tolerate use of the text escape sequence @: (for changing font size).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not check if nodes were beyond the horizon in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_grd_project</span>. Also did not
   initialize output grid to NaNs before filling.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in fault symbol <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16010"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sfrc </span>fixed (thanks to J. Robert). Also, <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_map_latline</span>
   and <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_map_lonline </span>functions tried to draw two-point lines when in fact no points were defined.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>options would crash under Windows.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ap</span><!--l. 392--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>
   options were ignored since the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">mode </span>was not checked.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdpaste.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdpaste.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Lacked <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg </span>so could not paste 352/360 and 0/8 in longitudes.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not ensure that given <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>was adjusted to fit grid spacing.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16015"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not show/explain the option of appending <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+ </span>to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>. Corrected synopsis, usage, and
   man page. Did not reset azimuth to NaN at start of new segment.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/minmax.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: With <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span>, could end up returning <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>355/0/... since 360 became 0.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not check if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>had not been set.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option had trouble parsing if there were + signs within the label string.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option had trouble parsing if there were + signs within the label string.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Made tolerant of <!--l. 403--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">\</mo></math>r-only
   line-endings which caused trouble before. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A- </span>option did not reset <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The justify text variable must be 3-char longs to hold trailing 0. This caused SEGV on some
   systems.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not warn if clipping levels were not restored in last overlay.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pstext.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added missing description of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy[z#." id="c" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">.html]</span><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy[z].c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:         Units         given         in         <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S    </span>without         sizes         (e.g.,         <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sci</span>)
   would          be          ignored          and          overridden          by          <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MEASURE_UNIT</span>.          The
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ap</span><!--l. 410--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>
   options were ignored since the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">mode </span>was not checked.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77manage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77manage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>option had no break statement to prevent fall-through.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77track.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77track.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Had inactive code to write segment header to output.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>option was not listed in synopsis or usage, only in the man pages. Also
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F</span>all+ and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F</span>mgd77+ did not append the auxiliary columns properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77magref.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77magref.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option failed on numeric arguments.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmtstitch.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmtstitch.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Could crash if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmt2kml.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmt2kml.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Did  not  parse  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>&#8220;description&#8221;  for  points.  Only  append  running  number  when  a
   segment has more than one point, else just use segment label.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/rotconverter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/rotconverter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16031"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Complained of &#8220;bad option&#8221; when a rotation with a negative longitude was
   given on the command line, e.g., -135/35/-2.5. Would sometimes issue a rotation twice (for the same
   time).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/sph/Makefile.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sph/Makefile</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-16032"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not have LDFLAGS in link statement.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 424--><p class="noindent" >Also, Appendix F had missing shading for two items in the Standard+ table, and example 23 placed the city names at
an angle of 1 degree rather than horizontally.
</p><!--l. 427--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-170001.1.7"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.4 [Nov-1, 2010]</h4>
<!--l. 429--><p class="noindent" >A few minor technical issues in the distribution led us to make a few changes and increment the version to
4.5.5.
</p><!--l. 431--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.8    </span> <a 
 id="x1-180001.1.8"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.3 [Jul-15, 2010]</h4>
<!--l. 433--><p class="noindent" >This is mostly a bug-fix release, including more corrections to the political boundaries distributed via the GSHHS
netCDF files (these affect the Syria-Israel, Israel-Jordan, Moldova-Ukraine, and the Eritrea-Ethiopia borders) as
well as missing river-lake metadata in the GSHHS distribution. Therefore, this version requires the new GSHHS
2.1.0 release.
</p><!--l. 438--><p class="indent" >   Here is the list of bug corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/configure.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">configure</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18001"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed reversed use off &#8211;enable-flock.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18002"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Chop off any eventual EOLs characters that might be in argv strings as it will happen when it
   was created by a shell command. We need this so that native Windows binaries can be used in Cygwin.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18003"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:    <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_is_a_blank_line  </span>saw    &#8220;t&#8221;    instead    of    TAB    as    whitespace.    Added
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_io.skip_duplicates </span>[FALSE] to control if consecutive records with identical x,y should
   be skipped. This is needed by programs that uses <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_sph_inonout</span>, which does not expect to find
   duplicates vertices. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_fgets </span>now checks for input record truncation and handles this gracefully
   (gives warning and winds to next record).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18004"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Tried to free memory when nothing had been allocated. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_wesn_clip </span>function would
   clip polygons even though there were no restrictions on longitudes (w/e = 360).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18005"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Parallels that should be straight (e.g., in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JI</span>) would sometimes appear with jump gaps.
   Fixed bug in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_plot_map_scale </span>that could lead to endless loops when using scales to 100 km
   or any exact power of 10. Error was limited to 64-bit.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt2rgb.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt2rgb</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>was freeing the output name before it was even allocated.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18007"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  The  L  or  H  color  for  first  min/max  annotation  was  not  set.  Placement  of  H  and  L
   annotations improved by using centroids.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not handle periodic longitude input when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug in parsing of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>[m<!--l. 460--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>c<!--l. 460--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>f]
   option when color starts with [m<!--l. 460--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>c<!--l. 460--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>f].
   Check that topo and illumination file have the same size, otherwise it would crash.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Must insist that one of [<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R-I</span>], <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>, or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>is specified.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Applied scaling to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dx/dy </span>when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Fk </span>was used, despite docs saying <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>is in meters
   when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>is used. Fixed, and clarified docs/man to say with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>is always in meters.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not handle periodic longitude input when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now checks that all PS files begin with %!PS. End matter did not get parsed when there is
   no %%Orientation.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed incorrect bin count when a datapoint equaled xmax.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18015"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Uninitialized text string could put garbage in script.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psmask.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not handle periodic longitude input when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:      For      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Svs</span>,      the      2nd      set      of      coordinates      did      not      obey      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-:</span>.      The
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sw</span><!--l. 473--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">W</span>
   symbols  did  not  handle  the  azimuth/direction  conversions  properly.  Added  better  handling  of
   dimensions with units passed via columns in the data file.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:      For      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Svs</span>,      the      2nd      set      of      coordinates      did      not      obey      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-:</span>.      The
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sw</span><!--l. 476--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">W</span>
   symbols  did  not  handle  the  azimuth/direction  conversions  properly.  Added  better  handling  of
   dimensions with units passed via columns in the data file.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/surface.c:.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface.c:</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not handle periodic longitude input when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/psmeca.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/psmeca.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Removed out of place and repeated line to compute size in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-a </span>option.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/submeca.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/submeca.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Replaced calls to <span 
class="pcrr8t-">d_atan2 </span>by <span 
class="pcrr8t-">d_atan2d </span>since the code expects angles in degrees.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Incorrectly added track list =tracks.lis as another track name after correctly including
   all the listed tracks. No harm done other than an annoying &#8220;Cannot find track =tracks&#8221; message.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77magref.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77magref.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fix bug in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option when using const time in calendar format.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgg/mgd77togmt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgg/mgd77togmt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now has proper synopsis.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/kml2gmt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/kml2gmt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:        Did        not        anticipate        optional        attributes        for        tags        like
   <!--l. 486--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>PlaceMark<!--l. 486--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>,
   etc.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/sph/sphtriangulate.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sph/sphtriangulate.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Incorrect items for cols 3&#8211;4 for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Need to include the &#8220;.&#8221; when checking if a suffix is present in a filename. Reading of
   data formats .gmt and custom returned all columns and not just the requested columns, causing errors
   upstream.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Check to see if both lon and lat had been requested only checked for longitude
   (twice).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Implemented <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+</span>] to print info relevant to both cruises.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 496--><p class="indent" >   Here is a list of the recent enhancement to various programs; these were introduced to correct mistakes or
overcome limitations:
</p><!--l. 498--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-18031x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18032"></a> has added function <span 
class="ptmb8t-">SQR </span>(square).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-18034x2"><a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18035"></a> now lets <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>work alone without requiring <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-18037x3"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18038"></a>] has added function <span 
class="ptmb8t-">SQR </span>(square).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-18040x4"><a 
href="../html/man/pswiggle.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pswiggle.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18041"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Dx</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">gap </span>now allows gaps to be in projected distances.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-18043x5"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18044"></a> was updated for 11th generation IGRF &#8211; IGRF2010.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-18046x6"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_get.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_get.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18047"></a> needed <span 
class="pcrb8t-">&#8211;L+</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">list</span>] so internal crossovers can be added.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-18049x7"><a 
href="../html/man/GMT_nighttime.cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">GMT_nighttime.cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18050"></a> color table donated by Andreas Trawoeger.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-18052x8"><a 
href="../html/man/GMT_paired.cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">GMT_paired.cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-18053"></a> qualitative color table by Cynthia Brewer.</li></ol>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 510--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.9    </span> <a 
 id="x1-190001.1.9"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.2 [Jan-15, 2010]</h4>
<!--l. 512--><p class="noindent" >This is mostly another bug-fix release, including one that required us to add more meta-data to the GSHHS
coastline netCDF files. Therefore, this version requires GSHHS 2.0.2 or higher. As was the case for 4.5.1, note that
the GSHHS polygons themselves have not changed (still at version 2.0). We also added in the relatively recent
Nunavut province boundary in Canada. However, some enhancements were added as well, most notably a new
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">graph </span>frame mode for linear projections (to add arrow heads to math axes) and a new symbol in <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19001"></a> (to draw a
circular arrow used to indicate angles); these capabilities are demonstrated in a new (and final) example 30. Finally,
we fixed the long-standing problem of <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19002"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SE </span>requesting major and minor axes but actually treating
them as if they are semi-axes. We now consistently expect and use major and minor axes; you may
thus notice a scaling of two if you continue to give semi-major/minor axes. Here is the list of bug
corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/configure.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">configure</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19003"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug with &#8211;rpath.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_customio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_customio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19004"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug resulting from releasing the pointer to from_gdalread structure before its
   members were freed.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_gdalread.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_gdalread.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19005"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Force computation of min/max since metadata info may be wrong.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_read_img </span>did not apply swab if little-endian architecture.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19007"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_access </span>did not check for NULL filename.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now guards against getting a negative hash value, which happened when text was Russian
   language codes from ru.d. If GMT_DATADIR was set to a list of colon-separated dirs then init failed
   since we tried to check access as if GMT_DATADIR was always a single entity (as in the past). Opened
   file with <span 
class="pcrr8t-">fopen </span>but closed with <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_fclose</span>. Bug in the parsing of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jg</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">lon/lat/radius/lat</span>. Both
   <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> and <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span> were assumed to be in UNIX format. Now we properly chop off
   Windows <span 
class="ptmri8t-">or </span>Unix end-of-line characters.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_mgg_header2.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_mgg_header2</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Opened file with <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_fopen </span>but closed with <span 
class="pcrr8t-">fclose</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">qsort </span>of GMT_LONGs was passed int arrays. The calculation of the actual plot width of
   a map scale did not account for the effect of a 3-D view angle.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_shore.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_shore.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Changes to accommodate new GSHHS2.0.2 netCDF files which needed more metadata
   to properly compute the level of tile corners after features where dropped due to size, etc.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Increase the size of the variable that contains the path to a CPT file and the pathname
   to BUFSIZ bytes.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>option failed for actual matches; the 2009/5/26 change screwed that up. Now
   fixed and tested.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>option should only apply to closed contours, and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>failed to find an inside point
   for some oblique projections.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19015"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Lg </span>will imply <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg </span>to properly set geographic units. Fixed bug where the gradient
   at the south pole was not replicated to x = east.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Round-off and bug caused missing nodes for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rd</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>option gave z-values a longitude formatting, including 360-degree wrapping.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>option failed after recent i/o makeover.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Ellipse was wrongly dimensioned by semi-major and semi-minor axes, instead of major and
   minor axes. Also, memory never got freed by <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_free</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psrose.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psrose.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Needed to set scale to 1 so the bounding box calculations would be correct for EPS output.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Bg </span>now correctly produces gridlines using <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GRID_PEN_PRIMARY</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Incorrectly drew tips at plot boundary when clipping the error bars.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug in distance sorting (also made much simpler).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/imgsrc/img2google.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">imgsrc/img2google</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: One <a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19025"></a> call did not have the required <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: SEGV when an array index was allowed to become -1.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmt2kml.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmt2kml.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:    Removed    rogue    newline    before    writing    coordinates    and    an    additional
   <!--l. 562--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
   in a tag.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmtstitch.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmtstitch.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: NULL segment headers were passed to strcpy() to give SEGV; also fixed output
   message when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>was used and only one segment was present.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/kml2gmt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/kml2gmt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Mix of <span 
class="pcrr8t-">fopen </span>and <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_fclose </span>not good under Windoze.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/sph/sphinterpolate.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sph/sphinterpolate.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bad index on line 317 went outside array limit. Also did not initialize the grid
   header properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/sph/sphdistance.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sph/sphdistance.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19031"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not initialize the grid header properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/backtracker.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/backtracker.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19032"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>is set, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-mo </span>must be turned on automatically even if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>is not set.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/grdrotater.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/grdrotater.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19033"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in node index resulted in no longitudinal variation in the rotated grid.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19034"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not accept <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m</span>, only the now obsolete <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19035"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not retrieve the correct data columns when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19036"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Weights were not written out when names were selected as well, as in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Fncw</span>.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 576--><p class="indent" >   Here is a list of the recent enhancement to various programs:
</p><!--l. 578--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19038x1"><a 
href="../html/man/fitcircle.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">fitcircle.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19039"></a>  will  let  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>optionally  take  a  fixed  latitude  instead  of  finding  the  best-fitting  latitude
   [Default].
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19041x2"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19042"></a> has new <span 
class="ptmb8t-">BASEMAP_TYPE </span>= <span 
class="ptmri8t-">graph </span>option for linear projections that wish to have
   their axes extended 7.5%, ending in arrow heads.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19044x3"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19045"></a> has a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>which can be used to replace NaNs with another value on output.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19047x4"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19048"></a> now has a new symbol <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sm </span>option for math angle, which lets user draw a circular arc with
   optional curved arrow heads at neither, one, or both ends.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19050x5"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19051"></a> also has the new symbol <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sm </span>option but does not draw the curved arrow heads yet.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19053x6"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77manage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77manage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19054"></a> adds attribute array of TZ corrections for the few cruises that stored TZ
   and local time instead of UTC time.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19056x7"><a 
href="../html/man/spotter/rotconverter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/rotconverter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19057"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>to reduce stage pole opening angles by <span 
class="ptmri8t-">fact </span>[0.5] (e.g., to
   get half-spreading rates).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19059x8"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19060"></a> now lets x2sys programs automatically strip off extensions for tracks given via list
   files. Also, various lists can contain header records.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19062x9"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_get.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_get.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19063"></a>     has     new     option     <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E  </span>to     select     extensions     on     output,     and
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 593--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">e</span>]
   to be used with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>. Finally, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>now only lists track names.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-19065x10"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_solve.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_solve.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-19066"></a>     has      new      option      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z  </span>to      remove      smallest      dist/time      for
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><!--l. 595--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>.</li></ol>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 598--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.10    </span> <a 
 id="x1-200001.1.10"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.1 [Sept-20, 2009]</h4>
<!--l. 600--><p class="noindent" >This is almost entirely a bug-fix release where we address several 64-bit incompatibilities and rebuild the netcdf
GSHHS library to include some attributes from GSHHS that were needed by new options in <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20001"></a> and other
programs. Note that the GSHHS polygons have not changed (still at version 2.0), but we had to update the derived
netcdf repackaging used by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to 2.0.1. However, some enhancements were added as well, most significantly
support for the polyconic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JPoly</span>), experimental support for grid and image imports via GDAL
(requires &#8211;enable-gdal during configure and properly installed GDAL libraries and include files), and allowing
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">width/height </span>to recompute a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">height </span>given as zero based on the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width </span>(or vice versa) and the aspect ratio of the
region.
</p><!--l. 610--><p class="indent" >   Here is the list of bug corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/configure.ac.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">configure.ac</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20002"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now use &#8211;enable-flock to enable file locking, instead of &#8211;disable-flock to disable if. Use
   &#8211;enable-64  to  force  64-bit  compilation,  use  &#8211;disable-64  to  force  32-bit  compilation;  otherwise  use
   default. Switch -DGMT_QSORT is now on only for OS X prior to Snow Leopard as the latter has a
   correctly working 64-bit <span 
class="pcrr8t-">qsort </span>function.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_customio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_customio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20003"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Made surfer grid header i/o 64-bit compliant.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20004"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Changed <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_truncate </span>from being a pointer function (PFL) to a regular function that
   simply calls <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_truncate_x </span>or <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_truncate_tm </span>depending on whether projection is TM.
   This to avoid problems with calling <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_truncate </span>with constant argument -1 in 64-bit machines
   and thus producing wrapped <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20005"></a> maps.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_shore.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_shore.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A+r</span><!--l. 624--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">+l</span>
   option was premature as more info in the GSHHS netcdf files were needed to properly skip features.
   Now working with the revision GSHHS 2.0.1.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20007"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The routine that checks if a points is inside or outside a polar cap had trouble when a
   point&#8217;s longitude exactly equalled one of the polygon points since round-off could cause our test to fail.
   Fixed bug in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x_inc </span>variable as function of latitude. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_log_array </span>recoded to avoid 64-bit error
   (last value was not included).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option was not used in limiting contours.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/minmax.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20009"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-EH </span>option did not work.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: With <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>, the internal <span 
class="ptmri8t-">di, dj </span>constants were set way too large.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pswiggle.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pswiggle.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20011"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: With <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>, distances were not scaled correctly so <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>failed.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77magref.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77magref.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Got wrong time as time initialization had changed but not implemented in
   this program.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>option; needed to set bitpattern for bad faa.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmt2kml.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmt2kml.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Option  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>did  not  handle  spaces  in  titles  and  folder  names.  Under  Windows,  the
   output got scrambled due to DLL hell.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/backtracker.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/backtracker.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20015"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed in 64-bit mode due to variable mismatches.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_get.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_get.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option failed if list contained file extensions.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_solve.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_solve.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not allocate array for storing weights.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 647--><p class="indent" >   Here is a list of the recent enhancement to various programs:
</p><!--l. 649--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-20019x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_customio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_customio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20020"></a> now has optional GDAL read-only interface as format 22 (code gd).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-20022x2"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20023"></a> has new default <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TRANSPARENCY </span>= <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stroke/fill </span>that can change the PDF transparency for
   stroked and filled items [Note: Only supported by Adobe Distiller].
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-20025x3"><a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20026"></a> has added option to reduce all color to gray scale via <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PS_COLOR </span>= gray.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-20028x4"><a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20029"></a> has optional support that allow single-band image import via GDAL.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-20031x5"><a 
href="../html/man/misc/nc2xy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/nc2xy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20032"></a> now has <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bo </span>option.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-20034x6"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77magref.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77magref.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-20035"></a> can combine IGRF and CM4 computations.</li></ol>
<!--l. 659--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.11    </span> <a 
 id="x1-210001.1.11"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.5.0 [July-15, 2009]</h4>
<!--l. 661--><p class="noindent" >This is another significant update of the official distribution and hence it has a mix of bug fixes and
program enhancements. We have added a new supplement (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">sph</span>) which offers interpolation, triangulation
(Delaunay and Voronoi), and distance calculations on a spherical surface. The hard work is done by the
original effort of Robert Renka who developed the Fortran-77 SSRFPACK and STRIPACK libraries;
these are here supplied via a <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">f2c</span><a 
 id="dx1-21001"></a>-assisted translation. The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">imgsrc </span>supplement has a new Bourne script
<a 
href="../html/man/img2google.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">img2google</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21002"></a>, which simplifies making Google Earth tiles from Sandwell and Smith bathymetry. The
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">mgd77 </span>supplement has a new program <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77magref.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77magref</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21003"></a>, which is used to evaluate either the CM4
comprehensive geomagnetic model, a more sophisticated alternative to IGRF, or the IGRF. The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">misc</span>
supplement has received two new tools (<a 
href="../html/man/gmt2kml.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt2kml</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21004"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/kml2gmt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">kml2gmt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21005"></a>) that simplify the presentation of
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;data in Google Earth, and one (<a 
href="../html/man/dimfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">dimfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21006"></a>) that offers directional spatial filtering of grids. The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">x2sys</span>
supplement has a new tool (<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_merge.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_merge</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21007"></a>) to merge updated COEs table into a main COE table database.
Finally, <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21008"></a> has evolved further and can now be used to create simple KML files for Google
Earth.
</p><!--l. 676--><p class="indent" >   A major new enhancement is the global option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g</span>, which is used to determine if excessive spacing between
data points (&#8220;gaps&#8221;, to be defined in a variety of ways) should be used to segment an otherwise continuous line. We
expect to enable <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g </span>in several programs during the next revision; at the moment it is available in <a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21009"></a>,
<a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21010"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21011"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21012"></a>. Given that all the lower-case <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;options deal with low-level data i/o settings
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
we have decided to rename the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>option (which controls the presence of multiple segment headers) to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m</span>;
this allows us to promote this ubiquitous option to global status (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">i.e.</span>, has the same meaning in all
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs). Use of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>will remain valid for the rest of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.x but results in a warning about the new
usage. Related to this is the introduction of a new parameter (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">NAN_RECORDS</span>) that determines if
NaNs in key columns (such as longitude, latitude) should constitute a line break or bad data to be
skipped.
</p><!--l. 687--><p class="indent" >   We have revised how ellipsoids are specified. When importing an ellipsoid file, we allow a,b,f as
ellipsoid parameters, where b or f could both be zero. If file does not exist, attempt to read name as
a[/[b=<!--l. 688--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>f=]f],
meaning <span 
class="ptmri8t-">semi-major axis</span>, b=<span 
class="ptmri8t-">semi-minor axis</span>, f = <span 
class="ptmri8t-">flattening</span>, or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">inverse flattening</span>. We have also added parameters
for the TOPEX ellipsoid and for the Moon and planets (IAU2000).
</p><!--l. 692--><p class="indent" >   This release of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;coincides with the release 2.0 of GSHHS, the coastline data used by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. In addition to
general improvements to the data, we have expanded the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option that controls the limits on what features to
extract. New modifiers allow users to exclude &#8220;river-lakes&#8221; and any feature whose area is less than a fraction of the
original full resolution feature.
</p><!--l. 697--><p class="indent" >   Finally, our configure script continues to evolve and now better supports installation on 64-bit systems and can
automatically detect if and where netCDF exists on your system.
</p><!--l. 700--><p class="indent" >   Here is the list of bug corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_customio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_customio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: In <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_ras_read_grd_info</span>, wrong size was passed to fread.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Fixed  bug  in  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_grd_setregion</span>:  longitudes  were  limited  inward  instead  of
   outward. Caused white-space left and right in <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21015"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: No longer remove supposedly empty <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span> file. Could have been written to by
   piped <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;command. Now create/write only when new matter is to be written.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When only <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-mi </span>is set there should be no multisegment headers on output. yet there was no
   if-test to check for that.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Fixed  serious  bug  in  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_az_backaz_flatearth</span>:  incorrectly  converted  degrees
   to   radians.   Fixed   bug   in   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_get_rotate_pole</span>:   called   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_rotate_pole_forward</span>
   with    radians    instead    of    degrees.    Incorrectly    attempted    to    free    array    only    used    when
   antialias   is   on.   Fixed   inability   to   determine   projection   pole   when   central   meridian   and
   western    boundary    are    the    same    (Albers,    Conic    equidistant).    Incorrectly    used    central
   longitude   to   set   default   midpoint   for   3-D   maps   using   the   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E...+ </span>mechanism   when   data
   were   not   geographic.   Numerous   bug   fixes   related   to   UTM:   Did   not   report   bad   zone   for
   <!--l. 715--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>
   A or <!--l. 715--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
   Z; Zones A+B reached till 84S instead of 80S; Zone J wrongly produced value for Zone K; Zones
   U+W were not recognized; Now also equates Zone O to Zone P (already equated Zone I to J).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_mgg_header2.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_mgg_header2.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: There was no support for (a) floating point grids and (b) swapping happened
   based on machine byte order and not based on actual file byte order.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_nc.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_nc.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Argument  [layer]  was  not  stripped  from  varname  and  would  end  up  in  output  grid.  Set
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">zmin/zmax </span>to NaN when info not in header.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Crashed when using time labels in 3D plot.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_proj.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_proj.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug in longitude computation when standard parallel is on Southern Hemisphere.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Exceeded  array  bounds  in  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_read_cpt </span>for  hsv  conversion.  The  3-D  view  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>
   option used in many programs (such as <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21024"></a>) could not handle exponential notations. Determining of
   a color scale is continuous should be based on HSV (not RGB) values when read as HSV. The modifier
   :<span 
class="ptmri8t-">radius</span>[unit] to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>option in <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21025"></a> for the placement of contour labels is now <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+r</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">radius</span>[unit]
   since the colon interfered with ddd:mm:ss coordinates. Given <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span>601+/601+ the y-increment was not
   processed correctly. Fixed bug when <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x_inc </span>in km, m, etc, the value was ignored (always 1).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Gave bogus usage about number of input columns when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>is set but <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>only affects
   output. Same for <a 
href="../html/man/blockmedian.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmedian.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21027"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/blockmode.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmode.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21028"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: With <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span>, did not report the number of output segments.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Tried to free memory that was not allocated.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21031"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Toggle <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>was not processed correctly if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">gridfile </span>was given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21032"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For geographic grids, make sure N and S pole only has a single value on output.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21033"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Calculation of nz layers was off by one, leaving out the penultimate layer.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21034"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: We now make sure the NaN color is unique when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>is used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21035"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PDIST </span>operator did not handle binary input files (as <span 
class="ptmb8t-">LDIST </span>does).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21036"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Exceeded memory allocation for out_file. Now in static memory.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psclip.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psclip.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21037"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Produce at least &#8220;S V&#8221; when the clippath is empty.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21038"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Produce at least &#8220;S V&#8221; when the clippath is empty.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21039"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>with a vertical color bar, the annotations where left- in stead of right-aligned.
   When using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>on horizontal bar, the last tick mark would not appear.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gshhs/gshhs.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gshhs/gshhs.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21040"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Checked wrong variable to test if a file was given on the command line.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/util_meca.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/util_meca.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21041"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Needed to convert the output from <span 
class="pcrr8t-">d_atan2 </span>to degrees.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21042"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:             Was             failing             to             read             Windows             terminated
   ASCII files. Fixed bug in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">MGD77_igrf10syn </span>routine (mistake done while cleaning the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">f2c</span><a 
 id="dx1-21043"></a> version)
   that resulted in altitude always being on Earth surface when geocentric coordinates were used. Do not
   use any <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;i/o-functions to access ascii files on creation/writing so that it can work under Windows
   as well. Converting files from netCDF to MGD77 where time = NaN gave junk records.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21044"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Used GMT_LONG in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">memset </span>for an array allocated as int. Used wrong time for
   IGRF calculation; worst case situation was off by 1 year.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77manage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77manage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21045"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  The  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option  would  remove  original  attributes.  Now  both  original  and
   revised attributes are carried in memory. This problem also affected <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77convert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77convert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21046"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-FC </span>if used on
   a  file  after  <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77manage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77manage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21047"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>had  been  run.  Used  wrong  time  for  IGRF  calculation;  worst  case
   situation was off by 1 year. Now uses <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_read_img </span>to handle *.img files; earlier the inline code
   would fail on the new extended img files.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21048"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not reset the E77 structure between cruises.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmtstitch.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmtstitch.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21049"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not read standard input if no files were given. Now honors <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V </span>properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21050"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Wrong array argument passed for correction aux values.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_cross.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_cross.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21051"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Removed the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>option which was not honored anyway.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21052"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now properly copies the *.def file to the TAG dir.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21053"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Only ASCII output had corrections (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>) applied.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_put.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_put.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21054"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option (was falling in a endless loop).</dd></dl>
<!--l. 770--><p class="indent" >   Here is a list of the recent enhancement to various programs:
</p><!--l. 772--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21056x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21057"></a>   has   added   support   for   enhanced   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>option   for   3-D   perspective   views   which
   allows  the  specification  of  a  fixed  point  (needed  for  new  Default  setting  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">NAN_RECORDS  </span>=
   skip<!--l. 775--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>pass
   [skip]. If &#8220;pass&#8221; we treat let the programs handle the NaNs; for some programs the NaNs in input
   record will act as indicators of data gaps for continuous lines. If &#8220;skip&#8221; we report them as bad records.
   In both cases the records are skipped. Allow negative integer interval (-n) for annotating log axis; this
   means annotate every n&#8217;th power of 10.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21059x2"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_nc.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_nc.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21060"></a> will properly handle netCDF that have LatLon = 0, 1: flip x and y.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21062x3"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_shore.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_shore.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21063"></a> Added support for the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+p</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">percent </span>modifier to limit features whose area is less <span 
class="ptmri8t-">percent </span>of
   the corresponding full-resolution polygon.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21065x4"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21066"></a> enables <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_intpol </span>to handle NaNs by treating them as segment boundaries. Rely
   on Shewchuk&#8217;s triangle function to get Voronoi output.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21068x5"><a 
href="../html/man/blockmedian.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmedian.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21069"></a> now returns the quantile(x), quantile(y) location when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>is used. Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Eb </span>to get
   box-and-whisker output (0. 25, 50, 75, and 100% quantiles).
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21071x6"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21072"></a> now allows <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span><!--l. 788--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">~</mo></math>pattern
   which reports segments whose header does NOT contain pattern. Should pattern actually start with
   <!--l. 789--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">~</mo></math>
   we escape it with <!--l. 789--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">\</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">~</mo></math>pattern.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21074x7"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21075"></a> can now handle dateTclock strings in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>when used with data whose 3rd column contains
   time.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21077x8"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21078"></a> added <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MOD </span>function (remainder after floored division, Knuth style). This is in contrast
   to <span 
class="ptmb8t-">FMOD </span>which gives the remainder after (horror) truncated division.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21080x9"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21081"></a> Same upgrade to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option as <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21082"></a>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21084x10"><a 
href="../html/man/grdcut.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcut.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21085"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>which is used to determine a rectangular subregion so that the rejected
   area have values entirely outside the given z-range.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21087x11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21088"></a> now also has a Butterworth band-pass filter.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21090x12"><a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21091"></a> will now use plain text (and not code) to report the file format used. Add option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>0 to
   actually scan data to determine <span 
class="ptmri8t-">zmin </span>and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">zmax</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21093x13"><a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21094"></a> Same upgrade to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option as <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21095"></a>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21097x14"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21098"></a> added <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MOD </span>function (remainder after floored division).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21100x15"><a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21101"></a> takes <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W+k </span>to create a simple KML file for Google Earth. Several other modifiers help
   to populate the KML file.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21103x16"><a 
href="../html/man/psclip.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psclip.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21104"></a> has a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>that turns on map region clipping without any input data files; it is a
   shorthand for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span><span class="underline">/dev/null</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21106x17"><a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21107"></a> has enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 806--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>/]it
   fill offers to paint river-lakes separately from lakes. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option can be used to exclude river-lakes
   or lakes for level 2. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>now allows different pens for the 4 levels of shorelines.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21109x18"><a 
href="../html/man/pglegend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pglegend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21110"></a>      allows      <span 
class="ptmb8t-">S      </span>record      not      to      have      <span 
class="ptmri8t-">text</span>.      Until      now,      when      left
   empty      would      use      whatever      <span 
class="ptmri8t-">text      </span>was      set      to      in      previous      record.      The
   <!--l. 810--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
   record no longer needed before T; T, L, S, H alignment harmonized; I, M, B spacing improved; <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B</span>
   option added.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21112x19"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21113"></a> added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g </span>to break lines into segments based on gap criteria; added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>to be a shorthand for
   reading no input, where we used <span class="underline">/dev/null</span> before.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21115x20"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21116"></a> added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g </span>to break lines into segments based on gap criteria.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21118x21"><a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21119"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>to generate Voronoi polygon edges.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21121x22"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77convert.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77convert.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21122"></a> allows users to give file.ext on command line.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21124x23"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21125"></a>        can         now         take         <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-DA    </span>and         <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-DB    </span>which,         in
   the        presence        of        time        =        NaN,        will        not        output        such        records
   [<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Da</span><!--l. 818--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">b</span>
   will]. Also clarified the ranges implied by <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span>. Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F</span>ytime which gives decimal absolute
   year for time output. Modifier <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-At </span>added which attempts to create fake cruise times based on header
   information and distance along track.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21127x24"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77manage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77manage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21128"></a> added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-AE </span>to ignore the verification status and process e77 anyway.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21130x25"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77path.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77path.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21131"></a> added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P- </span>to just list the IDs and not the full paths.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21133x26"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77track.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77track.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21134"></a> added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gt</span><!--l. 824--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">gap</span>
   to recognize gaps in tracks based on distance or time between successive points.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21136x27"><a 
href="../html/man/mgg/mgd77togmt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgg/mgd77togmt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21137"></a>  added  new  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>and  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>options  to  store  total  field  and  account  for  the
   magnetometer tow distance. Also tries to get info from header file.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21139x28"><a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmtstitch.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmtstitch.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21140"></a> has enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>option to eliminate connections when the 2nd closest pair is too
   close. Also added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>option to simply separate the open from the closed polygons (no stitching). Added
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option to write out segment-link information.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21142x29"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21143"></a> can now accept list of weights for each track and output the composite weight
   for each crossover.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-21145x30"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_solve.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_solve.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-21146"></a> has option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>means an extra column with crossover weight.</li></ol>
<!--l. 838--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.12    </span> <a 
 id="x1-220001.1.12"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.4.0 [Feb-15, 2009]</h4>
<!--l. 840--><p class="noindent" >This is a significant update of the official distribution and hence has a mix of bug fixes and program enhancements.
We have added a new program (<a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22001"></a>) which offers interpolation and gridding in 1&#8211;3 dimensions using
Green&#8217;s functions of various splines. Also, the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">misc </span>supplement has a new tool (<a 
href="../html/man/gmtdp.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdp.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22002"></a>) which offers
line-reduction using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm we used for the various shoreline resolutions. The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">mex</span>
supplement has a new Matlab/Octave function (<a 
href="../html/man/imgread.m.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">imgread.m</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22003"></a>) to directly read Sandwell/Smith *.img files. The
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">x2sys </span>supplement has three new programs: <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22004"></a> can extract a subset of crossovers from the list produced
by <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_cross.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_cross.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22005"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_report.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_report.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22006"></a> reports statistics of crossovers, whereas <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_solve.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_solve.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22007"></a> will determine
systematic trends from a set of crossover errors. These programs are intended to replace the old <span 
class="ptmb8t-">x_system </span>tools
<a 
href="../html/man/x_list.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_list.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22008"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x_report.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_report.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22009"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/x_solve_dc_drift.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_solve_dc_drift.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22010"></a>. We have also temporarily added <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_qsort </span>which is a
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
64-bit compliant version of <span 
class="pcrr8t-">qsort</span>. The latter is broken under OS X 64-bit and is thus substituted
on that platform only for 64-bit compilations until Apple fixes the problem. Finally <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22011"></a>
can now be used to create geotiff images if <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gdal</span><a 
 id="dx1-22012"></a> is installed on your system. Here is the list of bug
corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_customio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_customio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed sub-region access in Surfer format. This bug would manifest itself mainly when
   doing a <a 
href="../html/man/grdcut.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcut</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22014"></a> with a N-S sub-region.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22015"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:   Modified   special   checks   for   FreeBSD   by   also   considering   _AMD64_.   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JXh </span>was
   misinterpreted whereas <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JXv </span>was OK.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not properly apply <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span>=ddd.x for decimal degrees.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Determining where parallels and meridians intersected the map boundary was susceptible
   to  roundoff  for  very  small  regions.  Added  improved  clipping  for  geographic  polygons  using  the
   Sutherland and Hodgman algorithm when there are no map jumps in longitude. Fixes problem with
   tiny strips of &#8220;land&#8221; along map perimeter for some projections.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_math.h.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_math.h</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Check for macro definitions for system math functions.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:   Wrongly   checked   for   map   jumps   for   non-periodic   map   boundaries.   Bug   in
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_fill_polygon </span>that affected polygon outline. 3D text box was computed incorrectly. Could
   exceeded array size in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_epsinfo</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_proj.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_proj.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug in Lambert conformal conic projection for southern hemisphere.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Function <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_get_arc </span>did not check for division by zero. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gx</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">file:radius</span>[unit]
   option      in      <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22022"></a>      passed      the      entire      argument      as      the      file      name.
   Function <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_polygon_is_open </span>did not test for empty polygons (n = 0). Avoid interpolating hue
   (converted from RGB) over more than 180 degrees. Changed <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_rgb_to_hsv </span>to integer logic to
   avoid errors on some compilers. As a result: much shorter code as well.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_vector.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_vector.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Function <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_resample_path </span>would add 360 to points along meridians.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:       <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_polygon   </span>can       only       split       line       when       rgb[0]       ==       -1       not
   <!--l. 881--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>
   0 since -3 now means to use a fill pattern. Redefined <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>code for circle which needed a stroke
   (S)  first,  otherwise  a  line  would  be  drawn  from  the  previous  symbol.  Updated  <span class="underline">PSL_prologue.ps</span>
   version. Image placement now in integers. Ensures that placement is consistent with e.g. box drawn
   with the same coordinates. Does not produce colormap with number of pixels and colors is the same.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D2DT2 </span>operator whose boundary condition yields 0 should yield NaN if one or more
   of the nearby nodes are NaN.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: A side-effect of the 2007-02-01 fix was that when the file is re-opened the row range is reset.
   Now the possible offset is computed during initialization but applied when the file is finally opened for
   reading. Better treatment of longitude periodicity if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg </span>is selected. E.g., if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rg </span>is used and a grid is
   -30/30 in longitude the output grid will consider 0-30 and 330-360 correctly
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>5 did not initialize <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xscale </span>so filter search box was set to region width which typically is
   much larger. The bug did not affect the results but unnecessarily increased runtime. Complained if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>
   was used and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xmin </span>was less than grid <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xmin </span>for a full 360-range grid.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed to determine boundary of projected grid with enough precision.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Some 2nd-order derivatives whose boundary condition yields 0 should yield NaN if one or
   more of the nearby nodes are NaN.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdreformat.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdreformat.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Since  there  is  no  longer  a  <span class="underline">share/conf/gmt_formats.conf</span>  the  usage  message  crashed.
   Did not initialize grid header structure and could get netCDF error &#8220;Named variable does not exist
   in file&#8221;. This could also occur in <a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22031"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22032"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22033"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdvector.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvector.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22034"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22035"></a>, and
   <a 
href="../html/man/grdvolume.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvolume.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22036"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22037"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The syntax for the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option had to change since one could not easily use the :label:
   specification if the coordinates were given in dd:mm[:ss] format. A new syntax has been implemented
   where  one  or  more  +?[args]  strings  are  appended  after  the  required  parameters  (see  man  page).
   Erroneously suggested that 3-D base was plotted at z=0, instead of at the bottom end of the z-axis.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22038"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>option incorrectly required <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J</span>. Also, see revised <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>as for <a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22039"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22040"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now use Unix <span 
class="pcrr8t-">remove </span>function to delete script after completion; this avoids a Windows
   problem.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22041"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed a bug for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D-</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">file </span>which did not write multi-segment headers.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22042"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Logarithmic scale did not function properly when scale bar was vertical. When <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Li</span>
   was used we did not draw box outlines. Did not check if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>was not given, and had wrong test for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>.
   Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Aa </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Al </span>options to move only the annotations or label to the other side of the color bar.
   Now requires <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ac </span>to keep writing the vertical labels as columns.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pstext.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22043"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: We incorrectly removed blank lines but those mark new paragraphs when in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>mode.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22044"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not pick up y-size for column from input data file.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22045"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>under Windows we used <span 
class="pcrr8t-">fscanf </span>with a pointer from GMT DLL which would fail
   for mysterious reasons.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/psmeca.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/psmeca.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22046"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bugs that would give strange beach balls for some input.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/meca/pscoupe.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">meca/pscoupe.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22047"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bugs that would give strange beach balls for some input.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/misc/gmtstitch.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">misc/gmtstitch.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22048"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Check to see if format was set was wrong.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22049"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Index array error resulting in wrong IGRF start and stop years was fixed. Now applies
   recalculation of fields requested by E77 flags as part of reading netcdf mgd77+ files. However, if the
   original anomaly was NaN then we leave it as is.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22050"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bitwise assignment error was deactivating other fields when depth field was
   missing from a cruise. Another bitwise error was overwriting E77 nav flags when navigation was found
   on land Updated sample grid function to handle longitudes for img files.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77track.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77track.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22051"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Missing newline after last source line.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spotter/backtracker.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/backtracker.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22052"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  The  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>option  always  assumed  the  reverse  rotation,  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">i.e.</span>,  from  hotspot  to
   seamount. Now obeys the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_get.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_get.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22053"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now handles <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>with longitude periodicity correctly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xgrid/xGridEdit.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xgrid/xGridEdit.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22054"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Needed <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_io_init </span>to get all pieces needed to read grids.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 945--><p class="indent" >   Here is a list of the recent enhancement to various programs:
</p><!--l. 947--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22056x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22057"></a> has added support for enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>option for 3-D perspective views which allows the
   specification of a fixed point (needed for creating animations). Updated all programs to use the new
   option and added updated man page and synopsis to all programs. Now, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>may take the name of an
   existing grid file. Then, the grid domain is used to set <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>as well as the grid increment (and registration)
   for those programs that have such options.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22059x2"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22060"></a> also has added support for enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>option for 3-D perspective views.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22062x3"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22063"></a> has added new operators <span 
class="ptmb8t-">NOT </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">INRANGE</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22065x4"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22066"></a> can now accept multiple grid files at once.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22068x5"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22069"></a> has new options <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Np </span>to honor any NaNs found so output can be NaN, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Nr </span>to replace
   output node with NaN if input node is NaN, and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ni </span>to ignore NaNs [Default].
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22071x6"><a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22072"></a> has extended the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option by making the fixed point optional; if not given we compute
   azimuths between successive data points.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22074x7"><a 
href="../html/man/minmax.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22075"></a> has optional /<span 
class="ptmri8t-">col </span>that may be added to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dz </span>to select another column [third]. Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>to
   leave space for error bars. Useful with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>and subsequent <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22076"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22078x8"><a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22079"></a>  has  a  new  modifier  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+  </span>to  the  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option,  which  determines  the  next  lower  resolution
   should  the  selected  one  not  be  available.  This  enhancement  also  affects  both  <a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22080"></a>  and
   <a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22081"></a>.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22083x9"><a 
href="../html/man/psimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22084"></a> has new <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gt </span>option, with assignment of color to be made transparent.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22086x10"><a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22087"></a> lets  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">N  </span>(number  of  columns)  also  affect  the  printing  of  labels.  Can  now  use  rectangle
   among the symbols.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22089x11"><a 
href="../html/man/psmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22090"></a> now has modifiers <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+n</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">n_points </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+q </span>to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option to limit the minimum number of
   points a polygon must have and, to suppress <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;output, respectively.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22092x12"><a 
href="../html/man/pstext.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22093"></a> has enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z</span>+ option expects z-level values in 3rd column.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22095x13"><a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22096"></a> internals now measure paper size in double precision points instead of truncating to nearest
   integer. To remain backwards compatible for <a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22097"></a> users we now initialize all plotting in GMT with
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_plotinit_hires </span>instead of <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_plotinit</span>. Allow transparency when plotting 8-bit images
   (as well as 24-bit). We now use a new implementation of <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_textdim </span>to ensure proper alignment of
   texts and the optional surrounding boxes. Finally, wehave simplified the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;code for symbols
   and removed some limitations on plotting by officially moving to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;language level 2.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22099x14"><a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22100"></a>     now     will     scan     for     the     optional     comment     <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">%%HiResBoundingBox</span></span></span>
   which     takes     precedence     over     the     values     in     <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">%%BoundingBox</span></span></span>.     New     format     <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-TG</span>
   turns    on    transparency    for    PNG    output,    and    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Tb  </span>selects    Microsoft    BMP    output.
   Formats    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">b</span>,    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>,    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">j</span>,    and    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t    </span>accept    modifier    &#8220;-&#8221;    to    produce    grayscale    images.    Added
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">gs-command    </span>to    pass    one    or    more    custom    switches    directly    to    <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-22101"></a>,    and
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span><!--l. 988--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">bits</span>
   to set the level of anti-aliasing for graphics and text, respectively. We also added a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>to
   force a specified output file name. Finally, added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>to help create world files and geotiff output. To
   simplify boundary annotations for such plots (which must be inside the map region) we added the new
   choice <span 
class="ptmri8t-">inside </span>for the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">BASEMAP_TYPE </span>default parameter.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22103x15"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22104"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">intens </span>to modulate fill color via a fixed illumination value.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22106x16"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22107"></a> has the same new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">intens</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22109x17"><a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22110"></a> has  new  format  (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">A</span>)  for  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>which  allows  more  than  one  floating  point  value  per  input
   record. Cannot be used if the z-values are in dateTclock or ddd:mm:ss format.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22112x18"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77track.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77track.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22113"></a> has enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option to place cruise ID equidistantly (distance or time)
   along the track.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22115x19"><a 
href="../html/man/spotter/backtracker.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/backtracker.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22116"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-e </span>to specify a single fixed total reconstruction rotation that
   will be applied to all input points.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22118x20"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22119"></a> internals  now  has  automatic  swabbing  of  index  files,  if  required.  Can  now  handle
   netCDF 1-D COARDS files.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22121x21"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22122"></a> Now, the distance and speed unit settings (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>) are set here and kept with the
   TAG for use in other <span 
class="ptmb8t-">x2sys </span>programs.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-22124x22"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_datalist.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22125"></a>  now  has  [experimental]  support  for  using  a  correction  table  and  can
   compute auxiliary data such as distance and azimuth.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1008--><p class="indent" >   Finally, we have added three new examples to demonstrate plotting of *.img grids, mixing UTM grids and
geographic projections, and using <a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-22126"></a> for gridding on a spherical surface.
</p><!--l. 1011--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.13    </span> <a 
 id="x1-230001.1.13"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.3.1 [May-15, 2008]</h4>
<!--l. 1013--><p class="noindent" >This quick update only 2 weeks after the release of version 4.3.0 was prompted by the discovery of three serious
bugs; two of which were quite old but had caused no harm until tested under Fedora 9. The third critical bug
prevented the wholesale reading and writing of GRD98 format grids. In addition a few minor bugs were
discovered; this is the list of all corrections:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23001"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_nc_input </span>would not read all data columns when no variable names were given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_mgg_header2.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_mgg_header2.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23002"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Passed two of the arguments to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">fread </span>in the wrong order. Prior to version 4.2.0
   the return code (which indicated an error) was not checked yet the read did return the correct data. With
   better error checking this latent bug now caused a refusal to read any GRD98 grid.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23003"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Allow a little more slop in determining whether primary tick is at same location as
   secondary tick.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23004"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not like a variable number of input columns. Now OK if both input and output is
   ASCII and there are at least 2 (3 with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z</span>) input columns present.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23005"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>, the test for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xinc </span>== <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yinc </span>was susceptible to round-off.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/project.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23006"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now explicitly initializes the pointers in the data structure to NULL since <span 
class="ptmri8t-">realloc </span>does not
   initialize  new  memory  (yet  almost  all  implementations  of  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">realloc  </span>appear  to  have  done  so  anyway,
   masking the memory bug).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23007"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option erroneously gave an error despite being used properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23008"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Similar problem as described for <a 
href="../html/man/project.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23009"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23010"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>option incorrectly insisted that <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>must be used.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1034--><p class="indent" >   In addition, many of the supplements did not work properly under Windows due to internal problems with the
DLL. Finally, one enhancement snuck in before the decision to issue this update was made:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-23012x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-23013"></a> was enhanced so that the media size <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Custom_WxH </span>can use W and H in inch, cm, or m by
   appending <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m </span>to each dimension [Default remains points].</li></ol>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1041--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.14    </span> <a 
 id="x1-240001.1.14"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.3.0 [May-1, 2008]</h4>
<!--l. 1043--><p class="noindent" >Changes are once again a mix of structural improvements, bug fixes, and a few enhancements. The coastline
files (now GSHHS 1.10) have seen minor modifications, the mex supplement now offers support for
<a 
href="http://www.octave.org" ><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Octave</span><a 
 id="dx1-24001"></a></a>, all source code is now fully 64-bit compliant, we have added an isolation mode option (if
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT_TMPDIR </span>is defined, write temporary and hidden files to that directory), and the configure/make setup has
been further improved (such as honoring CFLAGS and LDFLAGS set by user). Colors may now
be specified as hexadecimal codes (e.g., #ff0000 for red), and projections can be specified by name
(similar to <a 
href="http://proj.maptools.org" ><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Proj4</span><a 
 id="dx1-24002"></a></a>). Finally, binary table data can now be COARDS-compliant netCDF files. As for
documentation, we have now switched from C shell to Bourne shell (although the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">csh</span><a 
 id="dx1-24003"></a> examples are still
distributed).
</p><!--l. 1055--><p class="indent" >   The following lists specific enhancements or new program options:
</p><!--l. 1058--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24005x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24006"></a> is modified so the grid i/o supports the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT_[DATA</span><!--l. 1059--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">IMG</span><!--l. 1059--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GRID]DIR</span>
   environment settings.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24008x2"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24009"></a>   was   enhanced   so   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U </span>can   now   interpret   a   justification   (e.g.,   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">just/dx/dy   </span>on   the
   command  line  or  by  setting  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">UNIX_TIME_POS</span>)  and  we  introduced  a  new  default  parameter
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">UNIX_TIME_FORMAT </span>which controls the formatting of the timestamp.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24011x3"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24012"></a> now implements <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 1063--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">var1/...</span>]
   option to indicate input is netCDF.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24014x4"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24015"></a> recognizes new constants <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TMIN</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TMAX</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TINC</span>, and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">N</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24017x5"><a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24018"></a> uses <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>to not clip image at map boundary.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24020x6"><a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24021"></a> now uses <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Wf </span>to change the facade pen from its default value.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24023x7"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24024"></a>  recognizes  new  constants  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">XMIN</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">XMAX</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">XINC</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">NX</span>,  and  similarly  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">YMIN</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">YMAX</span>,
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">YINC</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">NY</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24026x8"><a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24027"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G+ </span>will compute distances between coordinates in first 4 columns.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24029x9"><a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24030"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>to specify alternative output directory and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V </span>to report progress.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24032x10"><a 
href="../html/man/psrose.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psrose</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24033"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>to disable the plotting of the scale bar.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24035x11"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24036"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>to match option set in <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24037"></a>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24039x12"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77list.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77list</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24040"></a> added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ga</span><!--l. 1073--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">b</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">rec</span>
   to limit output to a certain record range.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24042x13"><a 
href="../html/man/spotter/hotspotter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/hotspotter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24043"></a> added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>to normalize output to percent of CVA maximum.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-24045x14"><a 
href="../html/man/spotter/grdspotter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/grdspotter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24046"></a> is a new program, like <a 
href="../html/man/hotspotter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">hotspotter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24047"></a>, but using gridded data as input.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1078--><p class="indent" >   A long list of bugs has been squashed since the last release, the most important are listed below:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24048"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed 3 bugs in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_decode_grd_h_info </span>that caused problems parsing <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option.
   Explicitly exclude = sign from becoming separator.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24049"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now skips blank lines that has leading whitespace.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24050"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c  </span>for  seconds  was  not  recognized  as  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_UNIT  </span>(expected  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>,  which  is  kept  for
   backwards  compatibility).  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B </span>processing  of  labels  used  an  internal  string  that  was  too  short,
   which could lead to label truncation. Fixed &#8220;Holiday-bug&#8221; in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_parse_J_option </span>introduced
   2007-12-21. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_str_tolower </span>could run out of bounds. Probably only affected 32-bit compilers.
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_is_a_blank_line </span>is now used wherever ascii input is processed.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24051"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug in radial clipping. The radial clipping would sometimes add arcs using the arc
   that exceeds 180 degrees. Added new rectangular clip function using Sutherland/Hodgman algorithm
   in order to fix incorrect results in <a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24052"></a>. Minor bug in 4th term in conformal to geodetic lat.
   Round-off could mess mapping of west/east to xmin/xmax. Now has a safety valve for checking that
   this does not occur.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24053"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: 3-D basemap axis did not use <span 
class="ptmb8t-">LABEL_OFFSET</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_proj.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_proj.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24054"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug in azimuthal equal area projection that had the horizon shifted from where it
   ought to be. Avoid error in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_lamb_sph </span>when lat is 90 degrees. Clip path for general perspective
   projection was not closed. For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JS</span>: Would set slice to NaN if central meridian was not Greenwich. For
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JR</span>: Longitudes beyond 180 were set to 180.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_stat.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_stat.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24055"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_median </span>would sometime give subtle mistakes, most noticeable when only a
   few values were passed to the function. Traced to the use of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">size_t </span>variables in expressions that could
   yield a negative value. Fixed minor issues in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_PvQv </span>function.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24056"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Made <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_polygon_is_open </span>tolerant of round-off and if polygon is not open set
   last to exactly equal first point. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_get_annot_label </span>did not properly honor the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">ddd.xx </span>setting.
   Now implements annotation for Gnomonic maps. In <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_contour</span>, would occasionally not check
   internal crossings for some interior contours.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24057"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:    Bug    in    <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_shorten_path  </span>lead    to    SEGV    when    path    resulted    in    a    single
   point.    Fixed    error    in    applying    <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24058"></a>&#8217;s    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Dj</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dx/dy    </span>shift    in    paragraph    mode    (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M</span>).
   Redefine     rect     symbol     to     be     less     prone     to     round-off.     Used     internal     <span 
class="ptmri8t-">point_code</span>
   before      it      was      initialized.      This      caused      <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAGE_COLOR      </span>not      to      work      (wrote
   <!--l. 1110--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>NUL<!--l. 1110--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
   rather than C).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24059"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Implemented Welford (1962) algorithm in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">KURT</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">SKEW </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">STD </span>operators for more
   precise one-pass computation of mean and sum of squares.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24060"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-:o </span>option failed to reverse output order.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24061"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Do not abort when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>exceeds grid; simply output common region. For gridline oriented
   grids: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>returned xll and yll one cell too large. Now writing [xy]llcenter properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24062"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not pick up node registration before calculating output grid size.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24063"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Adjust z_min and z_max when changing add_offset or scale_factor.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24064"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: With <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>the slopes were not set to NaN if data were NaN.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24065"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Implemented Welford (1962) algorithm for more precise one-pass computation of mean and
   sum of squares. zmin==zmax no longer forces <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>option.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24066"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Tiny bug for determining which hemisphere (N/S) unlikely to have had any effect. Needed
   to allow for some slop when comparing shrink to 0.0 since sometimes the result of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">acos </span>is 1e-14 or
   thereabouts.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24067"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Implemented  Welford  (1962)  algorithm  in  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">KURT</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">SKEW  </span>and  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">STD  </span>operators  for  more
   precise one-pass computation of mean and sum of squares.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24068"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  The  facade  (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>)  outline  was  drawn  with  contour  pen.  The  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Qc </span>option  failed  to  set
   the   &#8220;build   image&#8221;   flag   and   produced   garbage   surface   tiles.   Also,   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>]   produced   polygons
   that  were  not  checked  for  wrapping  at  a  periodic  map  boundary.  Clarified  that  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>cannot  take
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JZ</span><!--l. 1128--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">z</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/minmax.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24069"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:                                        Could                                        get                                        confused
   when longitudes crossed dateline or Greenwich, and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">OUTPUT_DEGREE_FORMAT </span>could interfere
   with result.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24070"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>option was susceptible to infinite loop if bad record was found.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24071"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option was processed separately and did not understand time coordinates. Bug
   in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>option failed to center bins.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24072"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option used the wrong output file name.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24073"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Inverted vertical scale, when using filled rectangles: Colors remained in the original order.
   Inverted vertical or horizontal scale, when using rectangles with gradients: Size of rectangles followed
   original order, not inverted. In reverse mode, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Eb </span>was plotting foreground triangle, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ef </span>background
   triangle.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pstext.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24074"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Parsing of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>complained about % sign.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24075"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: If first symbol in list with size was not circle, it got rejected. When sizes of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sr </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sj </span>were read
   from list, they were always assumed to be in inches. Drawing arrows with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SvS </span>and time-coordinates
   did not work as 2nd time coordinate did not get processed properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24076"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: If first symbol in list with size was not circle, it got rejected. When sizes of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sr </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sj </span>were
   read from list, they were always assumed to be in inches.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/sample1d.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sample1d.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24077"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Calendar time knots did not get properly interpreted with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgg/mgd77togmt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgg/mgd77togmt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24078"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not initialize the MGG_SHAREDIR path.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24079"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Wrong header order written if <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77convert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77convert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24080"></a> ... <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Tt </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77info.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77info.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24081"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Could  get  confused  when  longitudes  crossed  dateline  or  Greenwich,  and
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">OUTPUT_DEGREE_FORMAT </span>could interfere with result.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77sniffer.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24082"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Numerous fixes and enhancements; see ChangeLog.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24083"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Error in determining which columns had been requested.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_binlist.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_binlist.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24084"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Could create bad bins because of incorrect reallocation of memory.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_get.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_get.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24085"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option did not honor any <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>settings.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_put.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_put.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24086"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Wrong test when replacing older track info lead to data base loss.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys/x2sys_cross.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys/x2sys_cross.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-24087"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Used wrong data column order and computed speed when there is no time.
   </dd></dl>
<!--l. 1160--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.15    </span> <a 
 id="x1-250001.1.15"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.2.1 [October-10, 2007]</h4>
<!--l. 1162--><p class="noindent" >Changes in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.2.1 once again address many structural issues as well as numerous bug fixes. System-wide
changes include a revamping of the entire configure/make setup for both regular installations and CVS users, an
improvement to how the BCR 2-D interpolations for images and grids are done by adding B-spline and nearest
neighbor as optional interpolants, introduction of a new <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;Level 2 pattern machinery in <a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25001"></a>, an
updated GSHHS coastline version (which also includes Australia internal state boundaries, fixes to the Yemeni and
Lebanese borders, and more river lines), and general improvements and corrections to the documentation, such as
placing all man pages in section 1 (except pslib which goes in section 3). Starting with <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.2.1 we will also
begin naming the coastline-related archives by the GSHHS prefix and use the actual GSHHS version number (now
1.9).
</p><!--l. 1174--><p class="indent" >   Individual programs have also seen some new options or enhancements:
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25003x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25004"></a> has enhancement <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Lp </span>to limit points beyond a line&#8217;s endpoints.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25006x2"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25007"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>5 to allow direct filtering of Mercator grids (img).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25009x3"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25010"></a> has an enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option; append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p </span>to design a mask polygon by first following a
   meridian, then a parallel, or vice versa.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25012x4"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25013"></a> has several new operators, such as <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLMg </span>(geophysical normalization and suitable for high
   degree and order), <span 
class="ptmb8t-">FACT, SKEW, KURT, PQUANT, EULER, PSI, PV, QV, COT, COTD, ACOT,</span>
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">SEC, SECD, ASEC, CSC, CSCD</span>, and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">ACSC</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25015x5"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25016"></a> has the same new operator as <a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25017"></a>, plus <span 
class="ptmb8t-">YLMg </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">CBAZ</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25019x6"><a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25020"></a> now considers <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>an optional setting.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25022x7"><a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25023"></a>  has  an  enhanced  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G- </span>option  where  increments  rather  than  cumulative  distances  are
   returned. Also, for UTM projections with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>, the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option is now optional provided the UTM zone is
   properly specified.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25025x8"><a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25026"></a> has now a new <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option for forcing portrait orientation.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25028x9"><a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25029"></a> has now a new <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>option for using a cpt file to paint the bars.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25031x10"><a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25032"></a> will now accept the @_, @: and @; escape sequences for underline, font size change, and font
   color change regardless of mode.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25034x11"><a 
href="../html/man/psrose.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psrose</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25035"></a> has a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>to control the labels.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25037x12"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25038"></a>   has   an   enhanced   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option;   append   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m   </span>or   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p   </span>to   draw   a   line   by   first   following
   a   meridian,   then   a   parallel,   or   vice   versa.   Can   now   plot   a   notched   box-and-whisker
   symbol,     and     we     added     <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+n</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dx/dy     </span>to     nudge     placement     of     quoted     line     labels.
   Encanced<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>.../[-<!--l. 1197--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>+]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen</span>
   where + means apply cpt color (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>) to symbol and bar - means apply to bar only (no fill). Likewise,
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>[+<!--l. 1198--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>-]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen</span>
   controls if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>sets outline (-) or both fill and outline (+).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25040x13"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25041"></a> hass enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>[+<!--l. 1200--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>-]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen</span>
   that controls if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>sets outline (-) or both fill and outline (+).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25043x14"><a 
href="../html/man/sample1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sample1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25044"></a> now accepts <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Fn </span>for no interpolation (returns nearest value).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25046x15">Two  additional  color  maps  have  been  added:  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">panoply  </span>mimics  the  default  colormap  in  the  netCDF
   viewing program <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Panoply</span><a 
 id="dx1-25047"></a>; <span 
class="ptmb8t-">cyclic </span>provides a full spectrum of 360 degrees in hue.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-25049x16"><a 
href="../html/man/originator.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">originator</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25050"></a> (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">spotter </span>supplement) has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>to specify constant r/t for (x,y,z) data only.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1209--><p class="indent" >   Below is a list of previous problems that we have identified and corrected in the current release:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_agc_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_agc_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25051"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed when nx and/or ny was multiple of 40 + 1.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_custom_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_custom_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25052"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Surfer grid start at lower, not upper left.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25053"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Combinations  of  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">OUTPUT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span>=ddd:mm:ss.xxxF  and  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-: </span>would  add
   W<!--l. 1214--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>E
   to lat and S<!--l. 1214--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>N
   to    lon    for    formatted    output.    Blank    lines    were    not    recognized    under    cygwin/SFU.
   When    no    delimiters    are    used    for    input    date    format    (e.g.,    yyyymmdd)    then    yyyy
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">must    be    </span>4    characters    and    we    must    use    %4d.    Leading    zeros    are    required    if    year
   <!--l. 1217--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>
   1000.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25054"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:   For   quoted   lines,   the   :Lh   modifier   did   not   reset   label   if   a   segment   header
   had    no    label    specified.    Also,    label    would    include    the    leading    ïn    a    multi-word
   label.    Now,    UTM    zones    may    be    A,B,Y,Z    or    1-60    with    modifiers    C-X    (except
   I    and    O).    Parsing    of    psxy&#8217;s    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sf  </span>incorrectly    scaled    a    count    to    inches.    Suffices
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">h</span><!--l. 1222--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">+</span><!--l. 1222--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">-</span>
   in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>were mistaken for units.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25055"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: KM_PER_DEG was not reset in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_set_spherical</span>. This may have caused errors
   in scaling when <span 
class="ptmb8t-">ELLIPSOID </span>was not set to Sphere. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_distances </span>function did not work with
   correct pointer. Great circle intersection did not select correct vector sign so points 180 degrees from a
   line could pass as close in <a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25056"></a>. Removed restriction that east and west limits can not be both
   negative. This fixed the remaining Hexagone problem.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_nc.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_nc.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25057"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The attribute <span 
class="pcrr8t-">actual_range </span>was erroneously stored in grid units in stead of actual units.
   The difference is only relevant when storing scaled integers. A backward compatibility for grids written
   with previous versions is built in. Also the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;version number is added to the global attributes and
   text attributes are truncated to their proper length.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25058"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed to activate ddd.mm.xxx format for maps. Oblique tickmarks sometimes were missing
   for latitudes.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_proj.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_proj.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25059"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JS </span>inverse did not apply quadrant check.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25060"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: ddd:mm.xx (2 or more x) failed to format properly. Needed to reverse z_low and z_high
   values as well as rgb values when reversing color maps.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_vector.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_vector.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25061"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:   Function   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_fix_up_path</span>:   Intermediate   longitudes   now   wrapped   based   on
   segment, not on map extent.&#8220;greenwich&#8221; argument became superfluous and was removed. Argument
   &#8220;step&#8221; was found to be in degrees, not in inches as some calling programs assumed.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25062"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ff</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">file</span>, set filter width to DBL_MAX until filter is read.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25063"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>flag did not work unless <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25064"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not switch to binary i/o mode when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>specified binary output (Windows bug only).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25065"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now works with Windows DLL by using the GMT i/o functions.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25066"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">value </span>would turn off the expected default transparency.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcut.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcut.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25067"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Domain check failed for geographic 360-degree grid with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25068"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Disallow <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>for Surfer grids since they don&#8217;t support both kinds of node registration. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>did
   not take into account if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fg </span>was given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25069"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">nx+/ny+ </span>was not propagated to the output grid setup.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25070"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Removed <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>option; no more polygon drawing (use <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25071"></a>). <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">max_radius </span>changed to
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span>[-]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">b</span><!--l. 1252--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 1252--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 1252--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">threshold</span>]
   to take advantage of new and improved projection function <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_grd_project</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25072"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Failed  to  set  rightmost,  empty  bin  if  360-periodicity  in  effect;  also  needed  to  set
   repeating right column to left column.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25073"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  For  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span>..<span 
class="ptmb8t-">k</span>,  did  not  properly  account  for  latitude  effect  on  dx.  SEGV  error  when
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_fix_up_path </span>returned <span 
class="ptmri8t-">f </span>ewer points than originally allocated and the n_alloc variable was not
   reduced accordingly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25074"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When M=0, set Imaginary component of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">YLM </span>to 0 (was same as real).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25075"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">max_radius </span>changed to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span>[-]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">b</span><!--l. 1260--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 1260--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 1260--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">threshold</span>]
   to take advantage of new and improved projection function <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_grd_project</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdreformat.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdreformat.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25076"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Could not determine format of output file automatically since file does not yet exist
   (must append file-type code).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25077"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">value </span>changed to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>[-]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">b</span><!--l. 1264--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 1264--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 1264--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">threshold</span>]
   to take advantage of new BCR code.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25078"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Colormaps with non-equidistant intervals can now be reversed properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/project.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25079"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Wrong azimuth for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>generating lines.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25080"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Usage message did not explain the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option. Added @ECHO OFF to avoid commands
   being echoed into the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;output under Windows. The color change (C) macro messed up <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Xa</span>
   and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ya </span>absolute settings.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25081"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Check that <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>is used with geographic coordinates only.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psimage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25082"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>option had become always active.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25083"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now no text is written if font size equals 0.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25084"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Annotations did not work properly if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B</span>1p were used together.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25085"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug in painting outline of text symbols.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25086"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>did not process pixel grids properly.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1278--><p class="noindent" >A few bug-fixes applies to the supplements as well:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gshhstograss.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gshhstograss.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25087"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Removed  use  of  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">getopt </span>so  even  the  lamest  systems  can  compile  it  (incuding
   Windows).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/img2mercgrd.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">img2mercgrd.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25088"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed AND vs OR logic in lat bounds check when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>was set. Used wrong origin
   when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>was used. Now relative to lon = lat = 0.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">DLL</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">meca </span>supplements now work with Windows DLL by using the GMT i/o functions.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/utilmeca.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">utilmeca.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25089"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Make sure that checks on floating point numbers work well, even in case of small round off
   errors. Thanks to Peter Lombard.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77manage.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77manage.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25090"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">value </span>changed to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>[-]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">b</span><!--l. 1287--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 1287--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 1287--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">threshold</span>]
   to take advantage of new BCR code. Added E77 status attribute to MGD77+ files.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77sniffer.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77sniffer.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25091"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Same.  Adjusted  anomaly  recalculation  code  so  that  cruises  with  m=1  and  b=0  are
   reported  to  be  same  as  expected.  Repaired  8  memory  leaks.  Fixed  two  regression  bugs,  one  in
   grid  comparisons  in  which  not  all  data  were  copied  into  the  regression  arrays  and  the  other  in  faa
   recomputation  regression  where  eot  was  being  applied  twice.  Added  code  to  check  if  regression  is
   outside a specified percent (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P</span>). Updated e77 messages and moved along-track grid offset errors to e77
   header rather than having its own error class.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtdigitize.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdigitize.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25092"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Must use separate x and y-scales if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx </span>is specified. Wrong coordinates used to calculate
   rms misfit.
   </dd><dt class="description">
 </dt><dd 
class="description"><a 
href="../html/man/originator.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">originator.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25093"></a> Now lists option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>in both usage and man page.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
 </dt><dd 
class="description"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25094"></a> <span 
class="pcrr8t-">x2sys_set_system </span>did not initialize structures properly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
 </dt><dd 
class="description"><a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_cross.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_cross.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25095"></a>   Skip   duplicate   files   with   a   warning.   Distance   calculations   were   bogus   (see
   <a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-25096"></a>), and wrong number of arguments passed to readfile function pointer.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1303--><p class="indent" >   Finally, as far as CVS users are concerned, the old "gurumake" system has gone. To compile from CVS, users
need to use a GNU compatible make program. A combination of GNUmakefile and makefile files make sure that
those components not in the tarballs are created from scratch. Type <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">make</span><a 
 id="dx1-25097"></a> in the GMT directory to get a list of
targets.
</p><!--l. 1309--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.16    </span> <a 
 id="x1-260001.1.16"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.2.0 [April-1, 2007]</h4>
<!--l. 1311--><p class="noindent" >Changes in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.2.0 address many structural issues as well as many bug fixes. We have consolidated user
initialization files in the &#x00A0;/.gmt directory, continued to replace tiling with bitmaps, and have performed a myriad of
under-the-hood changes. One imporant and more visible new feature is the fact that <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26001"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26002"></a> now
can use the general perspective projection with arbitrary elevation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JG </span>has been enhanced to handle the extra
arguments required &#8211; see the new example 26 for details). Also, the coastline files have been updated to use
GSHHS version 1.5 which fixes minor inconsistencies in the coastline database. We have also corrected issues
that made the Windows DLL explode in 4.1.4. Finally, a few enhancements have been made to these
programs:
</p><!--l. 1321--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26004x1">NGDC&#8217;s GRD98 format has been updated to handle both gridline and pixel node registrations.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26006x2">We  have  relaxed  the  restriction  on  latitude  for  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JA</span>,  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JS </span>for  polar  aspects;  now  more  than  one
   hemisphere may be displayed. Better warning/error messages.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26008x3"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26009"></a> has an enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>option; append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">f </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l </span>to only get first or last record per segment.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26011x4"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26012"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>can now have <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+ </span>appended to indicate number of points instead of increment.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26014x5"><a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26015"></a> has a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>to orient dumped contours. Can now append :<span 
class="ptmri8t-">radius </span>to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>option
   in order to specify a minimum spacing (measured in the x/y plane) between contour labels.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26017x6"><a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26018"></a> has an enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>option. With no arguments we return the grid&#8217;s <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dx/dy </span>string whereas
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span>- will return the grid&#8217;s <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">w/e/s/n </span>string.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26020x7"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26021"></a> has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>for using map units in gradients and new <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D2DXY </span>operator. Also added
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">SBAZ </span>for back-azimuths and now allow <span 
class="ptmb8t-">ELLIPSOID </span>to control if great circles or geodesics should be
   used (Sphere selects great circles)
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26023x8"><a 
href="../html/man/psrose.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psrose</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26024"></a> has new <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option to center the sector bins (like <a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26025"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>).
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26027x9"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26028"></a> understand <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W- </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W+ </span>in multisegment headers which will turn off outline or reset to default,
   respectively. Similarly, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G- </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G+ </span>will turn off fill or reset to default (with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M</span>). Also added new
   option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SB </span>for horizontal bar (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sb </span>is vertical).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26030x10"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26031"></a> also has <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SB </span>for horizontal bar (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sb </span>is vertical).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26033x11"><a 
href="../html/man/sample1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sample1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26034"></a> now allows absolute time in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>option.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26036x12"><a 
href="../html/man/imgsrc/img2mercgrd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">imgsrc/img2mercgrd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26037"></a> can take <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>to let the Mercator x/y use the global origin of img file.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-26039x13">Because of its popularity, ease of use, and importance to many user how otherwise would not know
   about its existence, <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26040"></a> is moved from the supplementary <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">misc</span><a 
 id="dx1-26041"></a> directory to the main set of
   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1347--><p class="indent" >   Below is a list of previous problems that we have identified and corrected in the current release:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26042"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed unit problem with<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx</span>1:xxxxx. Erroneously added degree symbol to both coordinates
   in case of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>..d/.. (single d). Now properly adds only degree symbol on specified axis. Did not change
   time-system when only <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_UNIT </span>was specified. Failed to properly parse a single PAR=ARG (one
   word) argument given to <a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26043"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26044"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not terminate a calendar string after copying it.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26045"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:       The       logic       to       check       for       seconds       annotations       failed       if       inc
   <!--l. 1355--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>1
   arc second. Did not set the contour annotation font before writing labels.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26046"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Parsing old-style pens did not set offset to 0 when no texture was given. Fixed IFACT
   size in the old Brenner FORTRAN FFT &#8211; bug undetected since GMT 1! Contouring of grids with NaNs
   need to check both vertical AND horizontal interior gridcell boundaries for possible crossings. The
   label machinery for ddd:mm:ss.xx used the wrong parameter to check for fractional seconds annotation
   (the .xxx part).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_time_systems.h.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_time_systems.h</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26047"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: J2000 epoch was 1.0 Jan 2000, instead of 1.5 Jan 2000.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26048"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>option can now parse datestrings for the min/max fields.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26049"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed memory allocation bug for files with more than BUFSIZ records. Now works correctly
   with multisegment headers. Multisegment headers now written to the output file and not always to
   stdout. Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>now works (used to deselect all columns). Fixed <span 
class="ptmb8t-">LSQFIT </span>(used wrong columns
   when some were skipped).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26050"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Interior contours were not smoothed unless NaNs were involved. Also the labeling of closed
   highs/lows were insensitive to pixel versus gridline grids and could get the wrong result. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>need to
   check for&#8220;.cpt&#8221; at END of file name. Fixed contour label angle specifications were always ignored.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26051"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>options could have junk in the parameter arrays if given more than once.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26052"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX </span>with a negative scale/length and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dpi </span>failed to flip the image.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26053"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Would not take both <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>1 and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>2.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26054"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Plot no mesh when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>is used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26055"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option did not allocate enough output memory for extra columns.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26056"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not list <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>in synopsis/usage.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26057"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  For  3-D  views,  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>projected  contours  (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>)  twice  and  mesh  lines  (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>)  not  at  all.  Fixed
   contour label angles were always ignored.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26058"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Only issue setdash <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;commands if texture has changed. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_clipoff </span>needed to reset
   memory of last pen width/color/pattern. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_color_tiles </span>used wrong node registration.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psrose.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psrose</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26059"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed to skip pie-slice filling when no fill was selected. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>lead to SEGV as it tried to read from
   a non-existent file.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26060"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When used with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>but no <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>given, only set default <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>not used. Erroneously turned
   symbol outlines on if just <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>was given. Incorrectly suggested that <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Svs </span>needs 5 instead of 4 columns.
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sf </span>option was parsed to require 3 instead of 2 coordinates.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26061"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Svs </span>could fail to plot by confusing y-coordinate and y-size. Also need 6 rather than 5 input
   columns. Bar width has only half of what was requested
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/splitxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">splitxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26062"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Reported headings in radians instead of degrees.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/trend2d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">trend2d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26063"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed to pass the new variable with column choices. Also did not accept  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">z </span>as an output choice.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1392--><p class="noindent" >A few bug-fixes applies to the supplements as well:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gshhs.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gshhs.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26064"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Had &amp;&amp; instead of &amp; in bit-arithmetic that reported level.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77manage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77manage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26065"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed to enforce that a new column abbreviation must be in lower case.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_cross.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_cross</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-26066"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed to check for crossovers falling exacly on data nodes.</dd></dl>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1400--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.17    </span> <a 
 id="x1-270001.1.17"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.4 [Nov-1, 2006]</h4>
<!--l. 1402--><p class="noindent" >Changes in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.4 are again relatively minor and predominantly bug fixes. One imporant new
feature is that <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;can now automatically recognize the format of the grid file given to a program.
The use of the &#8220;=id&#8221; mechanism is now only needed when writing an output file in a grid format
other than the netCDF default or when reading using custom scaline and translation is required.
We have also added a new user directory pointed to by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT_USERDIR </span>(default directory is
<span class="underline"><!--l. 1407--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">~</mo></math>/.gmt</span>)
where items such as <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> will be looked for. Additionally, a few enhancements have been made to
overcome limitations in the previous versions:
</p><!--l. 1411--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27002x1"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27003"></a> has a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>for the creation of tables symmetric about zero.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27005x2"><a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27006"></a> will accept negative weights which are taken to mean that the sense of tapering should be
   reversed.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27008x3"><a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27009"></a> has a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>to transpose the entire grid.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27011x4"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27012"></a> has a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>to turn off strict domain match checking when multiple grid files are
   involved.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27014x5"><a 
href="../html/man/grdreformat.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdreformat</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27015"></a> now supports the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>option.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27017x6"><a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27018"></a> will now optionally accept a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">min_sectors </span>argument appended to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>option.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27020x7"><a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27021"></a>&#8217;s   option   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>can   now   accept   a   modifier   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">O   </span>to   output   all   bin   data   even   if
   <!--l. 1418--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27023x8"><a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27024"></a> will now invert the color scale if a negative length is provided, and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>will now work with
   colormaps with non-constant interval and with gaps (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27026x9"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27027"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27028"></a> have a new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sj</span><!--l. 1421--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">J</span>
   that        plots        a        rotatable        rectangle        but        otherwise        behaves        similarly        to
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Se</span><!--l. 1422--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">E</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-27030x10"><a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27031"></a>  has  many  improvements;  added  EPS  output;  high-quality  PDF  output.  Also  removed
   -dDOINTERPOLATE option which caused inversion of colour map and had no benefits.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1427--><p class="indent" >   Below is a list of previous problems (a few accidently introduced in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.3) that we have identified and
corrected in the current release:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_agc.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_agc.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27032"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: AGC grids use 0 to represent NaNs &#8211; this was not implemented yet.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_calclock.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_calclock.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27033"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Proper rounding of time when converting to dates.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27034"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>when modifier <span 
class="ptmb8t-">= </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27035"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed bug not recognizing <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAGE_ORIENTATION </span>as well as a bug that prevented proper
   writing of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAGE_ORIENTATION </span>in defaults. Added a check so <a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27036"></a> will not crash if VALUE is
   not given. Finally, let <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT_HOMEDIR </span>default to C: under Windows if <span 
class="ptmb8t-">HOME </span>is not set.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27037"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_scanf_argtime </span>now returns RELTIME (not ABSTIME) when relative time is found.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27038"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Set [xy]_units also in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_update_grd_info</span>. Fixed time-scaling bug on input (was
   always seconds). Make units check case-insensitive. Check for toggled lat/lon coordinates.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_nc.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_nc.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27039"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Made  sure  no  garbage  remains  under  Cygwin  when  using  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">strncpy</span>.  Check  if  x-  and
   y-coordinates have constant step sizes; issue warning if not.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27040"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bugs related to annotations with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JPa </span>and its <span 
class="ptmb8t-">z </span>modifier fixed. Log gridlines did not work
   for 3-D view. 3-D axis label would sometimes get misplaced due to round-off. 3-D map scale did not
   project correctly. Duplicate title could appear if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX </span>was used and one axis was geographic (d). Needed
   to add secondary font to list to be encoded.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27041"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed memory management in LZW compression (memory leak). Improved EPS conformance.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27042"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Robust option used extreme rather than median to determine the outliers.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27043"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not have <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>listed in synopsis.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27044"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now skip grids that are entirely outside the region of interest.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27045"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:    Crashed    if    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M  </span>and    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D  </span>were    used    with    no    file    name    specified.    The
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>[+][c<!--l. 1452--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>a]
   option was susceptible to misinterpreting things like <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>cyan as contour pen with color yan.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcut.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcut</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27046"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Require geographical instead of global in order to shift by 360 degrees.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27047"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Should not wrap over pole unless grid extends all the way to the pole.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27048"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: When <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>was used there was no linefeed at the end.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27049"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>did not ignore <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>(as per manual), resulting in changed cell size. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>did not use gridline
   node registration as default, rather that of the input grid. When using pixel node registration, number
   of cells would be one too large. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>worked only in very limited case: going from x=[-180;180] to
   x=[0;360].  Now  supports  any  periodicity  in  X  and  Y  (as  per  manual).  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>again  forces  pixel  node
   registration. Default is same as input. More consistency with manual.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27050"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>option failed to be set for some input configurations.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdvector.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvector</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27051"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>option.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27052"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>[c<!--l. 1464--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>m]
   option was susceptible to misinterpreting things like <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>cyan as contour pen with color yan.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdvolume.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvolume</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27053"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Three bugs squashed: gridcell oriented grids now get proper area and volume, including
   edges; only one cell per NaN is excluded; when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>are combined, the volume is properly
   corrected for the baseline height.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27054"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>reset pens to default settings after initially changing them. Did not change output
   mode to binary (Windows only) if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b </span>were set. Both <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gc </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sc </span>needed to check that no
   letter is following the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c </span>modifier.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27055"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>dump option wrote projected instead of original coordinates.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27056"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">colorname </span>(e.g., <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>black) will now be interpreted as foreground color, e.g. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gf</span>black.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27057"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not replace octagons with polygon form when pattern was requested. Did not consider if
   absolute coordinates were given in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Y</span>. Passed the wrong character code when <span 
class="ptmb8t-">M </span>was chosen
   with a plain scale modifier.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27058"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: A vertical bar with a label placed along it was mis-justified.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27059"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Default for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>is now <span 
class="ptmb8t-">BASEMAP_FRAME_RGB </span>as for other map annotations. The box option
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">fill</span>][o<!--l. 1478--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>O<!--l. 1478--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>c<!--l. 1478--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>C][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen</span>]]
   is now <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">fill</span>,][o<!--l. 1478--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>O<!--l. 1478--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>c<!--l. 1478--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>C][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen</span>]],
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">i.e.</span>,  we  now  use  a  comma  to  separate  the  fill  and  pen  (done  since  fill  may  be  a  name  containing
   o<!--l. 1479--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>c);
   parsing is backwards compatible.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27060"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>for symbols did not pick up color fill.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/trend2d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">trend2d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27061"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Processing of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>happened after checking.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27062"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Had <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Az </span>as default rather than no <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A</span>. Fixed bad header parsing when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>was selected.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1484--><p class="noindent" >A few bug-fixes applies to the supplements as well:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27063"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Only do 360-degree wrapping if working on a geographic grid.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77list.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77list</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27064"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not process time when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Am</span>2<!--l. 1487--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>4
   was    set    and    time    was    not    requested    as    output.    Also,    did    not    process    time    when
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Am</span>2<!--l. 1488--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>4
   was set and time was not requested as output.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-27065"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not look in current dir for *.def files.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1493--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.18    </span> <a 
 id="x1-280001.1.18"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.3 [June-1, 2006]</h4>
<!--l. 1495--><p class="noindent" >Changes in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.3 are relatively minor and predominantly bug fixes. However, a few enhancements have been
made to overcome limitations in the previous versions:
</p><!--l. 1498--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-28002x1">Added the Hughes 1980 ellipsoid for projection support for DMSP SSM/I grid products.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-28004x2"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28005"></a> has an extended <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>option to allow for either Gaussian- or cosine-tapered filtering.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-28007x3"><a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28008"></a> now has a <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>option so that logarithmic color scales and annotations can be handled properly.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-28010x4"><a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28011"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28012"></a> have a new <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>option to allow the background, foreground, and NaN-colors
   to be assigned using the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;defaults instead of the settings in the master CPT file.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-28014x5"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77list.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77list</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28015"></a> in the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">mgd77</span><a 
 id="dx1-28016"></a> supplement has new option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>to specify limits on speed and azimuths for
   output records.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1510--><p class="indent" >   Below is a list of previous problems (some accidentily introduced in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.2) that we have identified and
corrected in the current release:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_grd_shift </span>for gridline-registered grids; this function is used in <a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28018"></a>
   to rotate grids of 360-degree longitudinal extent. Also added better testing for subsets of global (0-360)
   grids.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28019"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:    <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_PS_init </span>was    called    after    &#8211;PAR=val    had    been    decoded,    resetting    the
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>-related parameters to their default settings.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_set_xy_domain </span>padded region for pixel instead of gridline node registration,
   which could cause SEGV in <a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28021"></a> if (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y</span>) was less than half the grid-spacing outside region.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>option got reversed in 4.1.2 - now fixed.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmedian.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmedian</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>option got reversed in 4.1.2 - now fixed.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>option with a non-cpt file failed to read due to lack of proper if-test.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>option was backwards and tested <span 
class="ptmri8t-">w-e</span>=360; should be <span 
class="ptmri8t-">e-w</span>=360.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Fixed  bug  introduced  by  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_get_inc </span>in  4.1.2.  Internal  projected  grid  never  took
   node_offset from input grid.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Polygons with zig-zag shape would sometimes cause a node exactly on a polygon vertex to be
   considered inside. Radius was reset to 0 after <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">radius </span>was assigned.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdvector.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvector</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option was not properly initiated.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option did not properly parse the optional :label:&#x003C;just&#x003E; part.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-28030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: If the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">M </span>(for map scale) was used, the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>options would be reset. Also prevented the
   undoing of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Y </span>at the end of the program.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1536--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.19    </span> <a 
 id="x1-290001.1.19"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.2 [May-15, 2006]</h4>
<!--l. 1538--><p class="noindent" >On the surface, changes in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.2 are relatively minor. Most of the work has involved realignment of code
and parsing of arguments to simplify the upcoming port to <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;5; a brief listing of more visible changes
include
</p><!--l. 1542--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-29002x1">Coastline files have been updated to use GSHHS version 1.4 which fixes minor inconsistencies in the
   coastline database.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-29004x2">All coastline files are now stored in a new subdirectory <span class="underline">coast</span> under the <span class="underline">share</span> directory, and the tar
   archives for coastlines now have their own version numbers as they do not change as frequently as the
   source code. Current coastline version number is 4.1.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-29006x3">The archives have been reorganized so that <span class="underline">GMT_share.*</span> contains all files needed at runtime whereas
   the standard coastline files are in the new <span class="underline">GMT_coast.*</span> archive. The <span class="underline">GMT_progs.*</span> archive has been
   renamed <span class="underline">GMT_src.*</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-29008x4">CPT files can now have <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-values that are date-time strings.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-29010x5">Optionally append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">z </span>to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jp </span>projection to annotate depths (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">i.e.</span>, &#8220;north-y&#8221;) rather than radius.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-29012x6">Two new tools added to the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">misc</span><a 
 id="dx1-29013"></a> supplement for digitizing lines (<a 
href="../html/man/gmtdigitize.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdigitize</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29014"></a>) and to stitch digitized
   lines into continuous lines or polygons (<a 
href="../html/man/gmtstitch.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtstitch</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29015"></a>).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-29017x7">Extended <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>option to take optional modifiers <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">o </span>for input or output.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-29019x8">Added support for custom grd format AGC from Atlantic Geoscience Center, assigned the code <span 
class="ptmb8t-">af </span>[21].</li></ol>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1559--><p class="indent" >   A few programs or options have received minor updates and new features, such as
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>for reporting standard deviation, min, and max values per block.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmedian.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmedian</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Added  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>for  reporting  L1  scale,  min,  and  max  values  per  block.  Also  added  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>to
   specify a particular quartile [Default <span 
class="ptmri8t-">q </span>= 0.5 = median].
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmode.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmode</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>for reporting LMS scale, min, and max values per block.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">configure</span><a 
 id="dx1-29023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Added  explicit  options  to  bypass  the  installation  of  supplements  that  require  Matlab
   (&#8211;disable-mex) and X11 (&#8211;disable-xgrid).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option to write segments to individual output files.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29025"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Support  for  new  default  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PS_VERBOSE  </span>which  controls  the  writing  of  comments  to
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files. <span 
class="ptmb8t-">COLOR_MODEL </span>can now accept a prefix &#8220;+&#8221; which forces color interpolation in
   the selected system (RGB or HSV only). Default remains RGB. <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PS_COLOR </span>has been extended to
   accept HSV as well (only applies to polygon, symbol, pen, and text colors, not images.). New parameter
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">POLAR_CAP </span>which controls the number of gridlines that converge on the poles for azimuthal and
   some  other  projections.  Added  new  default  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">HISTORY  </span>[TRUE]  which  controls  whether  or  not  we
   maintain a common command option history via .gmtcommands4 files.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29026"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>to indicate the program can now handle multisegment files. Added <span 
class="ptmb8t-">CPOISS</span>
   for cumulative Poisson distribution.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="ptmb8t-">CPOISS </span>for cumulative Poisson distribution.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/minmax.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>made obsolete by improved range checking for longitudes (but available for backwards
   compatibility).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>option for asymmetrical intensity ranges from <span 
class="ptmri8t-">low </span>to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">high</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SW </span>for wedges defined by azimuths rather than directions. Polygons of large longitudinal
   extent now clip correctly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/splitxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">splitxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29031"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: New option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>to specify the output columns and their order.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1588--><p class="indent" >   Below is a list of previous problems that we have identified and corrected in the current release:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29032"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The 3-D perspective plotting of text was not scaled correctly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29033"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Parsing of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option used in <a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a> failed to get correct unit
   when ddd:mm:ss syntax was used for the position. Corner boundary conditions for grids (needed by
   <a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29034"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29035"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29036"></a>, and <a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29037"></a>) had the wrong sign.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt2rgb.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt2rgb</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29038"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not check name template properly, and did not initialize region.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29039"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>insisted on using spherical testing for Cartesian <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y </span>data.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29040"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>option had the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-direction reversed.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29041"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Needed the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>option to process <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>ddd:mm syntax.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29042"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Would hang in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stdin </span>if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>not given when one grid is plotted.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29043"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not explicitly close polygons before using them. Test for polar caps applied to the opposite
   pole.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29044"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Command <span 
class="ptmb8t-">INSIDE </span>for Cartesian data had bug (passed <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y </span>where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>was expected).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29045"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Failed when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>was specified.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29046"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in plotting north facade (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>). Also tried to free unallocated memory if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/project.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29047"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Cartesian projections gave incorrect results for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">p,w,r,s</span>. Removed 0&#8211;360 restriction on azimuth.
   Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>was susceptible to round-off and thus sometimes reissued the final point.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29048"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SV </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-SE </span>for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX </span>did not convert azimuths to directions. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sq </span>option would get confused
   when distances between successive labels were smaller than the line&#8217;s point spacing.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mgd77manage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mgd77manage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29049"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not properly close the file after ingesting E77 information.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29050"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_load_raster </span>did not use open mode <span 
class="ptmb8t-">rb </span>and hence failed under Windows.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29051"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>option had the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-direction reversed.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1614--><p class="noindent" >A few bug-fixes applies to the supplements as well:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_get.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_get</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-29052"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>did not work properly (now fixed and tested).</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1621--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.20    </span> <a 
 id="x1-300001.1.20"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.1 [Mar-1, 2006]</h4>
<!--l. 1623--><p class="noindent" >Changes in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1.1 are mostly minor; a brief listing include
</p><!--l. 1625--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-30002x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt_nc.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_nc.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30003"></a>: Introduced handling of 4-D COARDS compliant grids (See Chapter 4 for details).
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-30005x2"><a 
href="../html/man/mgd77/mngd77sniffer.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77/mngd77sniffer</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30006"></a>: New tool for along-track quality control checking of MGD77 files.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-30008x3"><a 
href="../html/man/spotter/grdrotater.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spotter/grdrotater</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30009"></a>: New tool that rotates grids given a specified finite rotation.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-30011x4">Jonathan  Shewchuk&#8217;s  triangulation  routines  are  now  stored  with  the  rest  of  the  source  in  the
   GMT_progs.tar<!--l. 1629--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>zip
   archives. (However, because his copyright is not GPL, installing it is still an option).</li></ol>
<!--l. 1633--><p class="indent" >   A few programs or options have received minor updates and new features, such as
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30012"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>to toggle between gridline and pixel node registrations (header only).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30013"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Implemented variation on Lambertian illumination.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30014"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now takes <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">radius</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 1638--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 1638--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">k</span><!--l. 1638--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">K</span>]
   as is done in <a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30015"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30016"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: If file is STDIN we read data from <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stdin </span>and put the contents on the stack. Also added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F </span>to
   select which columns to use for output [all].
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30017"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Can now sample Sandwell/Smith IMG grids directly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30018"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: -Now takes <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">radius</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 1642--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 1642--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">k</span><!--l. 1642--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">K</span>]
   as is done in <a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30019"></a>. Can now plot tiles regardless of projection and use patterns.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30020"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>[...]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">v</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen </span>can now be used with or without <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30021"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">O</span><!--l. 1645--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">U</span>
   imitate <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span><!--l. 1645--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>
   but without the 3-D color shading.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30022"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added mechanism to search directories for files (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">mgd77 </span>supplement).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77list.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77list</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30023"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Activated  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X </span>option  and  associated  machinery  for  applying  data  corrections  (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">mgd77</span>
   supplement).</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1651--><p class="indent" >   Inevitably, when new features are added, new bugs come along with them. Below is a list of problems that we
have identified and corrected in the current release:.
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">configure.in</span><a 
 id="dx1-30024"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Extracting VERSION from <a 
href="../html/man/gmt_version.h.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_version.h</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30025"></a>, not <a 
href="../html/man/gmt.h.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt.h</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30026"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30027"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  BASEMAP_FRAME_RGB  overrode  any  changes  to  grid  pens  etc.  Now  only  does  so  if
   prefixed by &#8217;+&#8217;.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_calclock.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_calclock.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30028"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not allow <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B</span>0 for time-axis.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30029"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>...<span 
class="ptmb8t-">d </span>now plots with WESN or degrees:minutes as per PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT. Map
   clip paths for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JE</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">lon</span>/<span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>90 were no good. Under certain circumstances, <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_non_zero_winding</span>
   might be passed a polygon that was not closed, resulting in an error. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JQ </span>would give garbage if central
   lon was way outside <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30030"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>...<span 
class="ptmb8t-">d </span>now plots with WESN or degrees:minutes as per PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30031"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Changed logic to avoid false &#8220;scale==0&#8221; warning on Windows. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_open_grd </span>(used
   in <a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30032"></a>) reset scale to NaN. Initialize header information at start of <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_read_grd_info</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30033"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Initialize [xyz]_unit with more appropriate values. Got wrong conversion for dx in
   meters to degrees.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grd.h.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grd.h</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30034"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Improved definition of <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_x_to_i </span>macro should reduce bugs
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslib.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslib.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30035"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps_polygon</span>: if outline == -9 just fill and no clip. Fixed two bugs concerning the /MaskColor
   operator.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/ISO-8859-9.ps.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ISO-8859-9.ps</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30036"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added /dotlessi per Onur Tan.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/blockm*.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockm*</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30037"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now correctly deals with periodic longitude data.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30038"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed several issues at grid limits and inappropriate scaling of grid dimensions..
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30039"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Used -1 as index flag instead of INT_MIN.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30040"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed several issues at grid limits and inappropriate scaling of grid dimensions.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30041"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Only let you change the value for outside nodes.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.man.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath.man</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30042"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not list <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>option. Operators <span 
class="ptmb8t-">LT, LE, EQ, GE, GT </span>returned TRUE if NaNs were
   involved Now NaN is returned if any of the two operands is a NaN.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdreformat.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdreformat</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30043"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Update grd.command before writing grid
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdvector.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvector</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30044"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not place vectors correctly for pixel-pregistered grids.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30045"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Skipped nodes outside boundary but they might be needed to draw a tile.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30046"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: With <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JE </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">r/g/b</span>, the painting of the antipodal bin would incorrectly turn off clipping,
   messing up the rest of the plot. Now pass -9 to <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_fill </span>which means just fill and no end of clipping.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30047"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: For geographic grids with 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;range and gridline node registration, the west and east bin did
   not get replicated properly. Now considers data inside the first and last tiles which might stick outside
   w/e/s/n.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1688--><p class="noindent" >A few bug-fixes applies to the supplements as well:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_cross.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_cross</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-30048"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Several problems fixed.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1693--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.21    </span> <a 
 id="x1-310001.1.21"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1 [Jan-7, 2006]</h4>
<!--l. 1695--><p class="noindent" >Most changes in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.1 are improvements &#8220;under the hood&#8221;. The most significant of these are
</p><!--l. 1697--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31002x1">Addition of ability to both read and write netCDF files that are COARDS compliant. This means that
   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>, for the first time, is able to read netCDF files created by applications other than itself, and that
   other applications capable of reading COARDS-compliant netCDF grids can directly import data from
   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. We have added the new parameter <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GRID_FORMAT </span>to the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;defaults with &#8220;nf&#8221; as default.
   Users who, against our recommendation, prefer to maintain the old non-COARDS compliant format
   as their default grid format can instead select &#8220;cf&#8221;. Support for extracting 2-D slices from 3-D netCDF
   grids has also been added.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31004x2">An overhaul of how the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">pslib </span>library encodes <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;images, resulting in vastly smaller files when
   certain  conditions  are  met,  and  general  shrinking  overall  by  enabling  RLE  or  LZW  compression.
   We  have  also  added  hooks  for  setting  three  new  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;parameters  via  <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31005"></a> settings:
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PS_LINE_CAP</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PS_LINE_JOIN</span>, and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PS_MITER_LIMIT</span>. See <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31006"></a> for details.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31008x3">Improved alignment of strings ending in &#8220;1&#8221; in the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;output.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31010x4">Adjustments to how native <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;grid headers are read and written in order to be fully 64-bit safe.
   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;now runs in full 64-bit mode on platforms that supports it (e.g., Mac OS X G5).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31012x5">Making <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;tread-safe by replacing <span 
class="ptmri8t-">strtok </span>with our own <span 
class="ptmri8t-">GMT_strtok </span>function.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31014x6">Implemented  full  inverse  Winkel  map  projection  based  on  a  new  algorithm  by  Ipbuker,  2002,
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Cartography &amp; Geographical Information Science, 29</span>, 37-42.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31016x7">Extended the options that is used to specify grid spacing (usually <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">xinc/yinc</span>) to allow for specifying
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">nx/ny  </span>instead  (by  appending  +).  Also,  append  !  to  adjust  the  range  so  it  fits  exactly  the  given
   increment [by default the range is kept fixed and sloppy increments are adjusted accordingly]. Append
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">e</span><!--l. 1718--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">k</span><!--l. 1718--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 1718--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>
   for increments in meter, km, miles or nautical miles, respectively. These increments are converted to
   degrees longitude (at the middle latitude) and degrees latitude.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31018x8">The polar <!--l. 1721--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></math>
   projection  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jp </span>now  takes  an  optional  suffix  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">r  </span>that  reverses  the  radial  coordinates  (useful  when
   <!--l. 1722--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>
   is elevation as used by sky plots.)
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31020x9">The <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">misc</span><a 
 id="dx1-31021"></a> supplement has two new items: <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31022"></a> uses <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-31023"></a> to fascilitate the rasterization
   of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files, while <a 
href="../html/man/nc2xy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nc2xy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31024"></a> allows extraction of data columns from COARDS-compliant netCDF
   files.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31026x10">The  <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">mgd77</span><a 
 id="dx1-31027"></a>  supplement  has  two  new  items:  <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77convert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77convert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31028"></a> translates  between  different  MGD77
   formats (including a new netCDF-based format), while <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77manage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77manage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31029"></a> assists in the management of
   trackline data sets.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31031x11">We now have improved PDF layout and navigation (thanks to Misha Tchernychev).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-31033x12">The  HTML  versions  of  all  manual  pages  are  now  generated  with  <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">groff</span><a 
 id="dx1-31034"></a>,  and  has  active  links  for
   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;Default parameters as they are references in the documentation.</li></ol>
<!--l. 1734--><p class="indent" >   Many programs or options have received minor updates and new features, such as
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Ability  to  specify  byte-swapping  for  native  binary  input  and  output  tables  by  using  upper  case
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">S</span><!--l. 1738--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span>.
   This is useful if you have binary tables created on a little-endian machine (e.g., Linux PC) and need to
   read them on a big-endian machine (e.g., most RISC-chip machines from Sun, HP, Apple).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31035"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Allow NaNs in all but the &#8220;independent data&#8221; column.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31036"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Label option <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+ap</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span><!--l. 1741--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>]
   for always having labels be readable up or down hills.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31037"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: New <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>option suppresses output records when all fields are NaNs.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31038"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TN </span>function for evaluating Chebyshev polynomials; new constant <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Tn </span>was added to
   easily  select  normalized  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">T  </span>(gives  coordinates  from  -1  to  +  1  suitable  for  evaluating  Legendre  and
   Chebyshev polynomials). Finally, we added <span 
class="ptmb8t-">CORRCOEFF </span>for calculation of correlation coefficients,
   and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>to reverse the output by printing the last row first.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31039"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: New option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>sets the back- and foreground colors to the colors at the limits of the cpt file.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31040"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>for ESRI interchange ASCII grid dump.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31041"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Geographic boundary conditions are now in effect if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D4 </span>is selected.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31042"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>for Lambertian or Peuckeer illumination.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31043"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Allow <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bi </span>to be used with input files for commands <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PDIST</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">LDIST</span>, and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">INSIDE</span>. When
   spherical  calculations  are  selected  we  now  use  the  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">ELLIPSOID  </span>setting  to  determine  if  distance
   calculations  should  be  along  geodesics  or  great  circles.  Also  added  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TN  </span>function  for  evaluating
   Chebyshev polynomials; new constants <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Xn </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Yn </span>was added to easily select normalized <span 
class="ptmb8t-">X </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Y</span>.
   Finally, we added <span 
class="ptmb8t-">CORRCOEFF </span>for calculation of correlation coefficients.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31044"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Optionally select a data set by giving a text pattern instead of data ID number. This makes it
   easier to specify a certain data set (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">i.e.</span>, &#8220;ETOPO2&#8221;) than having to remember its arbitrary numerical
   ID. Also, native grids with <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;headers can also be placed in the database by appending <span 
class="ptmb8t-">H</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">nbytes</span>
   to the corresponding <span class="underline">grdraster.info</span> entry, where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">nbytes </span>is the size of the header that should be skipped
   (use 892 for GMT headers).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31045"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: New option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>sets the back- and foreground colors to the colors at the limits of the cpt file.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31046"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>now outputs both the minimum distance and the coordinates of the nearest point on the
   line.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31047"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>for 3-D map z-level (as in <a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31048"></a> and others).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31049"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: New option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">col </span>lets user select any column to be used, starting with 0 (first). The old
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-2 </span>option is retired (but remains accessible for backwards compatibility).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31050"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now support inclusion of EPS images.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31051"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added layout option <span 
class="ptmb8t-">B </span>for inserting color bars via <a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31052"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31053"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now supports an optional <span 
class="ptmb8t-">;</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">label </span>at end of each line in cpt files. If present this label will replace
   the default annotations when option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>is used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31054"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>to disable sorting of points based on distance.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/sample1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sample1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31055"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Allow NaNs in all but the &#8220;independent data&#8221; column.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31056"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>for ESRI interchange ASCII grid digest.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1777--><p class="indent" >   Inevitably, when new features are added, new bugs come along with them. Below is a list of problems that we
have identified and corrected in the current release:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">install_gmt</span><a 
 id="dx1-31057"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: No longer test netcdf installation since that can fail even when install was successful [e.g.,
   under Mac OS X Tiger].
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt.h.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt.h</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31058"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_swab4 </span>used  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">unsigned long </span>instead  of  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">unsigned int </span>which  could  cause  64-bit
   problems.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_time_system.h.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_time_system.h</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31059"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Fixed MJD offsets by subtracting 10 days.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_calclock.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_calclock.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31060"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  time  to  hr,min,sec  was  vulnerable  to  round-off  when  optimized.  Also,  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">hh:mm  </span>data
   (without trailing <span 
class="ptmri8t-">:ss</span>) would loose the minutes (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">hh:mm:ss </span>was OK).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_grdio.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_grdio.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31061"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in scale/offset for <a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31062"></a>&#8217;s row-by-row i/o.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_init.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_init.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31063"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Would eat number with leading plus sign without checking if it actually was a +<span class="underline">gmtdefaults</span>
   file  instruction;  thus  <a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31064"></a>  could  not  see  numbers  such  as  +13.5.  Command  line  argument
   &#8211;<span 
class="ptmb8t-">BASEMAP_FRAME_RGB</span>=<span 
class="ptmri8t-">color </span>was not passed through to tick-, grid- and annotation-properties.
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_end </span>now frees memory used for hashing. Did not use custom ellipsoid to set DEG2M parameter
   so we got large errors for planets with significantly different radii.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_io.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_io.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31065"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bug in reading <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yyyy</span>[/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">jjj </span>data fixed. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_lines_init </span>had trouble if 2000 segments had no
   data at all. It also allocated 2000 points for each segment but never deallocated the unused portions,
   thus running up memory fast. <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_write_segmentheader </span>wrote nothing if input was binary and
   output is ASCII. Fixed a few memory leaks.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_map.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_map.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31066"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Azimuth to angle calculation for linear projections now properly handle different scales in
   x and y. The calculation was also vulnerable to bad wrap-around, giving strange directions for vectors
   in <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31067"></a>. Geodesic distance calculation could get wrong quadrant.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_plot.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_plot.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31068"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;polar basemaps could lack outline. Direction for map roses were inaccurate. Circle
   and <!--l. 1802--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></math>-<!--l. 1802--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>
   boundaries did not allocate enough memory for arrays. Would plot both -180 and +180 annotations for
   periodic maps.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_shore.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_shore.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31069"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Must explicitly close polygons since inside/outside test in other programs expects it.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt_support.c.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_support.c</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31070"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Trouble  extracting  subregions  of  grid  with  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">east  </span>=  0.  Cartesian  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">LDIST  </span>failed  when
   mininum distance was requested (only done via <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31071"></a>). Color names got truncated to 16 characters.
   Improved workings of <span 
class="pcrr8t-">GMT_sample_cpt </span>in support of <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31072"></a>. Fixed more memory leaks. Bad
   LF/CR removal for <span class="underline">coastline.conf</span> dir.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31073"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ff </span>with even number of coefficients sometimes skip a coefficient.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31074"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Missed first multisegment output header if input file was ASCII.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31075"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: No longer have to say <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ca </span>if there is only one input column. Did not understand <span 
class="ptmri8t-">date</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock</span>
   as command line data.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31076"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: If <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>is on and a portion of a segment is skipped, we must reissue the multisegment header
   when segment resumes. Now handles both Cartesian and spherical polygons correctly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31077"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Sloppy <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>resulted in bad x,y values and sometimes allocation error.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31078"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Convolution filters now use correct area normalization.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31079"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: If <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>is used with grids that include poles, ignore the poles when normalizing the slopes.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31080"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Cannot use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>to extract subset when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>is oblique. Reverse log-axes did not work.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31081"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Now handles both Cartesian and spherical correctly.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31082"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  Wrong  sign  in  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D2DY2</span>,  and  bogus  value  at  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y  =  ymin</span>.  Now  handles  both  Cartesian  and
   spherical polygons correctly. Constants given on command line can now be absolute time, geographic
   coordinates, or regular floating-point numbers.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31083"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Would fail to skip first two columns for ASCII input if dd:mm:ss format was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31084"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Cannot use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>to extract subset when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>is oblique.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/grdvolume.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvolume</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31085"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">low/high/delta </span>did not check for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">low </span>&#x003C; <span 
class="ptmri8t-">high</span>, etc.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31086"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Recursive painting could get tricked when boundaries were curved.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31087"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Did not pass +<span class="underline">gmtdefaults</span> and &#8211;<span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAR</span>=<span 
class="ptmri8t-">val </span>onto system calls.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31088"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Vertical annotations w/custom <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D_FORMAT </span>were not aligned. Now uses more optimal means
   to display the color bar, leading to smaller <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>did not flip sides when a negative width
   was used.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31089"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">:  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sp </span>is  now  a  true  point,  but  can  also  take  an  optional  size.  Pentagon  symbol  had  wrong
   normalization scale. If a fixed symbol size was given in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span>, with the symbol type supplied from file,
   we would not scale symbols correctly if upper case symbols were given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31090"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Wrong index used in assigning color from cpt and in updating vector lengths. If a fixed symbol
   size was given in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S</span>, with the symbol type supplied from file, we would not scale symbols correctly if
   upper case symbols were given
   </dd><dt class="description">
<a 
href="../html/man/spectrum1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spectrum1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-31091"></a> </dt><dd 
class="description">: Bugs in error expressions for admittance, gain, and phase have been corrected.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmbi8t-">x2sys </span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">&amp; </span><span 
class="ptmbi8t-">mgd77 </span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">supplements</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">:   Made   DOS-format   (CR/LF)   tolerant.   Both   supplements   are   now
   undergoing rapid development.</dd></dl>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1843--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-120">]</span>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.22    </span> <a 
 id="x1-320001.1.22"></a>Overview of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.0 [Oct-10, 2004]</h4>
<!--l. 1845--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4 represents a major overhaul of the package, hence the major version number increment. There are four
categories of changes that have been implemented:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Time-series support.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description"><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;can now read and write time-series data where the time coordinates are of the
   form <span 
class="ptmri8t-">date</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock</span><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn2x1" id="fn2x1-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">2</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-32001f2"></a>.
   The formats used for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">date </span>and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock </span>are under the user&#8217;s control. Both Gregorian and ISO calendars are
   supported. Frame annotation for time-series are now supported via the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B </span>option; there are many new
   modifiers reflecting the vast number of ways one may want to annotate time axes, including support for
   primary and secondary annotation levels and the day- and month-names in numerous languages (send
   us the information we need if your language is not supported). The capability to handle time (in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>,
   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B</span>, i/o, and plotting) required considerable changes &#8220;under the hood&#8221;, including the introduction
   of numerous new <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32004"></a> parameters to make the time series support as &#8220;generic&#8221; as we need it
   to be.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">New Tools.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Three new tools have been added:
      <ol  class="enumerate1" >
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-32006x1"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt2rgb.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt2rgb</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32007"></a>: Makes red, green, and blue component grid files from an image (to be used with new
      options for false color imaging or image draping by <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32008"></a> or <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32009"></a>).
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-32011x2"><a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32012"></a>: Blends several partially over-lapping grid files into one combined grid. Output grid is
      written one row at the time so truly enormous grids can be created.
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-32014x3"><a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32015"></a>: Designs and plots elaborate legends on maps.</li></ol>
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">New Program Options.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Many programs have received additional options or features that enhances their
   usefulness:
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32016"></a>: New option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sw </span>will return weight sum while <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sz </span>returns the data sums (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">i.e.</span>, it
      duplicates the previous <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>option).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32017"></a>: New filters <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Fl</span><!--l. 1874--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">L</span><!--l. 1874--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">u</span><!--l. 1874--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">U</span>
      that return extreme (min, max) values.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32018"></a>: Added new options <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A</span>, and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>that simulate <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">cut</span><a 
 id="dx1-32019"></a>, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">paste</span><a 
 id="dx1-32020"></a>, and <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">tail</span><a 
 id="dx1-32021"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-r</span>
      (or <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">tac</span><a 
 id="dx1-32022"></a>) capabilities. Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>reports first and last point per segment only, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>lists the segment
      headers only, while <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>lists records from segments whose header matches a given text pattern.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32023"></a>:  Added  new  operators  for  solving  least  squares  problems  (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">COL,  LSQFIT</span>),  finding
      function roots (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">ROOTS</span>), and evaluating critical values (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">CHICRIT, FCRIT, TCRIT, ZCRIT</span>).
      We  also  added  some  general  functions  (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">SINC,  LOG2,  LRAND</span>)  and  miscellaneous  operations
      (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">FLIPUD, NEQ</span>). The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-S </span>option may now take a modifier to select first or last record only.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32024"></a>:       New       option       <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z   </span>to       pass       or       skip       based       on       input
      <!--l. 1883--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-range.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32025"></a>:   New   options   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>for   logarithmic   scales,   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>for   equidistant   color   intervals,
      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R  </span>for    selecting    a    grid    sub-region,    and    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N  </span>to    suppress    output    of    B,    F,    N
      colors<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn3x1" id="fn3x1-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">3</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-32026f3"></a>.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32027"></a>: New option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>to write a constant weight factor as a 4th output column, and ability to
      process several grid files at the same time.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32028"></a>: Expanded the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>option to handle 5 algorithms (4 new) for the placement of contour
      labels.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32029"></a>: New option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>to replace selected node values given <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x, y, z </span>data in table form (options
      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f</span>, and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-: </span>added for file support).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32030"></a>: New geospatial filters <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Fl</span><!--l. 1893--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">L</span><!--l. 1893--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">u</span><!--l. 1893--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">U</span>
      that return extreme (min, max) values.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32031"></a>:  New  option  for  colormasking  (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>;  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;Level  3  only),  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;image
      interpolation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">-dpi</span>), and false RGB color image (when given three grids), as well as a modifier
      to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>to draw tile outlines.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32032"></a>:  New  option  to  create  argument  for  <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32033"></a> (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T</span>)  and  to  round-off  region  boundary
      coordinates (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I</span>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32034"></a>:  Added  new  operators  for  critical  values  (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">CHICRIT,  FCRIT,  TCRIT,  ZCRIT</span>),
      geospatial analysis (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">LDIST, PDIST, INSIDE</span>) and for calculating azimuths (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">CAS, SAZ</span>). We have
      also added some general functions (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">SINC, LOG2, LRAND</span>) and a few grid operations (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">FLIPLR,</span>
      <span 
class="ptmb8t-">FLIPUD, ROTX, ROTY, NEQ, INRANGE</span>). We may now create multiple output grids from a
      single command.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32035"></a>: Option to supply false easting/northing or other offsets from the origin(<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdreformat.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdreformat</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32036"></a>: Option to suppress header in raw output (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32037"></a>: Option to push the bilinear interpolation closer to nodes that are NaN (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32038"></a>: Options to retrieve nearest node value (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N</span>, no interpolation) and to push the bilinear
      interpolation closer to nodes that are NaN (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32039"></a>:  Colormasking  (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Qc</span>,  PS  Level  3  only),  draping  of  images  via  red,  green,  and  blue
      component grids (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>). Also, drapegrids can have higher resolution than the relief grid, and we
      added a modifier to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>to draw tile outlines.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32040"></a>: New options <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q </span>for logarithmic scales and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-N </span>to suppress output of B, F, N colors.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32041"></a>: New options for datum conversions (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>, and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>), azimuth and back-azimuth
      (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A</span>), distance to point (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>) and line (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>)calculations, and optional false easting/northing (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/minmax.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32042"></a>: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dz </span>option to produce <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>string for <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32043"></a>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>for returning extreme records,
      and the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>option was extended to handle any number of columns when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C </span>is used.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32044"></a>: Extended <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>to allow alternate label and justification, and added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>for directional
      rose ornament or magnetic compass directions.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32045"></a>: Extended <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>to allow alternate label and justification, and added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>for directional rose
      ornament or magnetic compass directions.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32046"></a>: Expanded the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>option to handle 5 algorithms (4 new) for the placement of contour
      labels.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/psimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32047"></a>: <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;image interpolation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">-xlength</span>), and justification option in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32048"></a>: Options to annotate on opposite side (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A</span>) and to plot back or foreground triangle only
      (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">b</span><!--l. 1926--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>]
      ). Also, draw discrete color-key table with centered annotations by appending an optional <span 
class="ptmri8t-">gap </span>to
      the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32049"></a>: New option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>should azimuths rather than angles be given,
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32050"></a>: Line color control (via <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-C</span>), symbol position offset (with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>), custom symbols access (with
      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sk</span>;  use  any  of  the  35  (Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-245000N">N<!--tex4ht:ref: app:N --></a>)  that  come  with  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;or  design  your  own),  many  new
      symbols (horizontal and vertical dashes, pentagon, octagon, rectangle, double-headed and centered
      vectors), and annotated (&#8220;quoted&#8221;) lines with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sq</span>.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32051"></a>: Same, plus a vertical dash symbol.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-32052"></a>: Added <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Au</span><!--l. 1933--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">l</span>
      for upper/lower value at each node.</li></ul>
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">General enhancements.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">These affect most of the programs:
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">The coastline data have been updated to GSHHS version 1.3. About 50 or so polygons had lingering
      crossovers and some had duplicate points or failed to close; these have now been fixed. Major errors
      in the Puget Sound coastline have also been corrected.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">New shorthand to repeat the most recently used projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J</span>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Options for phase-shifting the stride and supplying a prefix for frame annotations (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B</span>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Override <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;defaults directly on the command line with any number of &#8211;&#8211;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PAR=value </span>options.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Now choose from 63 ellipsoids and 223 datums, or use your own values.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Numerous new <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;defaults parameters, mostly in support of time-series functionality.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Shorthand for global regions (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rg </span>for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>0/360/-90/90 and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rd </span>for <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>-180/180/-90/90).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Full support for either RGB, HSV, or CMYK in pen/fill command-line options or in cpt files.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Support for English color names (e.g., red, lightbrown).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Choice of unit when specifying pen thickness (cm, inch, point).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Easier pen specification mechanism, with predefined names for certain pen thicknesses.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Centering of plots on current page with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Xc</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Yc</span>.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">More control over input/output table formats (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-:</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 1951--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Ability to read and write NOAA/NGDC GRD98 grid format.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Ability to add additional fonts.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Custom paper media size (useful for posters and large maps).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">All text are now justified by the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;interpreter, as is the clipping of contours and &#8220;quoted
      lines&#8221; to make space for annotation labels.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Better support for various international character encodings.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">New Appendices M (color tables), N (custom symbols), O (contours and &#8220;quoted lines&#8221;), and P
      (using both <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;3 and 4).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">New   hidden   files   <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>   and   <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span>   to   ensure   peaceful   coexistence   with
      <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;3-series.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Data  files  in  directories  pointed  to  by  the  three  environmental  parameters  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_DATADIR</span>,
      <span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_GRIDDIR</span>, and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_IMGDIR </span>can be specified without their full path names when
      used as input files.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">We have added five new examples for a total of 25.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Bourne shell utility <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-32053"></a> simplifies switching between installed <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;versions.</li></ul>
   </dd></dl>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;2</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-330002"></a>Introduction</h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >Most  scientists  are  familiar  with  the  sequence:  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">raw  data</span>
<!--l. 14--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2192;</mo></math> <span 
class="ptmri8t-">processing</span>
<!--l. 14--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2192;</mo></math>
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">final illustration</span>. In order to finalize papers for submission to scientific journals, prepare proposals,
and create overheads and slides for various presentations, many scientists spend large amounts of
time and money to create camera-ready figures. This process can be tedious and is often done
manually, since available commercial or in-house software usually can do only part of the job. To
expedite this process we introduce the Generic Mapping Tools (<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;for short), which is a
free<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn4x2" id="fn4x2-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">4</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-33001f4"></a>,
software package that can be used to manipulate columns of tabular data, time-series, and gridded data sets, and display
these data in a variety of forms ranging from simple <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y </span>plots to maps and color, perspective, and shaded-relief
illustrations. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;uses the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;page description language [<span 
class="ptmri8t-">Adobe Systems Inc.</span>, 1990]<a 
 id="dx1-33002"></a>. With <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>,
multiple plot files can easily be superimposed to create arbitrarily complex images in gray tones or 24-bit true
color. Line drawings, bitmapped images, and text can be easily combined in one illustration. <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plot files
are device-independent: The same file can be printed at 300 dots per inch (dpi) on an ordinary laserwriter or at
2470 dpi on a phototypesetter when ultimate quality is needed. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;software is written as a set of
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;tools<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn5x2" id="fn5x2-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">5</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-33003f5"></a>
and is totally self-contained and fully documented. The system is offered free of charge and is distributed over the
computer network (Internet) [<span 
class="ptmri8t-">Wessel and Smith, 1991; 1995a,b; 1998</span>].
</p><!--l. 42--><p class="indent" >   The original version 1.0 of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;was released in the summer of 1988 when the authors were graduate students
at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory<a 
 id="dx1-33004"></a><a 
 id="dx1-33005"></a> of Columbia University. During our tenure as graduate students, L-DEO
changed its computing environment to a distributed network of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;workstations, and we wrote <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to run in
this environment. It became a success at L-DEO, and soon spread to numerous other institutions in the US, Canada,
Europe, and Japan. The current version benefits from the many suggestions contributed by users of the earlier
versions, and now includes more than 50 tools, more than 30 projections, and many other new, more flexible
features. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides scientists with a variety of tools for data manipulation and display, including
routines to sample, filter, compute spectral estimates, and determine trends in time series, grid or
triangulate arbitrarily spaced data, perform mathematical operations (including filtering) on 2-D data
sets both in the space and frequency domain, sample surfaces along arbitrary tracks or onto a new
grid, calculate volumes, and find trend surfaces. The plotting programs will let the user make linear,
log<!--l. 61--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>, and
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span><!--l. 61--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>&#8211;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span><!--l. 61--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>
diagrams, polar and rectangular histograms, maps with filled continents and coastlines choosing from many
common map projections, contour plots, mesh plots, monochrome or color images, and artificially illuminated
shaded-relief and 3-D perspective illustrations.
<a 
 id="dx1-33006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-33007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-33008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-33009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-33010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-33011"></a>
</p><!--l. 73--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is written in the highly portable ANSI C <a 
 id="dx1-33012"></a>programming language [<span 
class="ptmri8t-">Kernighan and Ritchie</span>, 1988], is fully POSIX
compliant<a 
 id="dx1-33013"></a> [<span 
class="ptmri8t-">Lewine</span>, 1991], has no Year 2000 problems<a 
 id="dx1-33014"></a>, and may be used with any hardware running some flavor of
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>, possibly with minor modifications. In writing <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>, we have followed the modular design philosophy of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>:
The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">raw data </span><!--l. 78--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2192;</mo></math>
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">processing </span><!--l. 78--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2192;</mo></math>
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">final illustration </span>flow is broken down to a series of elementary steps; each step is accomplished by a separate
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;tool. This modular approach brings several benefits: (1) only a few programs are needed, (2) each
program is small and easy to update and maintain, (3) each step is independent of the previous step and the
data type and can therefore be used in a variety of applications, and (4) the programs can be chained
together in shell scripts or with pipes, thereby creating a process tailored to do a user-specific task.
The decoupling of the data retrieval step from the subsequent massage and plotting is particularly
important, since each institution will typically have its own data base formats. To use <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;with custom
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
data bases, one has only to write a data extraction tool which will put out data in a form readable
by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;(discussed below). After writing the extractor, all other <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;modules will work as they
are.
</p><!--l. 95--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;makes full use of the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;page description language, and can produce color illustrations if a
color <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;device is available. One does not necessarily have to have access to a top-of-the-line
color printer to take advantage of the color capabilities offered by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>: Several companies
offer imaging services where the customer provides a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plot file and gets color slides or
hardcopies in return. Furthermore, general-purpose <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;raster image processors (RIPs) are
now becoming available, letting the user create raster images from <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;and plot these bitmaps
on raster devices like computer screens, dot-matrix printers, large format raster plotters, and film
writers<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn6x2" id="fn6x2-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">6</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-33015f6"></a>.
Because the publication costs of color illustrations are high, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;offers 90 common bit and hachure patterns,
including many geologic map symbol types, as well as complete graytone shading operations. Additional bit and
hachure patterns may also be designed by the user. With these tools, it is possible to generate publication-ready
monochrome originals on a common laserwriter.
</p><!--l. 114--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is thoroughly documented and comes with a technical reference and cookbook which explains the
purpose of the package and its many features, and provides numerous examples to help new users quickly become
familiar with the operation and philosophy of the system. The cookbook contains the shell scripts that were used
for each example; <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files of each illustration are also provided. All programs have individual manual
pages which can be installed as part of the on-line documentation under the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">man</span><a 
 id="dx1-33017"></a> utility or as web pages. In
addition, the programs offer friendly help messages which make them essentially self-teaching &#8211; if a user enters
invalid or ambiguous command arguments, the program will print a warning to the screen with a synopsis of the
valid arguments. All the documentation is available for web browsing and may be installed at the user&#8217;s
site.
</p><!--l. 128--><p class="indent" >   The processing and display routines within <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;are completely general and will handle any (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y</span>) or (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y,z</span>)
data as input. For many purposes the (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y</span>) coordinates will be (longitude, latitude) but in most cases
they could equally well be any other variables (e.g., wavelength, power spectral density). Since the
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;plot tools will map these (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y</span>) coordinates to positions on a plot or map using a variety of
transformations (linear, log-log, and several map projections), they can be used with any data that are
given by two or three coordinates. In order to simplify and standardize input and output, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;uses
two file formats only. Arbitrary sequences of (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y</span>) or (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y,z</span>) data are read from multi-column ASCII
tables, i.e., each file consists of several records, in which each coordinate is confined to a separate
column<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn7x2" id="fn7x2-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">7</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-33018f7"></a>.
This format is straightforward and allows the user to perform almost any simple (or complicated)
reformatting or processing task using standard <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;utilities such as <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">cut</span><a 
 id="dx1-33019"></a>, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">paste</span><a 
 id="dx1-33020"></a>, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">grep</span><a 
 id="dx1-33021"></a>, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">sed</span><a 
 id="dx1-33022"></a> and
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">awk</span><a 
 id="dx1-33023"></a>. Two-dimensional data that have been sampled on an equidistant grid are read and written by
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;in a binary grid file using the functions provided with the netCDF<a 
 id="dx1-33024"></a> library (a free, public-domain
software library available separately from UCAR, the University Corporation of Atmospheric Research
[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">Treinish and Gough</span>, 1987]). This XDR<a 
 id="dx1-33025"></a> (External Data Representation) based format is architecture
independent, which allows the user to transfer the binary data files from one computer system to
another<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn8x2" id="fn8x2-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">8</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-33026f8"></a>.
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;contains programs that will read ASCII (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y,z</span>) files and produce grid files. One such program, <a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-33027"></a>,
includes new modifications to the gridding algorithm developed by <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Smith and Wessel </span>[1990] using continuous
splines in tension.
</p><!--l. 161--><p class="indent" >   Most of the programs will produce some form of output, which falls into four categories. Several of the
programs may produce more than one of these types of output:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-33029x1">1-D ASCII Tables &#8212; For example, a (<!--l. 167--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></math>)
   series may be filtered and the filtered values output. ASCII output is written to the standard output
   stream.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-33031x2">2-D     binary     (netCDF     or     user-defined)     grid     files     &#8211;     Programs     that     grid     ASCII
   (<!--l. 171--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>z</mi></math>)
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   data or operate on existing grid files produce this type of output.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-33033x3"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;&#8211; The plotting programs all use the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;page description language to define plots.
   These commands are stored as ASCII text and can be edited should you want to customize the plot
   beyond the options available in the programs themselves.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-33035x4">Reports &#8211; Several <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs read input files and report statistics and other information. Nearly
   all programs have an optional &#8220;verbose&#8221; operation, which reports on the progress of computation. All
   programs feature usage messages, which prompt the user if incorrect commands have been given. Such
   text is written to the standard error stream and can therefore be separated from ASCII table output.
   </li></ol>
<!--l. 187--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is available over the Internet at no charge. To obtain a copy, visit the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;home page
gmt.soest.hawaii.edu, and select DOWNLOAD. This page contains all the information you need to obtain
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;for your platform. We also maintain two electronic mailing lists you may subscribe to in order to stay
informed about bug fixes and upgrades (See Chapter&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1280007">7<!--tex4ht:ref: ch:7 --></a>).
</p><!--l. 194--><p class="indent" >   For those without net-access that need to obtain <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>: Geoware <a 
href="http://www.geoware-online.com" >(http://www.geoware-online.com)</a> makes and
distributes CD-R and DVD-R media with the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;package, compatible supplements, and several Gb of useful
Earth and ocean science data sets. For more information send e-mail to <a 
href="mailto:geoware@geoware-online.com" >geoware@geoware-online.com</a>.
</p><!--l. 200--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has served a multitude of scientists very well, and their responses have prompted us to develop these
programs even further. It is our hope that the new version will satisfy these users and attract new users as well. We
present this system to the community in order to promote sharing of research software among investigators in the
US and abroad.
</p>
   <h3 class="likesectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-340002"></a>References</h3>
<!--l. 209--><p class="noindent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34002x1">Kernighan, B. W., and D. M. Ritchie, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">The C programming language</span>, 2nd edition, p. 272, Prentice-Hall,
   Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1988.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34004x2">Adobe Systems Inc., <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript Language Reference Manual</span>, 2nd edition, p. 764, Addison-Wesley,
   Reading, Massachusetts, 1990.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34006x3">Lewine,  D.,  POSIX  programmer&#8217;s  guide,  1st  edition,  p.  607,  O&#8217;Reilly  &amp;  Associates,  Sebastopol,
   California, 1991.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34008x4">Treinish,  L.  A.,  and  M.  L.  Gough,  A  software  package  for  the  data-independent  management  of
   multidimensional data, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS trans. AGU, 68, </span>633&#8211;635, 1987.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34010x5">Smith, W. H. F., and P. Wessel, Gridding with continuous curvature splines in tension, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Geophysics, 55,</span>
   293&#8211;305, 1990.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34012x6">Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS trans.</span>
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">AGU</span>, 79, 579, 1998.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34014x7">Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, New version of the Generic Mapping Tools released, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS trans. AGU</span>,
   76, 329, 1995a.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34016x8">Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, New version of the Generic Mapping Tools released, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS electronic</span>
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">supplement,  </span>http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/95154e.html, 1995b.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-34018x9">Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, Free software helps map and display data, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS trans. AGU</span>, 72, 441 &amp;
   445&#8211;446, 1991.
   </li></ol>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;3</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-350003"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;overview and quick reference</h2>
<a 
 id="dx1-35001"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-360003.1"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;summary</h3>
<!--l. 16--><p class="noindent" >The following is a summary of all the programs supplied with <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;and a very short description of their purpose.
For more details, see the individual <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;manual pages or the online web documentation. For a listing sorted by
program purpose, see Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-370003.2">3.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:purpose --></a>. </p>
<table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36001"></a>          </td><td  
class="tabbing">L<!--l. 22--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>) table data filter/decimator
</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 22--><p class="indent" >   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/blockmedian.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmedian</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36002"></a>       </td><td  
class="tabbing">L<!--l. 23--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>) table data filter/decimator</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 23--><p class="indent" >                             </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/blockmode.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmode</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36003"></a>          </td><td  
class="tabbing">Mode estimate (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>) table data filter/decimator</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 24--><p class="indent" >                                     </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36004"></a>                 </td><td  
class="tabbing">Filter 1-D table data sets (time series)</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 25--><p class="indent" >                    </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/fitcircle.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">fitcircle</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36005"></a>                </td><td  
class="tabbing">Finds the best-fitting great or small circle for a set of points</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 26--><p class="indent" >               </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt2rgb.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt2rgb</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36006"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Convert Sun raster or grid file to red, green, blue component grids</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 27--><p class="indent" >                              </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36007"></a>         </td><td  
class="tabbing">Convert data tables from one format to another</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 28--><p class="indent" >                                          </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36008"></a>        </td><td  
class="tabbing">List the current default settings</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 29--><p class="indent" >                                    </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36009"></a>              </td><td  
class="tabbing">Mathematical operations on table data</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 30--><p class="indent" >                    </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36010"></a>            </td><td  
class="tabbing">Select subsets of table data based on multiple spatial criteria</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 31--><p class="indent" >                       </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36011"></a>                 </td><td  
class="tabbing">Change selected parameters in current <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 32--><p class="indent" >                                  </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36012"></a>                </td><td  
class="tabbing">Make color palette table from a grid files</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 33--><p class="indent" >                                 </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36013"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Conversion from 2-D grid file to table data</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 34--><p class="indent" >                    </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36014"></a>              </td><td  
class="tabbing">Blend several partially over-lapping grid files onto one grid</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 35--><p class="indent" >                                     </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdclip.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdclip</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36015"></a>                 </td><td  
class="tabbing">Limit the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-range in gridded data sets</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 36--><p class="indent" >                                      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36016"></a>          </td><td  
class="tabbing">Contouring of 2-D gridded data sets</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 37--><p class="indent" >                                         </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdcut.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcut</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36017"></a>                  </td><td  
class="tabbing">Cut a sub-region from a grid file</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 38--><p class="indent" >                                </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36018"></a>                 </td><td  
class="tabbing">Modify header information in a 2-D grid file</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 39--><p class="indent" >                      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36019"></a>                    </td><td  
class="tabbing">Perform operations on grid files in the frequency domain</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 40--><p class="indent" >                             </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36020"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Filter 2-D gridded data sets in the space domain</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 41--><p class="indent" >                                </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36021"></a>         </td><td  
class="tabbing">Compute directional gradient from grid files</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 42--><p class="indent" >                                      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdhisteq.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdhisteq</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36022"></a>             </td><td  
class="tabbing">Histogram equalization for grid files</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 43--><p class="indent" >                                 </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36023"></a>             </td><td  
class="tabbing">Produce images from 2-D gridded data sets</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 44--><p class="indent" >                                         </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36024"></a>                 </td><td  
class="tabbing">Get information about grid files</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 45--><p class="indent" >                           </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36025"></a>       </td><td  
class="tabbing">Create masking grid files from shoreline data base</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 46--><p class="indent" >                           </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36026"></a>              </td><td  
class="tabbing">Reset grid nodes in/outside a clip path to constants</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 47--><p class="indent" >                                     </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36027"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Mathematical operations on grid files</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 48--><p class="indent" >                              </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdpaste.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdpaste</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36028"></a>              </td><td  
class="tabbing">Paste together grid files along a common edge</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 49--><p class="indent" >                        </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36029"></a>           </td><td  
class="tabbing">Project gridded data sets onto a new coordinate system</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 50--><p class="indent" >                                  </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdreformat.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdreformat</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36030"></a>         </td><td  
class="tabbing">Converts grid files into other grid formats</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 51--><p class="indent" >                            </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36031"></a>           </td><td  
class="tabbing">Resample a 2-D gridded data set onto a new grid</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 52--><p class="indent" >                            </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36032"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Sampling of 2-D gridded data set along 1-D track</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 53--><p class="indent" >                                       </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdtrend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36033"></a>              </td><td  
class="tabbing">Fits polynomial trends to grid files</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 54--><p class="indent" >                                      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdvector.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvector</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36034"></a>            </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plotting of 2-D gridded vector fields</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 55--><p class="indent" >                            </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36035"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">3-D perspective imaging of 2-D gridded data sets</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 56--><p class="indent" >                     </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/grdvolume.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvolume</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36036"></a>           </td><td  
class="tabbing">Calculate volumes under a surface within specified contour</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 57--><p class="indent" >              </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36037"></a>         </td><td  
class="tabbing">Interpolation using Green&#8217;s functions for splines in 1&#8211;3 dimensions</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 58--><p class="indent" >                                              </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36038"></a>              </td><td  
class="tabbing">Make color palette tables</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 59--><p class="indent" >                          </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36039"></a>          </td><td  
class="tabbing">Transformation of coordinate systems for table data</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 60--><p class="indent" >                                   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/minmax.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36040"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Report extreme values in table data files</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 61--><p class="indent" >                                       </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36041"></a>      </td><td  
class="tabbing">Nearest-neighbor gridding scheme</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 62--><p class="indent" >                                 </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/project.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36042"></a>                 </td><td  
class="tabbing">Project table data onto lines or great circles</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 63--><p class="indent" >                </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36043"></a>             </td><td  
class="tabbing">Crop and convert PostScript files to raster images, EPS, and PDF</td></tr></table>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 64--><p class="indent" >                                                 </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36044"></a>         </td><td  
class="tabbing">Create a basemap plot</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 65--><p class="indent" >                                  </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/psclip.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psclip</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36045"></a>                   </td><td  
class="tabbing">Use polygon files to define clipping paths</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 66--><p class="indent" >                         </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36046"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot (and fill) coastlines, borders, and rivers on maps</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 67--><p class="indent" >                            </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36047"></a>           </td><td  
class="tabbing">Contour or image raw table data by triangulation</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 68--><p class="indent" >                                                     </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36048"></a>       </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot a histogram</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 69--><p class="indent" >                                           </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/psimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36049"></a>              </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot Sun raster files on a map</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 70--><p class="indent" >                                                </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36050"></a>             </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot a legend on a map</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 71--><p class="indent" >                                </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/psmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36051"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Create overlay to mask out regions on maps</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 72--><p class="indent" >                                            </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/psrose.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psrose</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36052"></a>                 </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot sector or rose diagrams</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 73--><p class="indent" >                                     </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36053"></a>                </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot gray scale or color scale on maps</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 74--><p class="indent" >                                               </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36054"></a>                  </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot text strings on maps</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 75--><p class="indent" >                             </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/pswiggle.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pswiggle</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36055"></a>              </td><td  
class="tabbing">Draw table data time-series along track on maps</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 76--><p class="indent" >                                 </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36056"></a>                     </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot symbols, polygons, and lines on maps</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 77--><p class="indent" >                                   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36057"></a>                   </td><td  
class="tabbing">Plot symbols, polygons, and lines in 3-D</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 78--><p class="indent" >                                        </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/sample1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sample1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36058"></a>            </td><td  
class="tabbing">Resampling of 1-D table data sets</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 79--><p class="indent" >                          </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/spectrum1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spectrum1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36059"></a>        </td><td  
class="tabbing">Compute various spectral estimates from time-series</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 80--><p class="indent" >                                       </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/splitxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">splitxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36060"></a>                </td><td  
class="tabbing">Split <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xyz </span>files into several segments</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 81--><p class="indent" >                                 </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36061"></a>                </td><td  
class="tabbing">A continuous curvature gridding algorithm</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 82--><p class="indent" >   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/trend1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">trend1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36062"></a>                </td><td  
class="tabbing">Fits polynomial or Fourier trends to <!--l. 83--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> series</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 83--><p class="indent" >   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/trend2d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">trend2d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36063"></a>                </td><td  
class="tabbing">Fits polynomial trends to <!--l. 84--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> series</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 84--><p class="indent" >                         </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36064"></a>          </td><td  
class="tabbing">Perform optimal Delauney triangulation and gridding</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 85--><p class="indent" >                         </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:120;" 
class="tabbing"><a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-36065"></a>               </td><td  
class="tabbing">Convert an equidistant table <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xyz </span>file to a 2-D grid file</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 87--><p class="indent" >
<a 
 id="dx1-36066"></a>
</p><!--l. 90--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-370003.2"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;quick reference</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-37001"></a>
<!--l. 93--><p class="noindent" >Instead of an alphabetical listing, this section contains a summary sorted by program purpose. Also included is a
quick summary of the standard command line options and a breakdown of the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>option for each of the over 30
projections available in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. <br 
class="newline" />
</p>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 98--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-1" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-1-1g"><col 
id="TBL-1-1" /><col 
id="TBL-1-2" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-1-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-1-1"  
class="td11">                                                                           <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">FILTERING OF 1-D AND 2-D DATA</span></div></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-2-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37002"></a> </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-2-2"  
class="td11">L<!--l. 102--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
>
<mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> estimate (<!--l. 102--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>z</mi></math>) data filters/decimators</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-3-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/blockmedian.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmedian</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37003"></a></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-3-2"  
class="td11">L<!--l. 103--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> estimate (<!--l. 103--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>z</mi></math>) data filters/decimators</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-4-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/blockmode.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmode</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37004"></a>   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-4-2"  
class="td11">Mode estimate (<!--l. 104--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>z</mi></math>) data filters/decimators                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-5-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37005"></a>          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-5-2"  
class="td11">Filter 1-D data (time series)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-6-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37006"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-6-2"  
class="td11">Filter 2-D data in space domain                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-7-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-7-1"  
class="td11">                                                                            <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOTTING OF 1-D and 2-D DATA</span></div></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-8-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37007"></a> </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-8-2"  
class="td11">Contouring of 2-D gridded data                                                                                                                                                                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-9-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37008"></a>      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-9-2"  
class="td11">Produce images from 2-D gridded data                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-10-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdvector.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvector</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37009"></a>     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-10-2"  
class="td11">Plot vector fields from 2-D gridded data                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-11-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37010"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-11-2"  
class="td11">3-D perspective imaging of 2-D gridded data                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-12-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-12-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37011"></a>  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-12-2"  
class="td11">Create a basemap frame                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-13-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-13-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/psclip.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psclip</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37012"></a>            </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-13-2"  
class="td11">Use polygon files as clipping paths                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-14-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-14-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37013"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-14-2"  
class="td11">Plot coastlines, filled continents, rivers, and political borders                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-15-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-15-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37014"></a>    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-15-2"  
class="td11">Direct contouring or imaging of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xyz </span>data by triangulation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-16-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-16-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37015"></a></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-16-2"  
class="td11">Plot a histogram                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-17-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-17-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/psimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37016"></a>       </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-17-2"  
class="td11">Plot Sun raster files on a map                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-18-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-18-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37017"></a>      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-18-2"  
class="td11">Plot a legend on a map                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-19-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-19-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/psmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37018"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-19-2"  
class="td11">Create overlay to mask specified regions of a map                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-20-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-20-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/psrose.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psrose</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37019"></a>          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-20-2"  
class="td11">Plot sector or rose diagrams                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-21-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-21-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37020"></a>         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-21-2"  
class="td11">Plot gray scale or color scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-22-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-22-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37021"></a>           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-22-2"  
class="td11">Plot text strings                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-23-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-23-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/pswiggle.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pswiggle</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37022"></a>       </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-23-2"  
class="td11">Draw anomalies along track                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-24-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-24-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37023"></a>              </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-24-2"  
class="td11">Plot symbols, polygons, and lines in 2-D                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-25-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-25-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37024"></a>            </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-25-2"  
class="td11">Plot symbols, polygons, and lines in 3-D                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-26-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-1-26-1"  
class="td11">          </td></tr></table>
</div>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"><table id="TBL-2" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-2-1g"><col 
id="TBL-2-1" /><col 
id="TBL-2-2" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-1-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-1-1"  
class="td11">                                          <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GRIDDING OF (X,Y,Z) TABLE DATA</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-2-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37025"></a>   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-2-2"  
class="td11">Interpolation using Green&#8217;s functions for splines in 1&#8211;3 dimensions                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-3-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37026"></a></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-3-2"  
class="td11">Nearest-neighbor gridding scheme                                                                                                                                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-4-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37027"></a>          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-4-2"  
class="td11">Continuous curvature gridding algorithm                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-5-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37028"></a>     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-5-2"  
class="td11">Perform optimal Delauney triangulation on <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xyz </span>data                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-6-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-6-1"  
class="td11">                                           <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">SAMPLING OF 1-D AND 2-D DATA</span></div></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-7-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37029"></a> </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-7-2"  
class="td11">Resample a 2-D gridded data onto new grid                                                                                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-8-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37030"></a>         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-8-2"  
class="td11">Sampling of 2-D data along 1-D track                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-9-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/sample1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sample1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37031"></a>      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-9-2"  
class="td11">Resampling of 1-D data                                                                                                                                                                                                        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-10-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-10-1"  
class="td11">                                      <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">PROJECTION AND MAP-TRANSFORMATION</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-11-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37032"></a>     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-11-2"  
class="td11">Transform gridded data to a new coordinate system                                                                                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-12-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-12-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37033"></a>    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-12-2"  
class="td11">Transform table data to a new coordinate system                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-13-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-13-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/project.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37034"></a>           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-13-2"  
class="td11">Project data onto lines or great circles                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-14-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-14-1"  
class="td11">                                                  <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">INFORMATION</span></div></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-15-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-15-1"  
class="td
11"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37035"></a>   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-15-2"  
class="td11">List the current default settings                                                                                                                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-16-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-16-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37036"></a>           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-16-2"  
class="td11">Command-line editing of parameters in the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file                                                                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-17-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-17-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37037"></a>           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-17-2"  
class="td11">Get information about the content of grid files                                                                                                                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-18-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-18-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/minmax.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37038"></a>         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-18-2"  
class="td11">Report extreme values in table data files                                                                                                                                                                              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-19-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-19-1"  
class="td11">                                                 <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">MISCELLANEOUS</span></div></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-20-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-20-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37039"></a> </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-20-2"  
class="td11">Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) calculator for table data                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-21-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-21-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37040"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-21-2"  
class="td11">Create GMT color palette tables                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-22-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-22-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/spectrum1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spectrum1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37041"></a>   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-22-2"  
class="td11">Compute spectral estimates from time-series                                                                                                                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-23-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-23-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37042"></a>     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-23-2"  
class="td11">Perform optimal Delauney triangulation on xyz data                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-24-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-24-1"  
class="td11">                                      <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">CONVERT OR EXTRACT SUBSETS OF DATA</span></div></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-25-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-25-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/gmt2rgb.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt2rgb</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37043"></a> </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-25-2"  
class="td11">Convert Sun raster or grid file to red, green, blue component grids                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-26-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-26-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37044"></a>   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-26-2"  
class="td11">Convert table data from one format to another                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-27-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-27-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37045"></a>      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-27-2"  
class="td11">Select table data subsets based on multiple spatial criteria                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-28-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-28-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2xyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2xyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37046"></a>         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-28-2"  
class="td11">Convert 2-D gridded data to table data                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-29-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-29-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdcut.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcut</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37047"></a>            </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-29-2"  
class="td11">Cut a sub-region from a grid file                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-30-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-30-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdblend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdblend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37048"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-30-2"  
class="td11">Blend several partially over-lapping grid files onto one grid                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-31-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-31-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdpaste.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdpaste</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37049"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-31-2"  
class="td11">Paste together grid files along common edge                                                                                                                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-32-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-32-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdreformat.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdreformat</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37050"></a>   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-32-2"  
class="td11">Convert from one grid format to another                                                                                                                                                                              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-33-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-33-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/splitxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">splitxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37051"></a>          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-33-2"  
class="td11">Split (<!--l. 161--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>z</mi></math>) table data into several segments     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-34-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-34-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37052"></a>         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-34-2"  
class="td11">Convert table data to 2-D grid file                                                                                                                                                                                        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-35-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-35-1"  
class="td11">                                       <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">DETERMINE TRENDS IN 1-D AND 2-D DATA</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-36-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-36-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/fitcircle.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">fitcircle</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37053"></a>          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-36-2"  
class="td11">Finds best-fitting great or small circles                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-37-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-37-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdtrend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37054"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-37-2"  
class="td11">Fits polynomial trends to grid files (<!--l. 165--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>)         </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-38-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-38-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/trend1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">trend1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37055"></a>          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-38-2"  
class="td11">Fits polynomial or Fourier trends to <!--l. 166--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> series</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-39-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-39-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/trend2d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">trend2d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37056"></a>          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-39-2"  
class="td11">Fits polynomial trends to <!--l. 167--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> series                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-40-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-40-1"  
class="td11">                                          <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">OTHER OPERATIONS ON 2-D GRIDS</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-41-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-41-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37057"></a>          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-41-2"  
class="td11">Make color palette table from grid file                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-42-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-42-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdclip.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdclip</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37058"></a>           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-42-2"  
class="td11">Limit the <!--l. 170--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>&#8211;range in gridded data sets          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-43-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-43-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37059"></a>           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-43-2"  
class="td11">Modify grid header information                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-44-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-44-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37060"></a>              </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-44-2"  
class="td11">Operate on grid files in frequency domain                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-45-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-45-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37061"></a>   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-45-2"  
class="td11">Compute directional gradients from grid files                                                                                                                                                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-46-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-46-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdhisteq.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdhisteq</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37062"></a>       </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-46-2"  
class="td11">Histogram equalization for grid files                                                                                                                                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-47-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-47-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37063"></a> </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-47-2"  
class="td11">Creates mask grid file from coastline database                                                                                                                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-48-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-48-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37064"></a>        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-48-2"  
class="td11">Set grid nodes in/outside a clip path to constants                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-49-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-49-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37065"></a>         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-49-2"  
class="td11">Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) calculator for grid files                                                                                                                                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-50-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-50-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/grdvolume.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvolume</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37066"></a>     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-50-2"  
class="td11">Calculate volume under a surface within a contour                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-51-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-51-1"  
class="td11">                                       <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">MANIPULATING </span><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a><span 
class="ptmb8t-">&#x00A0;POSTSCRIPT FILES</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-52-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-52-1"  
class="td11"><a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-37067"></a>       </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-52-2"  
class="td11">Crop and convert PostScript files to raster images, EPS and PDF                                                                                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-53-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-2-53-1"  
class="td11">           </td></tr></table>
</div>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
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<div class="tabular"><table id="TBL-3" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-3-1g"><col 
id="TBL-3-1" /><col 
id="TBL-3-2" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-1-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-1-1"  
class="td11">                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">STANDARDIZED COMMAND LINE OPTIONS WITH OLD PROJECTION CODES</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-2-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-2-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><!--l. 329--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">xinfo</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">/yinfo</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">/zinfo</span>]][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">WESNZwesnz+</span>][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">:.title:</span>] Tickmarks. Each <span 
class="ptmri8t-">info </span>is</div>
</td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-3-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-3-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">&#x00A0;      [<span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride</span>[<span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">phase</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 329--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>][:"label":][:="prefix":][:,"unit":], where <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p </span>apply to <!--l. 329--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-op">log</mo><!--nolimits--></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> axes only,</div>
</td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-4-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-4-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">&#x00A0;      and type <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>= {<span 
class="ptmb8t-">a, A, f, g, i, I</span>}; unit <span 
class="ptmb8t-">u </span>= {<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c, C, d, D, h, H, K, k, m, M, o, O, r, R, u, U, y, Y</span>}</div>
</td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-5-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-5-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">&#x00A0;      The leading <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><!--l. 329--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">s </span>selects primary [Default] or secondary axis items</div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-6-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">n_headers</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-6-2"  
class="td11">ASCII [input] tables have header record[s]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-7-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>(upper case for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>, lower case for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale</span>)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-7-2"  
class="td11">Map projection                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-8-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JA</span><!--l. 330--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 330--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-8-2"  
class="td11">Lambert azimuthal equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-9-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JB</span><!--l. 331--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 331--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 331--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 331--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-9-2"  
class="td11">Albers conic equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-10-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JC</span><!--l. 332--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 332--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-10-2"  
class="td11">Cassini cylindrical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-11-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JCyl_stere/</span>[<!--l. 333--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 333--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-11-2"  
class="td11">Cylindrical stereographic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-12-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-12-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JD</span><!--l. 334--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 334--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 334--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 334--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-12-2"  
class="td11">Equidistant conic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-13-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-13-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JE</span><!--l. 335--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 335--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-13-2"  
class="td11">Azimuthal equidistant                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-14-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-14-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JF</span><!--l. 336--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 336--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-14-2"  
class="td11">Azimuthal gnomonic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-15-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-15-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JG</span><!--l. 337--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 337--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-15-2"  
class="td11">Azimuthal orthographic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-16-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-16-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JG</span><!--l. 338--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 338--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">alt</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">azim</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">tilt</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">twist</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">W</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">H</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-16-2"  
class="td11">General perspective                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-17-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-17-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JH</span>[<!--l. 339--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-17-2"  
class="td11">Hammer equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-18-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-18-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JI</span>[<!--l. 340--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-18-2"  
class="td11">Sinusoidal equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-19-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-19-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JJ</span>[<!--l. 341--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-19-2"  
class="td11">Miller cylindrical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-20-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-20-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JKf</span>[<!--l. 342--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-20-2"  
class="td11">Eckert IV equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-21-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-21-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JKs</span>[<!--l. 343--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-21-2"  
class="td11">Eckert VI equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-22-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-22-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JL</span><!--l. 344--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 344--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 344--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 344--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-22-2"  
class="td11">Lambert conic conformal                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-23-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-23-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JM</span>[<!--l. 345--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 345--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-23-2"  
class="td11">Mercator cylindrical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-24-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-24-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JN</span>[<!--l. 346--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-24-2"  
class="td11">Robinson                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-25-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-25-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOa</span><!--l. 347--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 347--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">azim</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-25-2"  
class="td11">Oblique Mercator, 1: origin and azimuth                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-26-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-26-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOb</span><!--l. 348--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 348--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 348--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 348--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-26-2"  
class="td11">Oblique Mercator, 2: two points                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-27-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-27-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOc</span><!--l. 349--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 349--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 349--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>p</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 349--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>p</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-27-2"  
class="td11">Oblique Mercator, 3: origin and pole                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-28-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-28-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JP</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">a</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">origin</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-28-2"  
class="td11">Polar [azimuthal] (<!--l. 350--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></math>) (or cylindrical)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-29-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-29-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JPoly</span>[<!--l. 351--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 351--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-29-2"  
class="td11">(American) polyconic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-30-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-30-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JQ</span>[<!--l. 352--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 352--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-30-2"  
class="td11">Equidistant cylindrical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-31-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-31-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JR</span>[<!--l. 353--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-31-2"  
class="td11">Winkel Tripel                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-32-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-32-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JS</span><!--l. 354--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 354--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-32-2"  
class="td11">General stereographic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-33-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-33-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JT</span><!--l. 355--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 355--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-33-2"  
class="td11">Transverse Mercator                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-34-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-34-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JU</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">zone</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-34-2"  
class="td11">Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-35-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-35-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JV</span>[<!--l. 357--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-35-2"  
class="td11">Van der Grinten                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-36-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-36-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JW</span>[<!--l. 358--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-36-2"  
class="td11">Mollweide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-37-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-37-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">exp</span><!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span><!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>][/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">height</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">exp</span><!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span><!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>]][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>]</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-37-2"  
class="td11">Linear, log<!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>, <!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>&#8211;<!--l. 359--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>, and time</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-38-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-38-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JY</span><!--l. 360--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 360--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-38-2"  
class="td11">Cylindrical equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-39-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-39-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-K                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-39-2"  
class="td11">Append more PS later                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-40-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-40-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-O                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-40-2"  
class="td11">This is an overlay plot                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-41-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-41-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-41-2"  
class="td11">Select Portrait orientation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-42-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-42-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">west/east/south/north</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">/zmin/zmax</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-42-2"  
class="td11">Specify Region of interest                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-43-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-43-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U</span>[[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">just</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">dx</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">dy</span>/][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">label</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-43-2"  
class="td11">Plot time-stamp on plot                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-44-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-44-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-44-2"  
class="td11">Run in verbose mode                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-45-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-45-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">a</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">off </span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-45-2"  
class="td11">Shift plot origin in <!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-direction                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-46-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-46-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Y</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">a</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">off </span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-46-2"  
class="td11">Shift plot origin in <!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-direction                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-47-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-47-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">S</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span>][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ncol</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-47-2"  
class="td11">Select binary input or output                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-48-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-48-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-c</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">copies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-48-2"  
class="td11">Set number of plot copies [1]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-49-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-49-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">colinfo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-49-2"  
class="td11">Set formatting of ASCII input or output                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-50-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-50-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+</span>]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">x</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">X</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">y</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">Y</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">gap</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-50-2"  
class="td11">Segment data by detecting gaps                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-51-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-51-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">flag                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-51-2"  
class="td11">Set multi-segment data mode                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-52-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-52-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-:</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 361--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-52-2"  
class="td11">Expect <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>input rather than <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-53-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-3-53-1"  
class="td11">                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </td></tr></table>
</div>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"><table id="TBL-4" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-4-1g"><col 
id="TBL-4-1" /><col 
id="TBL-4-2" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-1-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-1-1"  
class="td11">                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">STANDARDIZED COMMAND LINE OPTIONS (WITH </span><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Proj4</span><a 
 id="dx1-37175"></a> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PROJECTION CODES)</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-2-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-2-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><!--l. 363--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">xinfo</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">/yinfo</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">/zinfo</span>]][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">WESNZwesnz+</span>][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">:.title:</span>] Tickmarks. Each <span 
class="ptmri8t-">info </span>is</div>
</td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-3-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-3-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">&#x00A0;      [<span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride</span>[<span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">phase</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 363--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>][:"label":][:="prefix":][:,"unit":], where <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p </span>apply to <!--l. 363--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-op">log</mo><!--nolimits--></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> axes only,</div>
</td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-4-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-4-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">&#x00A0;      and type <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>= {<span 
class="ptmb8t-">a, A, f, g, i, I</span>}; unit <span 
class="ptmb8t-">u </span>= {<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c, C, d, D, h, H, K, k, m, M, o, O, r, R, u, U, y, Y</span>}</div>
</td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-5-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-5-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;">&#x00A0;      The leading <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><!--l. 363--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">s </span>selects primary [Default] or secondary axis items</div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-6-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">n_headers</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-6-2"  
class="td11">ASCII [input] tables have header record[s]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-7-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>(upper case for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>, lower case for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale</span>)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-7-2"  
class="td11">Map projection                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-8-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jaea/</span><!--l. 364--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 364--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 364--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 364--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-8-2"  
class="td11">Albers conic equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-9-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jaeqd/</span><!--l. 365--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 365--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-9-2"  
class="td11">Azimuthal equidistant                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-10-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jcass/</span><!--l. 366--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 366--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-10-2"  
class="td11">Cassini cylindrical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-11-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jcea/</span><!--l. 367--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 367--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-11-2"  
class="td11">Cylindrical equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-12-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-12-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jcyl_stere/</span>[<!--l. 368--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 368--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-12-2"  
class="td11">Cylindrical stereographic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-13-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-13-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jeqc/</span>[<!--l. 369--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 369--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-13-2"  
class="td11">Equidistant cylindrical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-14-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-14-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jeqdc/</span><!--l. 370--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 370--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 370--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 370--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-14-2"  
class="td11">Equidistant conic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-15-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-15-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jgnom/</span><!--l. 371--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 371--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-15-2"  
class="td11">Azimuthal gnomonic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-16-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-16-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jhammer/</span>[<!--l. 372--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-16-2"  
class="td11">Hammer equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-17-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-17-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jeck4/</span>[<!--l. 373--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-17-2"  
class="td11">Eckert IV equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-18-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-18-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jeck6/</span>[<!--l. 374--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-18-2"  
class="td11">Eckert VI equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-19-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-19-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jlaea/</span><!--l. 375--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 375--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-19-2"  
class="td11">Lambert azimuthal equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-20-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-20-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jlcc/</span><!--l. 376--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 376--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 376--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 376--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-20-2"  
class="td11">Lambert conic conformal                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-21-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-21-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jmerc/</span>[<!--l. 377--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 377--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-21-2"  
class="td11">Mercator cylindrical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-22-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-22-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jmill/</span>[<!--l. 378--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-22-2"  
class="td11">Miller cylindrical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-23-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-23-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jmoll/</span>[<!--l. 379--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-23-2"  
class="td11">Mollweide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-24-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-24-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jnsper/</span><!--l. 380--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 380--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">alt</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">azim</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">tilt</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">twist</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">W</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">H</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-24-2"  
class="td11">General perspective                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-25-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-25-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jomerc/</span><!--l. 381--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 381--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">azim</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-25-2"  
class="td11">Oblique Mercator, 1: origin and azimuth                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-26-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-26-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jomerc/</span><!--l. 382--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 382--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 382--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 382--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-26-2"  
class="td11">Oblique Mercator, 2: two points                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-27-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-27-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jomercp/</span><!--l. 383--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 383--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 383--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>p</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 383--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>p</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-27-2"  
class="td11">Oblique Mercator, 3: origin and pole                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-28-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-28-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jortho/</span><!--l. 384--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 384--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-28-2"  
class="td11">Azimuthal orthographic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-29-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-29-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jpolar/</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">a</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">origin</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-29-2"  
class="td11">Polar [azimuthal] (<!--l. 385--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></math>) (or cylindrical)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-30-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-30-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jpoly</span>[<!--l. 386--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 386--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-30-2"  
class="td11">(American) polyconic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-31-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-31-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jrobin/</span>[<!--l. 387--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-31-2"  
class="td11">Robinson                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-32-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-32-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jsinu/</span>[<!--l. 388--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-32-2"  
class="td11">Sinusoidal equal area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-33-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-33-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jstere/</span><!--l. 389--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/<!--l. 389--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">horizon</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-33-2"  
class="td11">General stereographic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-34-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-34-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jtmerc/</span><!--l. 390--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/[<!--l. 390--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-34-2"  
class="td11">Transverse Mercator                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-35-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-35-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jutm/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">zone</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-35-2"  
class="td11">Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-36-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-36-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jvandg/</span>[<!--l. 392--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-36-2"  
class="td11">Van der Grinten                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-37-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-37-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jwintri/</span>[<!--l. 393--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>o</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-37-2"  
class="td11">Winkel Tripel                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-38-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-38-1"  
class="td11">&#x00A0;      <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jxy/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">xscale</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">exp</span><!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span><!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>][/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">yscale</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">exp</span><!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span><!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>]][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>]</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-38-2"  
class="td11">Linear, log<!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>, <!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>a</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>&#8211;<!--l. 394--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>, and time</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-39-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-39-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-K                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-39-2"  
class="td11">Append more PS later                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-40-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-40-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-O                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-40-2"  
class="td11">This is an overlay plot                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-41-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-41-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-41-2"  
class="td11">Select Portrait orientation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-42-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-42-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">west/east/south/north</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">/zmin/zmax</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-42-2"  
class="td11">Specify Region of interest                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-43-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-43-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U</span>[[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">just</span>]/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">dx</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">dy</span>/][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">label</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-43-2"  
class="td11">Plot time-stamp on plot                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-44-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-44-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-44-2"  
class="td11">Run in verbose mode                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-45-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-45-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">a</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">off </span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-45-2"  
class="td11">Shift plot origin in <!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-direction                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-46-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-46-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Y</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">a</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">off </span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-46-2"  
class="td11">Shift plot origin in <!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-direction                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-47-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-47-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">S</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span>][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ncol</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-47-2"  
class="td11">Select binary input or output                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-48-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-48-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-c</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">copies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-48-2"  
class="td11">Set number of plot copies [1]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-49-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-49-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">colinfo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-49-2"  
class="td11">Set formatting of ASCII input or output                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-50-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-50-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+</span>]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">x</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">X</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">y</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">Y</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">gap</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-50-2"  
class="td11">Segment data by detecting gaps                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-51-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-51-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">flag                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-51-2"  
class="td11">Set multi-segment data mode                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-52-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-52-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-:</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 395--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-52-2"  
class="td11">Expect <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>input rather than <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-53-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-4-53-1"  
class="td11">                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          </td></tr></table>
</div>
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</div>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;4</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-380004"></a>General features</h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >This section explains features common to all the programs in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;and summarizes the philosophy behind the
system. Some of the features described here may make more sense once you reach the cook-book section where we
present actual examples of their use.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-390004.1"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;units</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-39001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-39002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-39003"></a>
<!--l. 23--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs can accept dimensional quantities in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>m, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>nch, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>eter, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>oint (1/72 of an
inch)<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn9x4" id="fn9x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">9</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-39004f9"></a>.
There are two ways to ensure that <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;understands which unit you intend to use.
</p><!--l. 29--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-39006x1">Append the desired unit to the dimension you supply. This way is explicit and clearly communicates
   what you intend, e.g., <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X</span>4<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c </span>means the length being passed to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X </span>switch is 4 cm.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-39008x2">Set the parameter <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MEASURE_UNIT </span>to the desired unit. Then, all dimensions without explicit unit
   will be interpreted accordingly.
   </li></ol>
<!--l. 39--><p class="indent" >   The latter method is less secure as other users may have a different unit set and your script may not work as
intended. We therefore recommend you always supply the desired unit explicitly. <a 
 id="dx1-39009"></a><a 
 id="dx1-39010"></a> <a 
 id="dx1-39011"></a>
</p><!--l. 46--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-400004.2"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;defaults</h3>
<!--l. 48--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-410004.2.1"></a>Overview and the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>&#x00A0;file</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-41001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-41002"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-41003r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 53--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_Defaults_1a.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.1: </span><span  
class="content">Some <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;parameters that affect plot appearance.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-41003r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 56--><p class="indent" >   There are about 100 parameters which can be adjusted individually to modify the appearance of
plots or affect the manipulation of data. When a program is run, it initializes all parameters to the
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;defaults<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn10x4" id="fn10x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">10</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-41004f10"></a>, then tries to open the file
<span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> in the current directory<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn11x4" id="fn11x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">11</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-41005f11"></a>.
If not found, it will look for that file in a sub-directory <span class="underline">/&#x0303;.gmt</span> of your home directory, and finally in your home
directory itself. If successful, the program will read the contents and set the default values to those provided in the
file. By editing this file you can affect features such as pen thicknesses used for maps, fonts and font sizes used for
annotations and labels, color of the pens, dots-per-inch resolution of the hardcopy device, what type of spline
interpolant to use, and many other choices (A complete list of all the parameters and their default values can be
found in the <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-41006"></a> manual pages). Figures <a 
href="#x1-410004.2.1">4.2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_Defaults_1a --></a>, <a 
href="#x1-41012r2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_Defaults_1b --></a>, and <a 
href="#x1-42013r3">4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_Defaults_1c --></a> show the parameters that affect plots). You
may create your own <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> files by running <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-41007"></a> and then modify those parameters you
want to change. If you want to use the parameter settings in another file you can do so by specifying
<span 
class="pcrr8t-">+&#x003C;defaultfile&#x003E; </span>on the command line. This makes it easy to maintain several distinct parameter
settings, corresponding perhaps to the unique styles required by different journals or simply reflecting
font changes necessary to make readable overheads and slides. Note that any arguments given on the
command line (see below) will take precedent over the default values. E.g., if your <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>
file has <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>offset = 1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i </span>as default, the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X</span>1.5<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i </span>option will override the default and set the offset to 1.5
inches.
</p><!--l. 87--><p class="indent" >   There are at least two good reasons why the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;default options are placed in a separate parameter
file:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-41009x1">It would not be practical to allow for command-line syntax covering so many options, many of which
   are rarely or never changed (such as the ellipsoid used for map projections).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-41011x2">It is convenient to keep separate <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> files for specific projects, so that one may achieve a
   special effect simply by running <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;commands in the directory whose <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file has the
   desired  settings.  For  example,  when  making  final  illustrations  for  a  journal  article  one  must  often
   standardize on font sizes and font types, etc. Keeping all those settings in a separate <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file
   simplifies this process and will allow you to generate those illustrations with the same settings later
   on. Likewise, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;scripts that make figures for PowerPoint presentations often use a different color
   scheme and font size than output intended for laser printers. Organizing these various scenarios into
   separate <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> files will minimize headaches associated with micro-editing of illustrations.
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
><a 
 id="x1-41012r2"></a><img 
src="images/GMT_Defaults_1b.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> <div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.2: </span><span  
class="content">More <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;parameters that affect plot appearance.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-41012r2 -->
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   </li></ol>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-420004.2.2"></a>Changing <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;defaults</h4>
<!--l. 115--><p class="noindent" >As mentioned, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs will attempt to open a file named <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>. At times it may be desirable to
override that default. There are several ways in which this can be accomplished.
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-42002x1">Supply  another  filename  using  the  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">+filename  </span>syntax,  i.e.,  on  the  same  command  line  as  the
   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;command we append the name of the alternate <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file with the plus sign as a prefix.
   Because any changes only apply to that one command you would have to append the alternate file to
   every command in your script. This is tedious but may be an option for situations when you cannot
   write in the current directory (e.g., some CGI scripts).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-42004x2">A perhaps less tedious method is to start each script by making a copy of the current <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>,
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   then copy the desired <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file to the current directory, and finally undo the changes at the end
   of the script. Possible side effects include premature ending of the script due to user error or bugs which
   means the final resetting does not take place (unless you write your script very carefully.)
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-42006x3">To permanently change some of the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;parameters on the fly inside a script the <a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-42007"></a> utility can
   be used. E.g., to change the primary annotation font to 12 point Times-Bold we run <br 
class="newline" />
   <!--l. 137--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="pcrr8t-">gmtset ANNOT_FONT_PRIMARY Times-Bold ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY 12</span><br 
class="newline" />
   </p><!--l. 139--><p class="noindent" >These changes will remain in effect until they are overridden.
   </p></li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-42009x4">If all you want to achieve is to change a few parameters during the execution of a single command but
   otherwise leave the environment intact, consider passing the parameter changes on the command line
   via the &#8211;&#8211;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PAR=value </span>mechanism. For instance, to temporarily set the output format for floating points
   to have lots of decimals, say, for map projection coordinate output, append &#8211;&#8211;<span 
class="ptmb8t-">D_FORMAT</span>=%.12lg to
   the command in question.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-42011x5">Finally,  since  version  4.2.2  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides  to  possibility  to  override  the  settings  only  during  the
   running of a single script, reverting to the original settings after the script is run, as if the script was run
   in &#8220;isolation&#8221;. The isolation mode is discussed in Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-261000P.1">P.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:isolationmode --></a>.</li></ol>
<!--l. 148--><p class="noindent" >In addition to those parameters that directly affect the plot there are numerous parameters than modify units, scales,
etc. For a complete listing, see the <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-42012"></a> man pages. We suggest that you go through all the
available parameters at least once so that you know what is available to change via one of the described
mechanisms.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-42013r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 155--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_Defaults_1c.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.3: </span><span  
class="content">Even more <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;parameters that affect plot appearance.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-42013r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 157--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Note: </span>All examples presented in this document started by copying the file <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4.doc</span> from the
directory <span class="underline">doc/scripts</span> to <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>. As a result the commands <a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-42014"></a> of other scripts were overall,
reverting to a &#8220;virgin&#8221; of parameters set in <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4.doc</span>. The graphs in Chapter&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1280007">7<!--tex4ht:ref: ch:7 --></a> were created
using <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4.doc</span> from the directory <span class="underline">examples</span> after which the graphs were scaled down by
50%.
<a 
 id="dx1-42015"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-42016"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-430004.3"></a>Command line arguments</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-43001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-43002"></a>
<!--l. 171--><p class="noindent" >Each program requires certain arguments specific to its operation. These are explained in the manual pages and in
the usage messages. Most programs are &#8220;case-sensitive&#8221;; almost all options must start with an upper-case
letter. We have tried to choose letters of the alphabet which stand for the argument so that they will
be easy to remember. Each argument specification begins with a hyphen (except input file names;
see below), followed by a letter, and sometimes a number or character string immediately after the
letter. <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Do not </span>space between the hyphen, letter, and number or string. <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Do </span>space between options.
Example:
</p><!--l. 184--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">pscoast -R0/20/0/20 -Ggray -JM6i -Wthin -B5 -V -P</span>
<!--l. 184--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-">map.ps</span>
</p><!--l. 186--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-440004.4"></a>Standardized command line options</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-44001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44002"></a>
<!--l. 191--><p class="noindent" >Most of the programs take many of the same arguments like those related to setting the data region, the map
projection, etc. The 17 switches in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-44021r1">4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:switches --></a> have the same meaning in all the programs (although some programs
may not use all of them). These options will be described here as well as in the manual pages, as is vital that you
understand how to use these options. We will present these options in order of importance (some are use a lot more
than others).
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 200--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-44021r1"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-44003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44011"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44012"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44013"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44014"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44015"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44016"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44017"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44018"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44019"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-44020"></a>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-5" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-5-1g"><col 
id="TBL-5-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-5-2g"><col 
id="TBL-5-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-1-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Option</span></div></td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-1-2"  
class="td11">                   <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Meaning</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-2-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-2-2"  
class="td11">Defines tickmarks, annotations, and labels for basemaps and axes</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-3-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-3-2"  
class="td11">Specifies that input/output tables have header record(s)                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-4-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-4-2"  
class="td11">Selects a map projection or coordinate transformation                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-5-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-K   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-5-2"  
class="td11">Allows more plot code to be appended to this plot later                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-6-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-O   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-6-2"  
class="td11">Allows this plot code to be appended to an existing plot                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-7-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-7-2"  
class="td11">Selects Portrait plot orientation [Default is landscape]                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-8-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-8-2"  
class="td11">Defines the extent of the map/plot region                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-9-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-9-2"  
class="td11">Plots a time-stamp, by default in the lower left corner of page      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-10-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-10-2"  
class="td11">Selects verbose operation; reporting on progress                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-11-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-11-2"  
class="td11">Sets the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-coordinate for the plot origin on the page                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-12-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-12-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Y   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-12-2"  
class="td11">Sets the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-coordinate for the plot origin on the page                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-13-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-13-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-13-2"  
class="td11">Selects binary input and/or output                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-14-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-14-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-c   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-14-2"  
class="td11">Specifies the number of plot copies                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-15-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-15-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-15-2"  
class="td11">Specifies the data format on a per column basis                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-16-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-16-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-16-2"  
class="td11">Identify data gaps based on supplied criteria                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-17-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-17-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-17-2"  
class="td11">Specifies data in multiple segment format                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-18-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-18-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-:   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-18-2"  
class="td11">Assumes input geographic data are (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">lat,lon</span>) and not (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">lon,lat</span>)        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-5-19-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-5-19-1"  
class="td11">     </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.1: </span><span  
class="content">The 17 standardized <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;command line switches.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-44021r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-450004.4.1"></a>Data domain or map region: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-45001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-45002"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-45003r4"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 249--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-R.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.4: </span><span  
class="content">The plot region can be specified in two different ways. (a) Extreme values for each dimension,
or (b) coordinates of lower left and upper right corners.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-45003r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 251--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option defines the map region or data domain of interest. It may be specified in one of three ways
(Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-45003r4">4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-R --></a>):
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-45005x1"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">xmin</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">xmax</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ymin</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ymax</span>. This is the standard way to specify Cartesian data domains and geographical
   regions when using map projections where meridians and parallels are rectilinear.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-45007x2"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">xlleft</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ylleft</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">xuright</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">yuright</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>.  This  form  is  used  with  map  projections  that  are  oblique,  making
   meridians and parallels poor choices for map boundaries. Here, we instead specify the lower left corner
   and upper right corner geographic coordinates, followed by the suffix <span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-45009x3"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">gridfile</span>. This will copy the domain settings found for the grid in specified file. Note that depending
   on the nature of the calling program, this mechanism will also set grid spacing and possibly the grid
   registration (see Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-189000B.2.2">B.2.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:node_registration --></a>).</li></ol>
<!--l. 265--><p class="noindent" >For rectilinear projections the first two forms give identical results. Depending on the selected map projection (or the
kind of expected input data), the boundary coordinates may take on three different formats:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Geographic coordinates:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">These          are          longitudes          and          latitudes          and          may
   be         given         in         decimal         degrees         (e.g.,         -123.45417)         or         in         the
   [<span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ddd</span>[:<span 
class="ptmri8t-">mm</span>[:<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ss</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">.xxx</span>]]][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">W</span><!--l. 272--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">E</span><!--l. 272--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">S</span><!--l. 272--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">N</span>]
   format (e.g., 123:27:15W). Note that <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rg </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rd </span>are shorthands for &#8220;global domain&#8221; <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">0</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">360</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">-90</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">90</span>
   and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">-180</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">180</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">-90</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">90</span>, respectively.
   <!--l. 277--><p class="noindent" >When used in conjunction with the Cartesian Linear Transformation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>) &#8212;which can
   be used to map floating point data, geographical coordinates, as well as time coordinates&#8212; it is
   prudent to indicate that you are using geographical coordinates in one of the following ways:
   </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">Use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rg </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rd </span>to indicate the global domain.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rg</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">xmin</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">xmax</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ymin</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ymax </span>to indicate a limited geographic domain.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Add <span 
class="ptmb8t-">W</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">E</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">S</span>, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">N </span>to the coordinate limits or add the generic <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">G</span>. Example: <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">0</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">360G</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">-90</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">90N</span>.</li></ul>
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Calendar time coordinates:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">These are absolute time coordinates referring to a Gregorian or ISO calendar. The
   general format is [<span 
class="ptmri8t-">date</span>]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock</span>], where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">date </span>must be in the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yyyy</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">-mm</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">-dd</span>]] (year, month, day-of-month) or
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yyyy</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">-jjj</span>] (year and day-of-year) for Gregorian calendars and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yyyy</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">-</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">W</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ww</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">-d</span>]] (year, week, and day-of-week)
   for the ISO calendar. If no <span 
class="ptmri8t-">date </span>is given we assume the current day. Following the [optional] <span 
class="ptmri8t-">date </span>string we
   require the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">T </span>flag.
   <!--l. 295--><p class="noindent" >The optional <span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock </span>string is a 24-hour clock in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">hh</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">:mm</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">:ss</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">.xxx</span>]]] format. If no <span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock </span>is given it implies
   00:00:00, i.e., the start of the specified day. Note that not all of the specified entities need be present in
   the data. All calendar date-clock strings are internally represented as double precision seconds
   since proleptic Gregorian date Mon Jan 1 00:00:00 0001. Proleptic means we assume that the
   modern calendar can be extrapolated forward and backward; a year zero is used, and Gregory&#8217;s
   reforms<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn12x4" id="fn12x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">12</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-45010f12"></a>
   are extrapolated backward. Note that this is not historical.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Relative time coordinates:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">These are coordinates which count seconds, hours, days or years relative to a
   given epoch. A combination of the parameters <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_EPOCH </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_UNIT </span>define the
   epoch and time unit. The parameter <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_SYSTEM </span>provides a few shorthands for common
   combinations of epoch and unit, like <span 
class="ptmb8t-">j2000 </span>for days since noon of 1 Jan 2000. Denote relative
   time coordinates by appending the optional lower case <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>after the value. When it is otherwise
   apparent that the coordinate is relative time (for example by using the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>switch), the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>can be
   omitted.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Other coordinates:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">These are simply any coordinates that are not related to geographic or
   calendar time or relative time and are expected to be simple floating point values such as
   [<span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">xxx.xxx</span>[E<!--l. 321--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>e<!--l. 321--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>D<!--l. 321--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>d[<span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>]xx],
   i.e., regular or exponential notations, with the enhancement to understand FORTRAN double precision output
   which may use D instead of E for exponents. These values are simply converted as they are to internal
   representation.<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn13x4" id="fn13x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">13</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-45011f13"></a></dd></dl>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-460004.4.2"></a>Coordinate transformations and map projections: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-46001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-46002"></a>
<!--l. 332--><p class="noindent" >This option selects the coordinate transformation or map projection. The general format is </p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J</span><!--l. 334--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B4;</mi></math>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">parameters</span>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale</span>.
   Here, <!--l. 334--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B4;</mi></math>
   is a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">lower-case </span>letter of the alphabet that selects a particular map projection, the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">parameters </span>is zero or
   more slash-delimited projection parameter, and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale </span>is map scale given in distance units per degree or
   as 1:xxxxx.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J</span><!--l. 338--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x0394;</mi></math>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">parameters</span>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>.
   Here, <!--l. 338--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x0394;</mi></math>
   is an <span 
class="ptmri8t-">upper-case </span>letter of the alphabet that selects a particular map projection, the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">parameters </span>is zero
   or more slash-delimited projection parameter, and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width </span>is map width (map height is automatically
   computed from the implied map scale and region).</li></ul>
<!--l. 343--><p class="noindent" >Since <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;version 4.3.0, there is an alternative way to specify the projections: use the same abbreviation as in the
mapping package <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Proj4</span><a 
 id="dx1-46003"></a>. The options thus either look like: </p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jabbrev/</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">parameters</span>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale</span>. Here, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">abbrev </span>is a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">lower-case </span>abbreviation that selects a particular
   map projection, the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">parameters </span>is zero or more slash-delimited projection parameter, and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale </span>is map
   scale given in distance units per degree or as 1:xxxxx.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JAbbrev/</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">parameters</span>/]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>. Here, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Abbrev </span>is an <span 
class="ptmri8t-">capitalized </span>abbreviation that selects a particular
   map projection, the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">parameters </span>is zero or more slash-delimited projection parameter, and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width </span>is map
   width (map height is automatically computed from the implied map scale and region).</li></ul>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-46004r5"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 354--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-J.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.5: </span><span  
class="content">The 30+ map projections and coordinate transformations available in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-46004r5 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 356--><p class="indent" >   The projections available in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;are presented in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-46004r5">4.5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-J --></a>. For details on all <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;projections and the
required parameters, see the <a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-46005"></a> man page. We will also show examples of every projection in the next
Chapters, and a quick summary of projection syntax was given in Chapter&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-350003">3<!--tex4ht:ref: ch:3 --></a>.
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-470004.4.3"></a>Map frame and axes annotations: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-47001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-47002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-47003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-47004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-47005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-47006"></a>
<!--l. 369--><p class="noindent" >This is by far the most complicated option in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>, but most examples of its usage are actually quite simple. Given as
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><!--l. 371--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">xinfo</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">yinfo</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">zinfo</span>]][:."title
string":][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">W</span><!--l. 372--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">w</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">E</span><!--l. 372--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">e</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">S</span><!--l. 372--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">N</span><!--l. 372--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Z</span><!--l. 372--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">z</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+</span>]],
this switch specifies map boundaries (or plot axes) to be plotted by using the selected information. The
optional flag following <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B </span>selects <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>(rimary) [Default] or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>(econdary) axes information (mostly used for
time axes annotations; see examples below). The components <span 
class="ptmri8t-">xinfo</span>, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yinfo </span>and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">zinfo </span>are of the form
<br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 378--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">info</span>[:"axis label":][:="prefix":][:,"unit label":] <br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 380--><p class="noindent" >where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">info </span>is one or more concatenated substrings of the form [<span 
class="ptmb8t-">t</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride</span>[<span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">phase</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">u</span>]. The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>flag sets the axis item of
interest; the available items are listed in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-47008r2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:inttype --></a>. By default, all 4 map boundaries (or plot axes) are plotted
(denoted <span 
class="ptmb8t-">W</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">E</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">S</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">N</span>). To change this selection, append the codes for those you want (e.g., <span 
class="ptmb8t-">WSn</span>). Upper case (e.g.,
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">W</span>) will annotate in addition to draw axis/tick-marks. The title, if given, will appear centered above the
plot<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn14x4" id="fn14x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">14</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-47007f14"></a>.
Unit label or prefix may start with a leading &#8211; to suppress the space between it and the annotation. Normally,
equidistant annotations occur at multiples of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride</span>; you can phase-shift this by appending <span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">phase</span>.
</p><div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 391--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-47008r2"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-6" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-6-1g"><col 
id="TBL-6-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-6-2g"><col 
id="TBL-6-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-6-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-1-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Flag</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-1-2"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Description                   </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-6-2-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-2-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">a   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-2-2"  
class="td11">Annotation tick spacing</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-6-3-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-3-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">f    </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-3-2"  
class="td11">Frame tick spacing        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-6-4-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-4-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">g   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-4-2"  
class="td11">Grid tick spacing           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-6-5-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-6-5-1"  
class="td11">    </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.2: </span><span  
class="content">Interval type codes.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-47008r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 402--><p class="noindent" >Note that the appearance of certain time annotations (month-, week-, and day-names) may be affected by
the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_LANGUAGE</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY</span>, and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_FORMAT_SECONDARY</span>
settings.
</p><!--l. 406--><p class="indent" >   The unit flag <span 
class="ptmb8t-">u </span>can take on one of 18 codes; these are listed in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-47009r3">4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:units --></a>. Almost all of these units are time-axis
specific. However, the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c </span>units will be interpreted as arc minutes and arc seconds, respectively, when a map
projection is in effect.
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 410--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-47009r3"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-7" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-7-1g"><col 
id="TBL-7-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-7-2g"><col 
id="TBL-7-2" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-7-3g"><col 
id="TBL-7-3" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-1-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Flag</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-1-2"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Unit                  </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-1-3"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Description                                                                                                  </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-2-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-2-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Y   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-2-2"  
class="td11">year                   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-2-3"  
class="td11">Plot using all 4 digits                                                                                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-3-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-3-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">y   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-3-2"  
class="td11">year                   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-3-3"  
class="td11">Plot using last 2 digits                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-4-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-4-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">O   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-4-2"  
class="td11">month               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-4-3"  
class="td11">Format annotation using <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT                                  </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-5-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-5-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">o   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-5-2"  
class="td11">month               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-5-3"  
class="td11">Plot as 2-digit integer (1&#8211;12)                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-6-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-6-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">U   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-6-2"  
class="td11">ISO week          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-6-3"  
class="td11">Format annotation using <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT                                  </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-7-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-7-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">u   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-7-2"  
class="td11">ISO week          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-7-3"  
class="td11">Plot as 2-digit integer (1&#8211;53)                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-8-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-8-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">r   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-8-2"  
class="td11">Gregorian week</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-8-3"  
class="td11">7-day stride from start of week (see <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_WEEK_START</span>)                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-9-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-9-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">K   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-9-2"  
class="td11">ISO weekday    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-9-3"  
class="td11">Plot name of weekday in selected language                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-10-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-10-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">k   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-10-2"  
class="td11">weekday           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-10-3"  
class="td11">Plot number of day in the week (1-7) (see <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_WEEK_START</span>)        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-11-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-11-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-11-2"  
class="td11">date                   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-11-3"  
class="td11">Format annotation using <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT                                  </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-12-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-12-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-12-2"  
class="td11">day                    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-12-3"  
class="td11">Plot day of month (1&#8211;31) or day of year (1&#8211;366)                                        </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-13-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-13-1"  
class="td11">    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-13-2"  
class="td11">           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-13-3"  
class="td11">(see <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT                                                                   </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-14-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-14-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">R   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-14-2"  
class="td11">day                    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-14-3"  
class="td11">Same as <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>; annotations aligned with week (see <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_WEEK_START</span>)</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-15-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-15-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">H   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-15-2"  
class="td11">hour                  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-15-3"  
class="td11">Format annotation using <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT                              </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-16-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-16-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">h   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-16-2"  
class="td11">hour                  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-16-3"  
class="td11">Plot as 2-digit integer (0&#8211;24)                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-17-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-17-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">M  </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-17-2"  
class="td11">minute              </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-17-3"  
class="td11">Format annotation using <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT                              </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-18-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-18-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-18-2"  
class="td11">minute              </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-18-3"  
class="td11">Plot as 2-digit integer (0&#8211;60)                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-19-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-19-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">C   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-19-2"  
class="td11">seconds             </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-19-3"  
class="td11">Format annotation using <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT                              </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-20-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-20-1"  
class="td11"> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-20-2"  
class="td11">seconds             </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-20-3"  
class="td11">Plot as 2-digit integer (0&#8211;60)                                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-7-21-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-7-21-1"  
class="td11">    </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.3: </span><span  
class="content">Interval unit codes.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-47009r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 438--><p class="indent" >   There may be two levels of annotations. Here, &#8220;primary&#8221; refers to the annotation that is closest to the
axis (this is the primary annotation), while &#8220;secondary&#8221; refers to the secondary annotation that is
plotted further from the axis. The examples below will clarify what is meant. Note that the terms
&#8220;primary&#8221; and &#8220;secondary&#8221; do not reflect any hierarchical order of units: The &#8220;primary&#8221; annotation
interval is usually smaller (e.g., days) while the &#8220;secondary&#8221; annotation interval typically is larger (e.g.,
months).
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-480004.4.3"></a>Geographic basemaps</h5>
<!--l. 447--><p class="noindent" >Geographic basemaps may differ from regular plot axis in that some projections support a &#8220;fancy&#8221; form of axis and
is selected by the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">BASEMAP_TYPE </span>setting. The annotations will be formatted according to the
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT </span>template and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">DEGREE_SYMBOL </span>setting. A simple example of part of a basemap
is shown in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-48001r6">4.6<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-B_geo_1 --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-48001r6"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 454--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_geo_1.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.6: </span><span  
class="content">Geographic map border using separate selections for annotation, frame, and grid intervals.
Formatting  of  the  annotation  is  controlled  by  the  parameter  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT  </span>in  your
<span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-48001r6 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 456--><p class="indent" >   The machinery for primary and secondary annotations introduced for time-series axes can also be utilized for
geographic basemaps. This may be used to separate degree annotations from minutes- and seconds-annotations.
For a more complicated basemap example using several sets of intervals, including different intervals and pen
attributes for grid lines and grid crosses, see Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-48002r7">4.7<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-B_geo_2 --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-48002r7"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 462--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_geo_2.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.7: </span><span  
class="content">Geographic map border with both primary (P) and secondary (S) components.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-48002r7 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-490004.4.3"></a>Cartesian linear axes</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-49001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-49002"></a>
<!--l. 469--><p class="noindent" >For non-geographic axes, the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">BASEMAP_TYPE </span>setting is implicitly set to plain. Other than that, cartesian linear
axes are very similar to geographic axes. The annotation format may be controlled with the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D_FORMAT</span>
parameter. By default, it is set to &#8220;%g&#8221;, which is a C language format statement for floating point
numbers<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn15x4" id="fn15x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">15</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-49003f15"></a>,
and with this setting the various axis routines will automatically determine how many decimal points should be
used by inspecting the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride </span>settings. If <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D_FORMAT </span>is set to another format it will be used directly (.e.g, &#8220;%.2f&#8221;
for a fixed, two decimals format). Note that for these axes you may use the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">unit </span>setting to add a unit string to each
annotation (see Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-49004r8">4.8<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-B_linear --></a>).
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-49004r8"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 481--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_linear.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br />    </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.8:       </span><span  
class="content">Linear       Cartesian       projection       axis.       Long       tickmarks       accompany
annotations, shorter ticks indicate frame interval. The axis label is optional. We used <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>0/12/0/1 <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>3/0.4
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>4<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>1:Frequency::,%:.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-49004r8 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-500004.4.3"></a>Cartesian log<!--l. 483--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
axes</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-50001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-50002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-50003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-50004"></a>
<!--l. 489--><p class="noindent" >Due to the logarithmic nature of annotation spacings, the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride </span>parameter takes on specific meanings. The
following concerns are specific to log axes:
</p><!--l. 492--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-50006x1"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride </span>must be 1, 2, 3, or a negative integer <!--l. 493--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mi 
>n</mi></math>.
   Annotations/ticks will then occur at 1, 1&#8211;2&#8211;5, or 1,2,3,4,...,9, respectively, for each magnitude range.
   For <!--l. 495--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mi 
>n</mi></math>
   the annotations will take place every <span 
class="ptmri8t-">n</span>&#8217;th magnitude.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-50008x2">Append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l </span>to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride</span>. Then, log<!--l. 497--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
   of the annotation is plotted at every integer log<!--l. 498--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
   value (e.g., <!--l. 498--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></math>
   will be annotated as &#8220;2&#8221;) [Default annotates <!--l. 499--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
   as is].
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-50010x3">Append        <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p        </span>to        <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride</span>.        Then,        annotations        appear        as        10        raised        to
   log<!--l. 502--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
   of the value (e.g., <!--l. 502--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup 
></math>).
   </li></ol>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-50011r9"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 514--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_log.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.9:   </span><span  
class="content">Logarithmic   projection   axis   using   separate   values   for   annotation,   frame,   and   grid
intervals.   (top)   Here,   we   have   chosen   to   annotate   the   actual   values.   Interval   =   1   means   every
whole  power  of  10,  2  means  1,  2,  5  times  powers  of  10,  and  3  means  every  0.1  times  powers
of  10.  We  used  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>1/1000/0/1  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>3l/0.4  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>3.  (middle)  Here,  we  have  chosen  to  annotate
log<!--l. 514--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
of    the    actual    values,    with    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>3<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span>.    (bottom)    We    annotate    every    power    of    10    using
log<!--l. 514--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
of the actual values as exponents, with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>3<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-50011r9 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-50012"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-50013"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-50014"></a>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-510004.4.3"></a>Cartesian exponential axes</h5>
<!--l. 520--><p class="noindent" >Normally, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride </span>will be used to create equidistant (in the user&#8217;s unit) annotations or ticks, but because of the
exponential nature of the axis, such annotations may converge on each other at one end of the axis. To avoid this
problem, you can append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p </span>to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride</span>, and the annotation interval is expected to be in transformed units, yet the
annotation itself will be plotted as un-transformed units. E.g., if <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stride </span>= 1 and power = 0.5 (i.e., sqrt), then
equidistant annotations labeled 1, 4, 9, ... will appear.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-51001r10"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 532--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_pow.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.10:   </span><span  
class="content">Exponential   or   power   projection   axis.   (top)   Using   an   exponent   of   0.5   yields   a
<!--l. 532--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msqrt><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msqrt></math>
axis. Here, intervals refer to actual data values, in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>0/100/0/1 <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>3<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>0.5/0.4&#x00A0;<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>20<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>10<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>5. (bottom) Here,
intervals refer to projected values, although the annotation uses the corresponding unprojected values, as
in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ba</span>3<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>2<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-51001r10 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-51002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-51003"></a>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-520004.4.3"></a>Cartesian time axes</h5>
<!--l. 538--><p class="noindent" >What sets time axis apart from the other kinds of plot axes is the numerous ways in which we may want to tick and
annotate the axis. Not only do we have both primary and secondary annotation items but we also have interval
annotations versus tickmark annotations, numerous time units, and several ways in which to modify the plot. We
will demonstrate this flexibility with a series of examples. While all our examples will only show a single
<!--l. 542--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-axis,
time-axis is supported for all axes.
</p><!--l. 544--><p class="indent" >   Our first example shows a time period of almost two months in Spring 2000. We want to annotate the month
intervals as well as the date at the start of each week:
</p><!--l. 547--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+9p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R2000-4-1T/2000-5-25T/0/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX5/0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa7Rf1d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bsa1OS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time1.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 549--><p class="indent" >   These commands result in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52001r11">4.11<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-B_time1 --></a>. Note the leading hyphen in the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT </span>removes
leading zeros from calendar items (e.g., 02 becomes 2). </p><hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-52001r11"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 551--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_time1.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.11: </span><span  
class="content">Cartesian time axis, example 1.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-52001r11 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 553--><p class="indent" >   The next example shows two different ways to annotate an axis portraying 2 days in July 1969:
</p><!--l. 555--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dd~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;hh:mm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+9p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R1969-7-21T/1969-7-23T/0/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX5/0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa6Hf1h</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bsa1KS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time2.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa6Hf1h</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bsa1DS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y0.65i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time2.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 557--><p class="indent" >   The lower example (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52002r12">4.12<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-B_time2 --></a>) chooses to annotate the weekdays (by specifying <span 
class="ptmb8t-">a</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">K</span>) while the upper
example choses dates (by specifying <span 
class="ptmb8t-">a</span>1<span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span>). Note how the clock format only selects hours and minutes (no
seconds) and the date format selects a month name, followed by one space and a two-digit day-of-month
number.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-52002r12"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 562--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_time2.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.12: </span><span  
class="content">Cartesian time axis, example 2.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-52002r12 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 564--><p class="indent" >   The third example presents two years, annotating both the years and every 3rd month.
</p><!--l. 566--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Character</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+9p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R1997T/1999T/0/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX5/0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa3Of1o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bsa1YS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time3.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 568--><p class="indent" >   Note that while the year annotation is centered on the 1-year interval, the month annotations must be centered
on the corresponding month and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">not </span>the 3-month interval. The <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT </span>selects month name only
and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY </span>selects the 1-character, upper case abbreviation of month names using the
current language (selected by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_LANGUAGE</span>). </p><hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-52003r13"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 572--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_time3.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.13: </span><span  
class="content">Cartesian time axis, example 3.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-52003r13 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 574--><p class="indent" >   The fourth example (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52004r14">4.14<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-B_time4 --></a>) only shows a few hours of a day, using relative time by specifying <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>in the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>
option while the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_UNIT </span>is <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d </span>(for days). We select both primary and secondary annotations, ask for a
12-hour clock, and let time go from right to left:
</p><!--l. 579--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-hham</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+9p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0.2t/0.35t/0/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX-5/0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa15mf5m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bsa1HS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time4.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-52004r14"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 580--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_time4.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.14: </span><span  
class="content">Cartesian time axis, example 4.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-52004r14 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 582--><p class="indent" >   The fifth example shows a few weeks of time (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-52005r15">4.15<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-B_time5 --></a>). The lower axis shows ISO weeks with week
numbers and abbreviated names of the weekdays. The upper uses Gregorian weeks (which start at the day chosen
by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_WEEK_START</span>); they do not have numbers. ______________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;u</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Character</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_FORMAT_SECONDARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;full</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+9p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R1969-7-21T/1969-8-9T/0/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX5/0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa1K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bsa1US</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time5.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_WEEK_START</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Sunday</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_FORMAT_SECONDARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Chararacter</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa3Kf1k</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bsa1rS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y0.65i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time5.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-52005r15"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 586--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_time5.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.15: </span><span  
class="content">Cartesian time axis, example 5.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-52005r15 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 588--><p class="indent" >   Our sixth example shows the first five months of 1996, and we have annotated each month with
an abbreviated, upper case name and 2-digit year. Only the primary axes information is specified.
</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;yy~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Abbreviated</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R1996T/1996-6T/0/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX5/0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba1Of1dS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time6.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-52006r16"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 592--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_time6.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.16: </span><span  
class="content">Cartesian time axis, example 6.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-52006r16 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 594--><p class="indent" >   Our seventh and final example illustrates annotation of year-days. Unless we specify the formatting with a
leading hyphen in <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT </span>we get 3-digit integer days. Note that in order to have the two years
annotated we need to allow for the annotation of small fractional intervals; normally such truncated interval must
be at least half of a full interval. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;jjj</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_INTERVAL_FRACTION</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.05</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+9p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R2000-12-15T/2001-1-15T/0/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX5/0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa5Df1d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bsa1YS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_-B_time7.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-52007r17"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 600--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-B_time7.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.17: </span><span  
class="content">Cartesian time axis, example 7.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-52007r17 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-530004.4.4"></a>Header data records: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-53001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-53002"></a>
<!--l. 606--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">n_recs</span>] option lets <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;know that input file(s) have one [Default] or more header records. If there
are more than one header record you must specify the number after the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H </span>option, e.g., <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span>4. The
default number of header records if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H </span>is used is one of the many parameters in the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file
(<span 
class="ptmb8t-">N_HEADER_RECS</span>), but can be overridden by <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">n_header_recs</span>. Note that blank lines and records that be start
with the character # are automatically skipped. Normally, programs that both read and write tables
will output the header records that are found on input. Use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Hi </span>to suppress the writing of header
records.
</p><!--l. 617--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-540004.4.5"></a>Portrait plot orientation: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-54001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-54002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-54003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-54004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-54005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-54006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-54007"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-54008r18"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 626--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-P.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.18: </span><span  
class="content">Users can specify Landscape [Default] or Portrait (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P</span>) orientation.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-54008r18 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 628--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>selects Portrait plotting mode<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn16x4" id="fn16x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">16</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-54009f16"></a>.
In general, a plot has an <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-axis increasing from left to right and a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-axis increasing from bottom to top. If the paper
is turned so that the long dimension of the paper is parallel to the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-axis then the plot is said to have <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Landscape</span>
orientation. If the long dimension of the paper parallels the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-axis the orientation is called <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Portrait </span>(think of taking
pictures with a camera and these words make sense). The default Landscape orientation is obtained by translating
the origin in the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-direction (by the width of the chosen paper <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAPER_MEDIA) </span>and then rotating the coordinate
system counterclockwise by 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>. By default the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAPER_MEDIA </span>is set to Letter (or A4 if SI is chosen);
this value must be changed when using different media, such as 11" x 17" or large format plotters
(Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-54008r18">4.18<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-P --></a>).
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-550004.4.6"></a>Plot overlays: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-K-O </span>options</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-55001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-55002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-55003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-55004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-55005"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-55006r19"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 653--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-OK.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.19: </span><span  
class="content">A final <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file consists of any number of individual pieces.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-55006r19 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 655--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-K </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-O </span>options control the generation of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;code for multiple overlay plots. All
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files must have a header (for initializations), a body (drawing the figure), and a trailer (printing it out)
(see Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-55006r19">4.19<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-OK --></a>). Thus, when overlaying several <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;plots we must make sure that the first plot call omits the
trailer, that all intermediate calls omit both header and trailer, and that the final overlay omits the header. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-K </span>omits
the trailer which implies that more <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;code will be appended later [Default terminates the plot system]. <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-O</span>
selects Overlay plot mode and omits the header information [Default initializes a new plot system]. Most
unexpected results for multiple overlay plots can be traced to the incorrect use of these options. If you
run only one plot program, ignore both the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-O </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-K </span>options; they are only used when stacking
plots.
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-560004.4.7"></a>Timestamps on plots: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-56001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-56002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-56003"></a>
<!--l. 675--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U </span>draws <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;System time stamp. Optionally, append an arbitrary text string (surrounded by double quotes), or
the code <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>, which will plot the current command string (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-56004r20">4.20<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-U --></a>).
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-56004r20"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 679--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-U.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.20: </span><span  
class="content">The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U </span>option makes it easy to &#8220;date&#8221; a plot.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-56004r20 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.8    </span> <a 
 id="x1-570004.4.8"></a>Verbose feedback: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-57001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-57002"></a>
<!--l. 685--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V </span>selects verbose mode, which will send progress reports to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stderr </span>[Default runs &#8220;silently&#8221;]. The interpretation of
this option can be toggled by changing the default <span 
class="ptmb8t-">VERBOSE</span>.
</p><!--l. 689--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.9    </span> <a 
 id="x1-580004.4.9"></a>Plot positioning and layout: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X-Y </span>options</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-58001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-58002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-58003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-58004"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-58005r21"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 694--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_-XY.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;4.21: </span><span  
class="content">Plot origin can be translated freely with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X-Y</span>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-58005r21 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 696--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-X </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Y </span>shift origin of plot by (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">xoff </span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">yoff </span>) inches (Default is (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">X_ORIGIN</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Y_ORIGIN</span>) for new
plots<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn17x4" id="fn17x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">17</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-58006f17"></a>
and (0,0) for overlays (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-O</span>)). By default, all translations are relative to the previous origin (see Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-58005r21">4.21<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_-XY --></a>). Supply
offset as <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c </span>to center the plot in that direction relative to the page margin. Absolute translations (i.e., relative to a
fixed point (0,0) at the lower left corner of the paper) can be achieve by prepending &#8220;a&#8221; to the offsets. Subsequent
overlays will be co-registered with the previous plot unless the origin is shifted using these options. The offsets are
measured in the current coordinates system (which can be rotated using the initial <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option; subsequent <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P</span>
options for overlays are ignored).
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.10    </span> <a 
 id="x1-590004.4.10"></a>Binary table i/o: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-59001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-59002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-59003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-59004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-59005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-59006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-59007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-59008"></a>
<!--l. 720--><p class="noindent" >All <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs that accept table data input may read ASCII, native binary, or netCDF data. When using native
binary data the user must be aware of the fact that <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has no way of determining the actual number of columns
in the file. You must therefore pass that information to <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;via the binary <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bi</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">n </span>option, where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">n </span>is the
actual number of data columns (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">s </span>indicates single (4 bytes) rather than double (8 bytes) precision). If
uppercase <span 
class="ptmb8t-">S </span>(or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span>) are used it implies that byte-swapping should be performed just prior to writing (for
output) or immediately after reading (for input). Note that <span 
class="ptmri8t-">n </span>may be larger than <span 
class="ptmri8t-">m</span>, the number of
columns that the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;program requires to do its task. If <span 
class="ptmri8t-">n </span>is not given then it defaults to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">m</span>. If <span 
class="ptmri8t-">n</span>
<!--l. 732--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math> <span 
class="ptmri8t-">m </span>an
error is generated.
</p><!--l. 734--><p class="indent" >   Because of its meta data, reading netCDF tables (i.e., netCDF files containing 1-dimensional arrays) is quite a
bit less complex than reading native binary files. When feeding netCDF tables to programs like <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-59009"></a>, the program
will automatically recognize the format and read whatever amount of columns are needed for that program. To
steer which columns are to be read, the user can either append the suffix <span 
class="ptmb8t-">?</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">var1</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">var2</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">... </span>to the netCDF file name or
add the option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bic</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">var1</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">var2</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">...</span>, where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">var1</span>, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">var2</span>, etc.&#x00A0;are the names of the variables to be processed. The latter
option is particularly practical when more than one file is read: the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bic </span>option will apply to all
files.
</p><!--l. 743--><p class="indent" >   Currently, netCDF tables can only be input, not output. For more information, see Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-180000B">B<!--tex4ht:ref: app:B --></a>.
</p><!--l. 746--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.11    </span> <a 
 id="x1-600004.4.11"></a>Number of Copies: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-c </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-60001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-60002"></a>
<!--l. 750--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-c </span>option specifies the number of plot copies [Default is 1]. This value is embedded in the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file and
will make a printer issue the chosen number of copies without respooling.
</p><!--l. 754--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.12    </span> <a 
 id="x1-610004.4.12"></a>Data type selection: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>option</h4>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-61001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-61002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-61003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-61004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-61005"></a>
<!--l. 761--><p class="noindent" >When map projections are not required we must explicitly state what kind of data each input or output column
contains. This is accomplished with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>option. Following an optional <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i </span>(for input only) or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">o </span>(for output
only), we append a text string with information about each column (or range of columns) separated by
commas. Each string starts with the column number (0 is first column) followed by either x (longitude), y
(latitude), T (absolute calendar time) or t (relative time). If several consecutive columns have the
same format you may specify a range of columns rather than a single column, i.e., 0-4 for the first 5
columns. For example, if our input file has geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude) with absolute
calendar coordinates in the columns 3 and 4, we would specify <span 
class="ptmb8t-">fi</span>0y,1x,3-4T. All other columns are
assumed to have the default, floating point format and need not be set individually. The shorthand
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 772--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">g </span>means
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 772--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">o</span>]0x,1y
(geographic coordinates). For more information, see Sections&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-700004.10">4.10<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:input data --></a> and&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-710004.11">4.11<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:output data --></a>.
</p><!--l. 775--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.13    </span> <a 
 id="x1-620004.4.13"></a>Data gap detection: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-62001"></a>
<!--l. 778--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has several mechanisms that can determine line segmentation. Typically, data segments are separated by
multiple segment header records (see section <a 
href="#x1-630004.4.14">4.4.14<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:multsegments --></a> on <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>below). However, if key data columns
contain a NaN we may also use that information to break lines into multiple segments. This behavior is
modified by the parameter <span 
class="ptmb8t-">NAN_RECORDS </span>which by default is set to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">skip</span>, meaning such records are
considered bad and simply skipped. If you wish such records to indicate a segment boundary then set this
parameter to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">pass</span>. Finally, you may wish to indicate gaps based on the data values themselves. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g</span>
option is used to detect gaps based on one or more criteria (use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-g+ </span>if <span 
class="ptmri8t-">all </span>the criteria must be met;
otherwise only one of the specified criteria needs to be met to signify a data gap). Gaps can be based on
excessive jumps in the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>- or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-coordinates (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-gx </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-gy</span>), or on the distance between points (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-gd</span>).
Append the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">gap </span>distance and optionally a unit for actual distances. For geographic data the optional unit
may be m<span 
class="ptmb8t-">e</span>ter [Default], <span 
class="ptmb8t-">k</span>ilometer, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>iles, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>autical miles. For programs that maps data to map
coordinates you can optionally specify these criteria to apply to the projected coordinates (by using
upper-case <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-gX</span>, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-gY </span>or<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-gD</span>). In that case, choose from <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>nch, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>entimeter, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>eter, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>oints. [Default unit is
controlled by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MEASURE_UNIT</span>]. Note: For <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-gx </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-gy </span>with time data the unit is instead controlled by
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_UNIT</span>.
</p><!--l. 797--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.14    </span> <a 
 id="x1-630004.4.14"></a>Multiple segment data: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-63001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-63002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-63003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-63004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-63005"></a>
<!--l. 805--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>option states that the input and output table data will contain special records that marks the start of new line (or
polygon) segments. These records are identified by their first character, which can be specified as an argument to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>[The
default is <!--l. 807--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>].
Append the modifiers <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">o </span>if the option should only apply to input or output, respectively. For binary data a
multiple segment header is identified as a data record where all fields equal NaN. See section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-630004.4.14">4.4.14<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:multsegments --></a> and
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-180000B">B<!--tex4ht:ref: app:B --></a> for more details.
</p><!--l. 812--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4.15    </span> <a 
 id="x1-640004.4.15"></a>Lat/Lon or Lon/Lat?: The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-: </span>option</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-64001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-64002"></a>
<!--l. 816--><p class="noindent" >For geographical data, the first column is expected to contain longitudes and the second to contain latitudes. To
reverse this expectation you must apply the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-: </span>option. Optionally, append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">o </span>to restrict the effect to input or
output only. Note that command line arguments that may take geographic coordinates (e.g., <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>) <span 
class="ptmri8t-">always </span>expect
longitude before latitude. Also, geographical grids are expected to have the longitude as first (minor)
dimension.
<a 
 id="dx1-64003"></a>
</p><!--l. 826--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-650004.5"></a>Command line history</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-65001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-65002"></a>
<!--l. 831--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs &#8220;remember&#8221; the standardized command line options (See Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-440004.4">4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:stopt --></a>) given during their previous
invocations and this provides a shorthand notation for complex options. For example, if a basemap was created
with an oblique Mercator projection, specified as
</p><!--l. 839--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">-Joc170W/25:30S/33W/56:20N/1:500000</span><br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 842--><p class="noindent" >then a subsequent <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-65003"></a> command to plot symbols only needs to state <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J</span>o in order to activate the same projection.
In contrast, note that <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>by itself will pick the most recently used projection. Previous commands are maintained in
the file <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span>, of which there will be one in each directory you run the programs from. This is
handy if you create separate directories for separate projects since chances are that data manipulations
and plotting for each project will share many of the same options. Note that an option spelled out on
the command line will always override the last entry in the <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span> file and, if execution is
successful, will replace this entry as the previous option argument in the <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span> file. If you call
several <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;modules piped together then <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;cannot guarantee that the <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span> file
is processed in the intended order from left to right. The only guarantee is that the file will not be
clobbered since <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;uses advisory file locking. The uncertainty in processing order makes the use of
shorthands in pipes unreliable. We therefore recommend that you only use shorthands in single process
command lines, and spell out the full command option when using chains of commands connected with
pipes.
</p><!--l. 865--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-660004.6"></a>Usage messages, syntax- and general error messages</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-66001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-66002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-66003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-66004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-66005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-66006"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 873--><p class="noindent" >Each program carries a usage message. If you enter the program name without any arguments, the program will
write the complete usage message to standard error (your screen, unless you redirect it). This message explains in
detail what all the valid arguments are. If you enter the program name followed by a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">hyphen </span>(&#8211;) only you will get
a shorter version which only shows the command line syntax and no detailed explanations. If you
incorrectly specify an option or omit a required option, the program will produce syntax errors and
explain what the correct syntax for these options should be. If an error occurs during the running of
a program, the program will in some cases recognize this and give you an error message. Usually
this will also terminate the run. The error messages generally begin with the name of the program in
which the error occurred; if you have several programs piped together this tells you where the trouble
is.
</p><!--l. 890--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-670004.7"></a>Standard input or file, header records</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-67001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-67002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-67003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-67004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-67005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-67006"></a>
<!--l. 898--><p class="noindent" >Most of the programs which expect table data input can read either standard input or input in one or several files.
These programs will try to read <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stdin </span>unless you type the filename(s) on the command line without
the above hyphens. (If the program sees a hyphen, it reads the next character as an instruction; if an
argument begins without a hyphen, it tries to open this argument as a filename). This feature allows
you to connect programs with pipes if you like. If your input is ASCII and has one or more header
records, you must use the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H </span>option (see Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-530004.4.4">4.4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:header --></a>). For binary table data no headers are allowed.
ASCII files may in many cases also contain sub-headers separating data segments. These are called
&#8220;multi-segment files&#8221; and requires a special option (typically <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m</span>); see Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-180000B">B<!--tex4ht:ref: app:B --></a> for complete
documentation.
</p><!--l. 914--><p class="indent" >   If filenames are given for reading, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs will first look for them in the current directory. If the file is
not found, the programs will look in two other directories pointed to by environmental parameters (if
set). These are <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT_DATADIR </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT_USERDIR</span>, and they may be set by the user to point
to directories that contain data sets of general use. Normally, the first directory (or directories: add
multiple paths by separating them with colons (semi-colons under Windows)) will hold data sets of a
general nature (tables, grids), although a particular use is to make available large grids accessible via
the supplemental programs <a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-67007"></a> or <a 
href="../html/man/img2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">img2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-67008"></a>; see Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-165000A">A<!--tex4ht:ref: app:A --></a> for information about these
supplemental programs. The second directory may hold miscellaneous data sets more specific to the
user; this directory also stores <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;defaults and other configuration files. Data sets that the user
finds are often needed may be placed in these directories, thus eliminating the need to specify a full
path to the file. Program output is always written to the current directory unless a full path has been
specified.
</p><!--l. 931--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.8    </span> <a 
 id="x1-680004.8"></a>Verbose operation</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-68001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-68002"></a>
<!--l. 935--><p class="noindent" >Most of the programs take an optional <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-V </span>argument which will run the program in the &#8220;verbose&#8221; mode (see
Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-570004.4.8">4.4.8<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:verbose --></a>). Verbose will write to standard error information about the progress of the operation you are
running. Verbose reports things such as counts of points read, names of data files processed, convergence of
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
iterative solutions, and the like. Since these messages are written to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stderr</span>, the verbose talk remains separate from
your data output.
</p><!--l. 944--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.9    </span> <a 
 id="x1-690004.9"></a>Program output</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-69001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-69002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-69003"></a>
<!--l. 949--><p class="noindent" >Most programs write their results, including <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plots, to standard output. The exceptions are
those which may create binary netCDF grid files such as <a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-69004"></a> (due to the design of netCDF a
filename must be provided; however, alternative binary output formats allowing piping are available; see
Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-790004.17">4.17<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:grdformats --></a>). With <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX  </span>you can redirect standard output to a file or pipe it into another process.
Error messages, usage messages, and verbose comments are written to standard error in all cases.
You can use <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;to redirect standard error as well, if you want to create a log file of what you are
doing.
</p><!--l. 960--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.10    </span> <a 
 id="x1-700004.10"></a>Input data formats</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-70001"></a>
<!--l. 964--><p class="noindent" >Most of the time, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will know what kind of <!--l. 964--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
and <!--l. 964--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>
coordinates it is reading because you have selected a particular coordinate transformation or map projection.
However, there may be times when you must explicitly specify what you are providing as input
using the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f </span>switch. When binary input data are expected (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bi</span>) they must all be floating point
numbers, however for ASCII input there are numerous ways to encode data coordinates (which
may be separated by white-space or commas). Valid input data are generally of the same form as
the arguments to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option (see Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-450004.4.1">4.4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:R --></a>), with additional flexibility for calendar data.
Geographical coordinates, for example, can be given in decimal degrees (e.g., -123.45417) or in the
[<span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ddd</span>[:<span 
class="ptmri8t-">mm</span>[:<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ss</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">.xxx</span>]]][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">W</span><!--l. 973--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">E</span><!--l. 973--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">S</span><!--l. 973--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">N</span>]
format (e.g., 123:27:15W).
</p><!--l. 976--><p class="indent" >   Because of the widespread use of incompatible and ambiguous formats, the processing of input date
components is guided by the template <span 
class="ptmb8t-">INPUT_DATE_FORMAT </span>in your <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file; it is by
default set to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yyyy-mm-dd</span>. Y2K-challenged input data such as 29/05/89 can be processed by setting
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">INPUT_DATE_FORMAT </span>to dd/mm/yy. A complete description of possible formats is given in the
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-70002"></a> man page. The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock </span>string is more standardized but issues like 12- or 24-hour clocks
complicate matters as well as the presence or absence of delimiters between fields. Thus, the processing of
input clock coordinates is guided by the template <span 
class="ptmb8t-">INPUT_CLOCK_FORMAT </span>which defaults to
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">hh:mm:ss.xxx</span>.
</p><!--l. 985--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs that require a map projection argument will implicitly know what kind of data to expect, and
the input processing is done accordingly. However, some programs that simply report on minimum and
maximum values or just do a reformatting of the data will in general not know what to expect, and
furthermore there is no way for the programs to know what kind of data other columns (beyond the leading
<!--l. 988--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math> and
<!--l. 988--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>
columns) contain. In such instances we must explicitly tell <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;that we are feeding it data in the specific
geographic or calendar formats (floating point data are assumed by default). We specify the data type via the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-f</span>
option (which sets both input and output formats; use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fi </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fo </span>to set input and output separately). For
instance, to specify that the the first two columns are longitude and latitude, and that the third column (e.g.,
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 993--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>) is
absolute calendar time, we add <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-fi</span>0x,1y,2T to the command line. For more details, see the man page for the
program you need to use.
</p><!--l. 996--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.11    </span> <a 
 id="x1-710004.11"></a>Output data formats</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-71001"></a>
<!--l. 1000--><p class="noindent" >The numerical output from <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs can be binary (when <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bo </span>is used) or ASCII [Default]. In the latter
case the issue of formatting becomes important. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides extensive machinery for allowing just about any
imaginable format to be used on output. Analogous to the processing of input data, several templates guide the
formatting process. These are <span 
class="ptmb8t-">OUTPUT_DATE_FORMAT </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">OUTPUT_CLOCK_FORMAT</span>
for calendar-time coordinates, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">OUTPUT_DEGREE_FORMAT </span>for geographical coordinates, and
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">D_FORMAT </span>for generic floating point data. In addition, the user have control over how columns are
separated via the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">FIELD_SEPARATOR </span>parameter. Thus, as an example, it is possible to create limited
FORTRAN-style card records by setting <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D_FORMAT </span>to %7.3lf and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">FIELD_SEPARATOR </span>to none [Default is
tab].
</p><!--l. 1011--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.12    </span> <a 
 id="x1-720004.12"></a><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;features</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-72001"></a>
<!--l. 1013--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;is a command language for driving graphics devices such as laser printers. It is ASCII text which you
can read and edit as you wish (assuming you have some knowledge of the syntax). We prefer this to binary metafile
plot systems since such files cannot easily be modified after they have been created. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs also write
many comments to the plot file which make it easier for users to orient themselves should they need to edit the file
(e.g., % Start of x-axis). All <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs create <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;code by calling the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">pslib </span>plot library (The user may
call these functions from his/her own C or FORTRAN plot programs. See the manual pages for <span 
class="ptmb8t-">pslib </span>syntax).
Although <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs can create very individualized plot code, there will always be cases not covered by
these programs. Some knowledge of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;will enable the user to add such features directly
into the plot file. By default, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will produce freeform <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;output with embedded printer
directives. To produce Encapsulated <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;(EPS) that can be imported into graphics programs
such as <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">IslandDraw</span><a 
 id="dx1-72002"></a>, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">CorelDraw</span><a 
 id="dx1-72003"></a>, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Illustrator</span><a 
 id="dx1-72004"></a> or <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Freehand</span><a 
 id="dx1-72005"></a> for further embellishment, change the
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAPER_MEDIA </span>setting in the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file. See Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-195000C">C<!--tex4ht:ref: app:C --></a> and the <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-72006"></a> man page for more
details.
</p><!--l. 1035--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.13    </span> <a 
 id="x1-730004.13"></a>Specifying pen attributes</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-73001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-73002"></a>
<!--l. 1040--><p class="noindent" >A pen in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has three attributes: <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">color</span>, and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">texture</span>. Most programs will accept pen attributes in the form
of an option argument, with commas separating the given attributes, e.g.,
</p><!--l. 1047--><p class="indent" >
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 1047--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 1047--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><!--l. 1047--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>]],[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">color</span>],[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">texture</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 1047--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 1047--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><!--l. 1047--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>]]
<a 
 id="dx1-73003"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-73004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-73005"></a>
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<!--l. 1053--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2192;</mo></math> </dt><dd 
class="description"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Width</span>
   is by default measured in units of the current device resolution (i.e., the value assigned to the parameter
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">DOTS_PR_INCH </span>in your <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file). Thus, if the dpi is set to 300 this unit is 1/300th of an inch.
   Append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m </span>to specify pen width in cm, inch, points (1/72 of an inch), or meters, respectively. Note that
   a pen thickness of 5 will be of different physical width depending on your dpi setting, whereas a thickness of
   5<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p </span>will always be 5/72 of an inch. Minimum-thickness pens can be achieved by giving zero width, but the
   result is device-dependent. Finally, a few predefined pen names can be used: default, faint, and {thin, thick,
   fat}[er<!--l. 1063--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>est],
   and obese. Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-73006r4">4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:pennames --></a> shows this list and the corresponding pen widths. <div class="table">
   <!--l. 1065--><p class="noindent" ><a 
 id="x1-73006r4"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
> <!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-8" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-8-1g"><col 
id="TBL-8-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-8-2g"><col 
id="TBL-8-2" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-8-3g"><col 
id="TBL-8-3" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-8-4g"><col 
id="TBL-8-4" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-8-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-1-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Pen name</span></div></td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-1-2"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Width</span></div></td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-1-3"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Pen name</span></div></td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-1-4"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Width</span></div></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-8-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-2-1"  
class="td11">faint </td> <td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-2-2"  
class="td11"> 0 </td> <td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-2-3"  
class="td11">thicker </td> <td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-2-4"  
class="td11"> 1.5p</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-8-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-3-1"  
class="td11">default     </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-3-2"  
class="td11">0.25p</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-3-3"  
class="td11">thickest   </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-3-4"  
class="td11"> 2p   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-8-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-4-1"  
class="td11">thinnest    </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-4-2"  
class="td11">0.25p</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-4-3"  
class="td11">fat           </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-4-4"  
class="td11"> 3p   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-8-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-5-1"  
class="td11">thinner     </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-5-2"  
class="td11">0.50p</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-5-3"  
class="td11">fatter       </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-5-4"  
class="td11"> 6p   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-8-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-6-1"  
class="td11">thin          </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-6-2"  
class="td11">0.75p</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-6-3"  
class="td11">fattest      </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-6-4"  
class="td11"> 12p  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-8-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-7-1"  
class="td11">thick         </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-7-2"  
class="td11"> 1.0p </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-7-3"  
class="td11">obese      </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-7-4"  
class="td11"> 18p  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-8-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-8-8-1"  
class="td11">       </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.4: </span><span  
class="content"><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;predefined pen widths.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-73006r4 -->
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<a 
 id="dx1-73007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-73008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-73009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-73010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-73011"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-73012"></a>
   </dd><dt class="description">
<!--l. 1086--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2192;</mo></math> </dt><dd 
class="description">The
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">color </span>can be specified in five different ways:
      <ol  class="enumerate1" >
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-73014x1">Gray. Specify a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">gray </span>shade in the range 0&#8211;255 (linearly going from black [0] to white [255]).
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-73016x2">RGB. Specify <span 
class="ptmri8t-">r</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">g</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">b</span>, each ranging from 0&#8211;255. Here 0/0/0 is black, 255/255/255 is white, 255/0/0
      is red, etc.
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-73018x3">HSV.          Specify          <span 
class="ptmri8t-">hue</span>-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">saturation</span>-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">value</span>,          with          the          former          in          the
      0&#8211;360        degree        range        while        the        latter        two        take        on        the        range
      0&#8211;1<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn18x4" id="fn18x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">18</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-73019f18"></a>.
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-73021x4">CMYK. Specify <span 
class="ptmri8t-">cyan</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">magenta</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">yellow</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">black</span>, each ranging from 0&#8211;100%.
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-73023x5">Name.   Specify   one   of   663   valid   color   names.   Use   <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">man   gmtcolors</span><a 
 id="dx1-73024"></a>   to   list   all   valid
      names.   A   very   small   yet   versatile   subset   consists   of   the   29   choices   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">white</span>,   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">black</span>,   and
      [light<!--l. 1096--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>dark]{<span 
class="ptmri8t-">red,</span>
      <span 
class="ptmri8t-">orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, gray</span><!--l. 1097--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmri8t-">grey,</span>
      <span 
class="ptmri8t-">brown</span>}. The color names are case-insensitive, so mixed upper and lower case can be used (like
      <span 
class="ptmri8t-">DarkGreen</span>).</li></ol>
<a 
 id="dx1-73025"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-73026"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-73027"></a>
   </dd><dt class="description">
<!--l. 1105--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2192;</mo></math> </dt><dd 
class="description">The
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">texture </span>attribute controls the appearance of the line. A &#8220;.&#8221; yields a dotted line, whereas a dashed pen is
   requested with &#8220;-&#8221;. Also combinations of dots and dashes, like &#8220;.-&#8221; for a dot-dashed line, are allowed. The
   lengths of dots and dashes are scaled relative to the pen width (dots has a length that equals the pen width
   while dashes are 8 times as long; gaps between segments are 4 times the pen width). For more
   detailed attributes including exact dimensions you may specify <span 
class="ptmri8t-">string</span>:<span 
class="ptmri8t-">offset</span>, where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">string </span>is a
   series of numbers separated by underscores. These numbers represent a pattern by indicating the
   length of line segments and the gap between segments. The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">offset </span>phase-shifts the pattern from
   the beginning the line. For example, if you want a yellow line of width 0.1 cm that alternates
   between long dashes (4 points), an 8 point gap, then a 5 point dash, then another 8 point gap,
   with pattern offset by 2 points from the origin, specify <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>0.1c,yellow,4_8_5_8:2p. In general,
   the texture units can be specified in dpi units, cm, inch, points, or meters (see <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width </span>discussion
   above).</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1122--><p class="noindent" >Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-73029r5">4.5<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:penex --></a> contains additional examples of pen specifications suitable for, say, <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-73028"></a>.
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1124--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-73029r5"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-9" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-9-1g"><col 
id="TBL-9-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-9-2g"><col 
id="TBL-9-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-9-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-1-1"  
class="td11">  <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Pen example</span></div>   </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-1-2"  
class="td11">             <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Comment</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-9-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-2-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>0.5p                     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-2-2"  
class="td11">Solid black line, 0.5 point thick                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-9-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-3-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>green                   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-3-2"  
class="td11">Solid green line with default width                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-9-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-4-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>thin,red,-             </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-4-2"  
class="td11">Dashed, thin red line                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-9-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-5-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>fat,.                      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-5-2"  
class="td11">Fat dotted line [black]                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-9-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-6-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>0.1c,120-1-1        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-6-2"  
class="td11">Green (in h-s-v) pen, 1 mm thick                        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-9-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-7-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>faint,100/0/0/0,..-</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-7-2"  
class="td11">Very thin, cyan (in c/m/y/k), dot-dot-dashed line</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-9-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-9-8-1"  
class="td11">              </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.5: </span><span  
class="content">A few examples of pen specifications.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-73029r5 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.14    </span> <a 
 id="x1-740004.14"></a>Specifying area fill attributes</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-74001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-74002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-74003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-74004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-74005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-74006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-74007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-74008"></a>
<!--l. 1151--><p class="noindent" >Many plotting programs will allow the user to draw filled polygons or symbols. The fill specification may take two
forms:
</p><!--l. 1156--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">fill</span>
</p><!--l. 1158--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dpi/pattern</span>[:<span 
class="ptmb8t-">B</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">color</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">F</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">color</span>]]
</p><!--l. 1161--><p class="noindent" >
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">fill:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">In the first case we may specify a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">gray </span>shade (0&#8211;255), RGB color (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">r</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">g</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">b </span>all in the 0&#8211;255 range or in
   hexadecimal <span 
class="ptmri8t-">#rrggbb</span>), HSV color (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">hue</span>-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">saturation</span>-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">value </span>in the 0&#8211;360, 0&#8211;1, 0&#8211;1 range), CMYK color
   (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">cyan</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">magenta</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">yellow</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">black</span>, each ranging from 0&#8211;100%), or a valid color <span 
class="ptmri8t-">name</span>; in that respect it is
   similar to specifying the pen color settings (see pen color discussion under Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-730004.13">4.13<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:pen --></a>).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">pattern:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">The  second  form  allows  us  to  use  a  predefined  bit-image  pattern.  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">pattern  </span>can  either  be  a
   number in the range 1&#8211;90 or the name of a 1-, 8-, or 24-bit Sun raster file. The former will result in
   one of the 90 predefined 64 x 64 bit-patterns provided with <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;and reproduced in Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-207000E">E<!--tex4ht:ref: app:E --></a>.
   The  latter  allows  the  user  to  create  customized,  repeating  images  using  standard  Sun  raster
   files<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn19x4" id="fn19x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">19</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-74009f19"></a>.
   The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dpi </span>parameter sets the resolution of this image on the page; the area fill is thus made up of a series
   of these &#8220;tiles&#8221;. Specifying <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dpi </span>as 0 will result in highest resolution obtainable given the present dpi
   setting in <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>. By specifying upper case <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-GP </span>instead of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp </span>the image will be bit-reversed,
   i.e., white and black areas will be interchanged (only applies to 1-bit images or predefined bit-image
   patterns).  For  these  patterns  and  other  1-bit  images  one  may  specify  alternative  background  and
   foreground colors (by appending :<span 
class="ptmb8t-">B</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">color</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">F</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">color</span>]) that will replace the default white and black pixels,
   respectively. Setting one of the fore- or background colors to &#8211; yields a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">transparent </span>image where only
   the back- <span 
class="ptmri8t-">or </span>foreground pixels will be painted.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 1190--><p class="indent" >   Due to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;implementation limitations the raster images used with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>must be less than 146
x 146 pixels in size; for larger images see <a 
href="../html/man/psimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-74011"></a>. The format of Sun raster files is outlined in
Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-180000B">B<!--tex4ht:ref: app:B --></a>. Note that under <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;Level 1 the patterns are filled by using the polygon as a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">clip path</span>.
Complex clip paths may require more memory than the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;interpreter has been assigned. There
is therefore the possibility that some <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;interpreters (especially those supplied with older
laserwriters) will run out of memory and abort. Should that occur we recommend that you use a regular
grayshade fill instead of the patterns. Installing more memory in your printer <span 
class="ptmri8t-">may or may not </span>solve the
problem!
</p><!--l. 1202--><p class="indent" >   Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-74012r6">4.6<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:fillex --></a> contains a few examples of fill specifications.
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1204--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-74012r6"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-10" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-10-1g"><col 
id="TBL-10-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-10-2g"><col 
id="TBL-10-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-1-1"  
class="td11">   <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Fill example</span></div>   </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-1-2"  
class="td11">             <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Comment</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-2-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>128                      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-2-2"  
class="td11">Solid gray                                                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-3-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>127/255/0            </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-3-2"  
class="td11">Chartreuse, R/G/B-style                                         </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-4-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>#00ff00                </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-4-2"  
class="td11">Green, hexadecimal RGB code                              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-5-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>25-0.86-0.82        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-5-2"  
class="td11">Chocolate, h-s-v &#8211; style                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-6-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>DarkOliveGreen1</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-6-2"  
class="td11">One of the named colors                                         </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-7-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp</span>300/7                 </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-7-2"  
class="td11">Simple diagonal hachure pattern in b/w at 300 dpi</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-8-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp</span>300/7:Bred        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-8-2"  
class="td11">Same, but with red lines on white                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-9-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp</span>300/7:BredF-     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-9-2"  
class="td11">Now the gaps between red lines are transparent    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-10-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp</span>100/marble.ras  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-10-2"  
class="td11">Using user image of marble as the fill at 100 dpi   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-10-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-10-11-1"  
class="td11">              </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.6: </span><span  
class="content">A few examples of fill specifications.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-74012r6 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.15    </span> <a 
 id="x1-750004.15"></a>Color palette tables</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-75001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-75002"></a>
<!--l. 1227--><p class="noindent" >Several programs, such as those which read 2-D gridded data sets and create colored images or shaded reliefs, need
to be told what colors to use and over what <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-range each color applies. This is the purpose of the color palette table
(cpt-file). These files may also be used by <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-75003"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-75004"></a> to plot color-filled symbols. For most applications, you
will simply create a cpt-file using the tool <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-75005"></a> which will take an existing color table and resample it to fit
your chosen data range, or use <a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-75006"></a> to build a cpt-file based on the data distribution in one or more given grid
files. However, in some situations you will need to make a cpt-file by hand or using text tools like <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">awk</span><a 
 id="dx1-75007"></a> or
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">perl</span><a 
 id="dx1-75008"></a>.
</p><!--l. 1238--><p class="indent" >   Color palette tables (CPT) comes in two flavors: (1) Those designed to work with categorical data (e.g., data
where interpolation of values is undefined) and (2) those designed for regular, continuously-varying
data.
</p><!--l. 1242--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.15.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-760004.15.1"></a>Categorical CPT files</h4>
<!--l. 1244--><p class="noindent" >Note: This is an experimental component and is only available if you compile <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-DGMT_CPT2</span>.
Categorical data are information on which normal numerical operations are not defined. As an example,
consider various land classifications (desert, forest, glacier, etc.) and it is clear that even if we assigned a
numerical value to these categories (e.g., desert = 1, forest = 2, etc) it would be meaningless to compute
average values (what would 1.5 mean?). For such data a special format of the CPT files are provided.
Here, each category is assigned a unique key, a color or pattern, and an optional label (usually the
category name). Keys must be monotonically increasing but do not need to be consecutive. The format
is
</p>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 1254--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-11" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
><colgroup id="TBL-11-1g"><col 
id="TBL-11-1" /><col 
id="TBL-11-2" /><col 
id="TBL-11-3" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-11-1-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-1-1"  
class="td11">key<!--l. 1256--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-1-2"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">fill</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-1-3"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">label</span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-11-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-2-1"  
class="td11">&#x2026;                                                                                                                                                                               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-2-2"  
class="td11">  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-2-3"  
class="td11">   </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-11-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-3-1"  
class="td11">key<!--l. 1258--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math> </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-3-2"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">fill</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-3-3"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">label</span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-11-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-11-4-1"  
class="td11">                                                                          </td></tr></table></div></div>
<!--l. 1262--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">fill </span>information follows the format given in Section <a 
href="#x1-740004.14">4.14<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:fill --></a>. While not always applicable to categorical data, the background
color (for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">key</span>-values <!--l. 1264--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">key</span><!--l. 1264--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>), foreground
color (for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">key</span>-values <!--l. 1265--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">key</span><!--l. 1265--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>), and
not-a-number (NaN) color (for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">key</span>-values = NaN) are all defined in the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file, but can be overridden by
the statements
</p>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 1269--><p class="noindent" >
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-12" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
><colgroup id="TBL-12-1g"><col 
id="TBL-12-1" /><col 
id="TBL-12-2" /><col 
id="TBL-12-3" /><col 
id="TBL-12-4" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-12-1-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-1-1"  
class="td11">B</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-1-2"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1271--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>c</mi><mi 
>k</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-1-3"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1271--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>c</mi><mi 
>k</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-1-4"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1271--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>c</mi><mi 
>k</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-12-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-2-1"  
class="td11">F </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-2-2"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1272--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>o</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>e</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-2-3"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1272--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>o</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>e</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-2-4"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1272--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>o</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>e</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-12-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-3-1"  
class="td11">N </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-3-2"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1273--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-3-3"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1273--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-3-4"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1273--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-12-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-12-4-1"  
class="td11">  </td></tr></table>
</div></div>
<!--l. 1277--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.15.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-770004.15.2"></a>Regular CPT files</h4>
<!--l. 1279--><p class="noindent" >Here, the colors may be specified either in the RGB- (red, green, blue), CMYK- (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), or
in the HSV-system (hue, saturation, value, and here the comment # COLOR_MODEL = HSV must be present in the cpt
file since there are no other way to distinguish between HSV and RGB). Color names can also be used. Using the RGB
system<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn20x4" id="fn20x4-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">20</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-77001f20"></a>,
the format of the cpt-file is:
</p>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 1286--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-13" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
><colgroup id="TBL-13-1g"><col 
id="TBL-13-1" /><col 
id="TBL-13-2" /><col 
id="TBL-13-3" /><col 
id="TBL-13-4" /><col 
id="TBL-13-5" /><col 
id="TBL-13-6" /><col 
id="TBL-13-7" /><col 
id="TBL-13-8" /><col 
id="TBL-13-9" /><col 
id="TBL-13-10" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-13-1-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-1"  
class="td11">z<!--l. 1288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-2"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-3"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-4"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-5"  
class="td11">z<!--l. 1288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-6"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-7"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-8"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-9"  
class="td11">[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">A</span>]</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-1-10"  
class="td11">[;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">label</span>]</td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-13-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-1"  
class="td11">&#x2026;                                                                                                                                                                           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-2"  
class="td11">                                                                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-3"  
class="td11">                                                                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-4"  
class="td11">                                                                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-5"  
class="td11">                                                                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-6"  
class="td11">                                                                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-7"  
class="td11">                                                                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-8"  
class="td11">                                                                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-9"  
class="td11">  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-2-10"  
class="td11">     </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-13-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-1"  
class="td11">z<!--l. 1291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-2"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-3"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-4"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-5"  
class="td11">z<!--l. 1291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-6"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-7"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-8"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-9"  
class="td11">[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">A</span>]</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-3-10"  
class="td11">[;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">label</span>]</td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-13-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-13-4-1"  
class="td11">                                                                        </td></tr></table>
</div></div>
<!--l. 1296--><p class="indent" >   Thus, for each &#8220;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-slice&#8221;, defined as the interval between two boundaries (e.g.,
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span><!--l. 1297--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> to
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span><!--l. 1297--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>), the color can be
constant (by letting R<!--l. 1297--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>
= R<!--l. 1298--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>,
G<!--l. 1298--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math> =
G<!--l. 1298--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>, and
B<!--l. 1298--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math> =
B<!--l. 1298--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>) or a
continuous, linear function of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>. The optional flag <span 
class="ptmb8t-">A </span>is used to indicate annotation of the color scale when plotted using
<a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77002"></a>. The optional code <span 
class="ptmb8t-">A </span>may be <span 
class="ptmb8t-">L</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">U</span>, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">B </span>to select annotation of the lower, upper, or both limits of the particular
<!--l. 1302--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-slice.
However, the standard <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-B </span>option can be used by <a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77003"></a> to affect annotation and ticking of color scales. The
optional semicolon followed by a text label will make <a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77004"></a>, when used with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option, place the supplied
label instead of formatted <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-values.
</p><!--l. 1307--><p class="indent" >   As for categorical tables, the background color (for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-values
<!--l. 1307--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span><!--l. 1307--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>), foreground
color (for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-values <!--l. 1308--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span><!--l. 1308--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>), and
not-a-number (NaN) color (for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-values = NaN) are all defined in the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file, but can be overridden by
the statements
</p>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 1312--><p class="noindent" >
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-14" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
><colgroup id="TBL-14-1g"><col 
id="TBL-14-1" /><col 
id="TBL-14-2" /><col 
id="TBL-14-3" /><col 
id="TBL-14-4" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-14-1-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-1-1"  
class="td11">B</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-1-2"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1314--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>c</mi><mi 
>k</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-1-3"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1314--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>c</mi><mi 
>k</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-1-4"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1314--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>c</mi><mi 
>k</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-14-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-2-1"  
class="td11">F </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-2-2"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1315--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>o</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>e</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-2-3"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1315--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>o</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>e</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-2-4"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1315--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>o</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>e</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-14-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-3-1"  
class="td11">N </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-3-2"  
class="td11">R<!--l. 1316--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-3-3"  
class="td11">G<!--l. 1316--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-3-4"  
class="td11">B<!--l. 1316--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-14-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-14-4-1"  
class="td11">  </td></tr></table>
</div></div>
<!--l. 1320--><p class="noindent" >which can be inserted into the beginning or end of the cpt-file. If you prefer the HSV system, set the
<span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> parameter accordingly and replace red, green, blue with hue, saturation, value. Color palette
tables that contain grayshades only may replace the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">r/g/b </span>triplets with a single grayshade in the 0&#8211;255
range. For CMYK, give four values in the 0&#8211;100 range. Both the min and max color specifications in
one <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-slice must use the same color system, i.e., you cannot mix &#8220;red&#8221; and 0/255/100 on the same
line.
</p><!--l. 1331--><p class="indent" >   A few programs (i.e., those that plot polygons such as <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77005"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77006"></a>, and <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77007"></a>) can accept pattern fills
instead of grayshades. You must specify the pattern as in Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-740004.14">4.14<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:fill --></a> (no leading <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>of course), and only the first
(low <!--l. 1334--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>) is
used (we cannot interpolate between patterns). Finally, some programs let you skip features whose
<!--l. 1337--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-slice in
the cptfile has grayshades set to &#8211;. As an example, consider
</p>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 1340--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-15" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
><colgroup id="TBL-15-1g"><col 
id="TBL-15-1" /><col 
id="TBL-15-2" /><col 
id="TBL-15-3" /><col 
id="TBL-15-4" /><col 
id="TBL-15-5" /><col 
id="TBL-15-6" /><col 
id="TBL-15-7" /><col 
id="TBL-15-8" /><col 
id="TBL-15-9" /></colgroup><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-15-1-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-1-1"  
class="td11">30 </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-1-2"  
class="td11">p200/16</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-1-3"  
class="td11">80  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-1-4"  
class="td11">&#8211;       </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-15-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-2-1"  
class="td11">80  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-2-2"  
class="td11">&#8211;           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-2-3"  
class="td11">100</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-2-4"  
class="td11">&#8211;       </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-15-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-3-1"  
class="td11">100</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-3-2"  
class="td11">200       </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-3-3"  
class="td11">0    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-3-4"  
class="td11">0       </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-3-5"  
class="td11">200</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-3-6"  
class="td11">255</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-3-7"  
class="td11">255</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-3-8"  
class="td11">0</td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-15-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-4-1"  
class="td11">200</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-4-2"  
class="td11">yellow  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-4-3"  
class="td11">300</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-4-4"  
class="td11">green</td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-15-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-15-5-1"  
class="td11">   </td></tr></table></div></div>
<!--l. 1348--><p class="noindent" >where slice <!--l. 1349--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>3</mn><mn>0</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mi 
>z</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mn>8</mn><mn>0</mn></math> is painted with pattern #
16 at 200 dpi, slice <!--l. 1350--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>8</mn><mn>0</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mi 
>z</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></math> is skipped,
slice <!--l. 1350--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mi 
>z</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mn>2</mn><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></math> is painted in a range of dark
red to yellow, whereas the slice <!--l. 1351--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>2</mn><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mi 
>z</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo> <mn>3</mn><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></math>
will linearly yield colors from yellow to green, depending on the actual value of
<!--l. 1353--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>.
<a 
 id="dx1-77008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-77009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-77010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-77011"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-77012"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-77013"></a>
</p><!--l. 1363--><p class="indent" >   Some programs like <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77014"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77015"></a> apply artificial illumination to achieve shaded relief maps.
This is typically done by finding the directional gradient in the direction of the artificial light source
and scaling the gradients to have approximately a normal distribution on the interval [-1,+1]. These
intensities are used to add &#8220;white&#8221; or &#8220;black&#8221; to the color as defined by the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-values and the cpt-file. An
intensity of zero leaves the color unchanged. Higher values will brighten the color, lower values will
darken it, all without changing the original hue of the color (see Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-215000I">I<!--tex4ht:ref: app:I --></a> for more details). The
illumination is decoupled from the data grid file in that a separate grid file holding intensities in the [-1,+1]
range must be provided. Such intensity files can be derived from the data grid using <a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77016"></a>
and modified with <a 
href="../html/man/grdhisteq.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdhisteq</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-77017"></a>, but could equally well be a separate data set. E.g., some side-scan
sonar systems collect both bathymetry and backscatter intensities, and one may want to use the latter
information to specify the illumination of the colors defined by the former. Similarly, one could portray
magnetic anomalies superimposed on topography by using the former for colors and the latter for
shading.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 1383--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.16    </span> <a 
 id="x1-780004.16"></a>Character escape sequences</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-78001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78011"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78012"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78013"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78014"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78015"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78016"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78017"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78018"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78019"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78020"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78021"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78022"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78023"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78024"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-78025"></a>
<!--l. 1411--><p class="noindent" >For annotation labels or text strings plotted with <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-78026"></a>, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides several escape sequences that allow the
user to temporarily switch to the symbol font, turn on sub- or superscript, etc., within words. These conditions are
toggled on/off by the escape sequence @<span 
class="ptmb8t-">x</span>, where <span 
class="ptmb8t-">x </span>can be one of several types. The escape sequences recognized
in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;are listed in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-78027r7">4.7<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:escape --></a>. Only one level of sub- or superscript is supported. Note that under Windows the
percent symbol indicates a batch variable, hence you must use two percent-signs for each one required in the
escape sequence for font switching.
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1421--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-78027r7"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-16" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-16-1g"><col 
id="TBL-16-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-16-2g"><col 
id="TBL-16-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-1-1"  
class="td11">  <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Code</span></div>   </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-1-2"  
class="td11">                  <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Effect</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-2-1"  
class="td11">@&#x0303;               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-2-2"  
class="td11">Turns symbol font on or off                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-3-1"  
class="td11">@+               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-3-2"  
class="td11">Turns superscript on or off                                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-4-1"  
class="td11">@-                </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-4-2"  
class="td11">Turns subscript on or off                                                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-5-1"  
class="td11">@#               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-5-2"  
class="td11">Turns small caps on or off                                                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-6-1"  
class="td11">@_               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-6-2"  
class="td11">Turns underline on or off                                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-7-1"  
class="td11">@%<span 
class="ptmri8t-">fontno</span>%</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-7-2"  
class="td11">Switches to another font; @%% resets to previous font       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-8-1"  
class="td11">@:<span 
class="ptmri8t-">size</span>:         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-8-2"  
class="td11">Switches to another font size; @:: resets to previous size    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-9-1"  
class="td11">@;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">color</span>;      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-9-2"  
class="td11">Switches to another font color; @;; resets to previous color</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-10-1"  
class="td11">@!                </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-10-2"  
class="td11">Creates one composite character of the next two characters</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-11-1"  
class="td11">@@             </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-11-2"  
class="td11">Prints the @ sign itself                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-16-12-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-16-12-1"  
class="td11">         </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.7: </span><span  
class="content"><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;text escape sequences.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-78027r7 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 1440--><p class="indent" >   Shorthand notation for a few special European characters has also been added (Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-78030r8">4.8<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:scand --></a>): <a 
 id="dx1-78028"></a><a 
 id="dx1-78029"></a>
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1445--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-78030r8"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-17" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-17-1g"><col 
id="TBL-17-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-17-2g"><col 
id="TBL-17-2" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-17-3g"><col 
id="TBL-17-3" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-17-4g"><col 
id="TBL-17-4" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-1-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-1-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Code</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-1-2"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Effect</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-1-3"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Code</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-1-4"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Effect</span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-2-1"  
class="td11">@E   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-2-2"  
class="td11">Æ      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-2-3"  
class="td11">@e   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-2-4"  
class="td11">æ       </td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-3-1"  
class="td
11">@O   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-3-2"  
class="td11">Ø      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-3-3"  
class="td11">@o   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-3-4"  
class="td11">ø       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-4-1"  
class="td11">@A   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-4-2"  
class="td11">Å      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-4-3"  
class="td11">@a   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-4-4"  
class="td11">å        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-5-1"  
class="td11">@C   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-5-2"  
class="td11">Ç     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-5-3"  
class="td11">@c   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-5-4"  
class="td11">ç     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-6-1"  
class="td11">@N   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-6-2"  
class="td11">Ñ     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-6-3"  
class="td11">@n   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-6-4"  
class="td11">ñ     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-7-1"  
class="td11">@U   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-7-2"  
class="td11">Ü     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-7-3"  
class="td11">@u   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-7-4"  
class="td11">ü     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-8-1"  
class="td11">@s    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-8-2"  
class="td11">ß       </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-8-3"  
class="td11">    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-8-4"  
class="td11">    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-17-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-17-9-1"  
class="td11">    </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.8: </span><span  
class="content">Shortcuts for some European characters.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-78030r8 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 1461--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;fonts used in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;may be re-encoded to include several accented characters
used in many European languages. To access these, you must specify the full octal code
<!--l. 1463--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">\</mo></math>xxx
allowed for your choice of character encodings determined by the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">CHAR_ENCODING </span>setting described in the
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-78031"></a> man page. Only the special characters belonging to a particular encoding will be available. Many
characters not directly available by using single octal codes may be constructed with the composite character
mechanism @!.
</p><!--l. 1472--><p class="indent" >   Some examples of escape sequences and embedded octal codes in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;strings using the Standard+
encoding:
</p>
<table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:32;" 
class="tabbing">    </td><td style="width:326;" 
class="tabbing"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">2@~p@~r@+2@+h@-0@-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-">&#x00A0;E\363tv\363s</span></span></span>     </td><td style="width:55;" 
class="tabbing">=             </td><td  
class="tabbing">2<!--l. 1477--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03C0;</mi><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>h</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> Eötvös
</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1477--><p class="indent" >   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:32;" 
class="tabbing">    </td><td style="width:326;" 
class="tabbing"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">10@+-3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-">&#x00A0;@Angstr@om</span></span></span>                   </td><td style="width:55;" 
class="tabbing">=             </td><td  
class="tabbing">10<!--l. 1478--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup 
></math> Ångstrøm</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1478--><p class="indent" >                </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:32;" 
class="tabbing">    </td><td style="width:326;" 
class="tabbing"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">Se@nor</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-">&#x00A0;Gar@con</span></span></span>                      </td><td style="width:55;" 
class="tabbing">=             </td><td  
class="tabbing">Señor Garçon</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1479--><p class="indent" >                  </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:32;" 
class="tabbing">    </td><td style="width:326;" 
class="tabbing"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">M@!\305anoa</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-">&#x00A0;stra@se</span></span></span>                 </td><td style="width:55;" 
class="tabbing">=             </td><td style="width:13;" 
class="tabbing">M</td><td  
class="tabbing">anoa straße</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1480--><p class="indent" >   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:32;" 
class="tabbing">    </td><td style="width:326;" 
class="tabbing"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">A@\#cceleration@\#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-">&#x00A0;(ms@+-2@+)</span></span></span>       </td><td style="width:55;" 
class="tabbing">=             </td><td  
class="tabbing"><span 
class="ptmrc8t-">A<span 
class="small-caps">C</span><span 
class="small-caps">C</span><span 
class="small-caps">E</span><span 
class="small-caps">L</span><span 
class="small-caps">E</span><span 
class="small-caps">R</span><span 
class="small-caps">A</span><span 
class="small-caps">T</span><span 
class="small-caps">I</span><span 
class="small-caps">O</span><span 
class="small-caps">N</span> (<span 
class="small-caps">M</span><span 
class="small-caps">S</span></span><!--l. 1481--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></math><span 
class="ptmrc8t-">)</span></td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1482--><p class="indent" >
</p><!--l. 1484--><p class="indent" >   The option in <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-78032"></a> to draw a rectangle surrounding the text will not work for strings with escape sequences.
A chart of characters and their octal codes is given in Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-208000F">F<!--tex4ht:ref: app:F --></a>.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.17    </span> <a 
 id="x1-790004.17"></a>Grid file format specifications</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-79001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-79002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-79003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-79004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-79005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-79006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-79007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-79008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-79009"></a>
<!--l. 1499--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has the ability to read and write grids using more than one grid file format (see Table <a 
href="#x1-79013r9">4.9<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:grdformats --></a> for supported
format and their IDs). For reading, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will automatically determine the format of grid files, while for writing
you will normally have to append <span 
class="ptmri8t-">=ID </span>to the filename if you want <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to use a different format than the
default.
</p><!--l. 1505--><p class="indent" >   By default, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will create new grid files using the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">nf </span>format; however, this behavior can be overridden by
setting the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">GRID_FORMAT </span>defaults parameter to any of the other recognized values (or by appending
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">=ID</span>).
</p><!--l. 1509--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;can also read netCDF grid files produced by other software packages, provided the grid
files satisfy the COARDS and Hadley Centre conventions for netCDF grids. Thus, products created
under those conventions (provided the grid is 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-dimensional) can be read directly by
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;and the netCDF grids written by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;can be read by other programs that conform to those
conventions. Three such programs are <a 
href="http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~pierce/ncview_home_page.html" ><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ncview</span><a 
 id="dx1-79010"></a></a>, <a 
href="http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/panoply/" ><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Panoply</span><a 
 id="dx1-79011"></a></a> and <a 
href="http://www.epic.noaa.gov/java/ncBrowse/" ><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ncBrowse</span><a 
 id="dx1-79012"></a></a>; others can be found on the <a 
href="http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/software.html" >netCDF
website</a>.
</p><!--l. 1519--><p class="indent" >   In addition, users with some C-programming experience may add their own read/write functions and link them
with the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;library to extend the number of predefined formats. Technical information on this topic can be
found in the source file <span class="underline">gmt_customio.c</span>. Users who are considering this approach should contact the
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;team.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1525--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-79013r9"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-18" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-18-1g"><col 
id="TBL-18-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-18-2g"><col 
id="TBL-18-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-1-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ID</span></div></td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-1-2"  
class="td11">       <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">GMT 4 netCDF standard formats</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-2-1"  
class="td11">nb </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-2-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (byte) (COARDS-compliant)    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-3-1"  
class="td11">ns  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-3-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (short) (COARDS-compliant)   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-4-1"  
class="td11">ni  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-4-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (int) (COARDS-compliant)       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-5-1"  
class="td11">nf  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-5-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (float) (COARDS-compliant)    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-6-1"  
class="td11">nd </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-6-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (double) (COARDS-compliant)</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-7-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-7-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ID</span></div> </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-7-2"  
class="td11">        <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">GMT 3 netCDF legacy formats</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-8-1"  
class="td11">cb </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-8-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (byte) (depreciated)                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-9-1"  
class="td11">cs  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-9-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (short) (depreciated)                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-10-1"  
class="td11">ci  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-10-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (int) (depreciated)                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-11-1"  
class="td11">cf  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-11-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (float) (depreciated)                   </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-12-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-12-1"  
class="td11">cd </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-12-2"  
class="td11">GMT netCDF format (double) (depreciated)               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-13-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-13-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ID</span></div> </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-13-2"  
class="td11">         <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">GMT native binary formats</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-14-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-14-1"  
class="td11">bm</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-14-2"  
class="td11">GMT native, C-binary format (bit-mask)                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-15-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-15-1"  
class="td11">bb </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-15-2"  
class="td11">GMT native, C-binary format (byte)                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-16-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-16-1"  
class="td11">bs  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-16-2"  
class="td11">GMT native, C-binary format (short)                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-17-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-17-1"  
class="td11">bi  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-17-2"  
class="td11">GMT native, C-binary format (int)                               </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-18-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-18-1"  
class="td11">bf  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-18-2"  
class="td11">GMT native, C-binary format (float)                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-19-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-19-1"  
class="td11">bd </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-19-2"  
class="td11">GMT native, C-binary format (double)                        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-20-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-20-1"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ID</span></div> </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-20-2"  
class="td11">         <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Miscellaneous grid formats</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-21-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-21-1"  
class="td11">rb  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-21-2"  
class="td11">SUN raster file format (8-bit standard)                        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-22-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-22-1"  
class="td11">rf   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-22-2"  
class="td11">GEODAS grid format GRD98 (NGDC)                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-23-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-23-1"  
class="td11">sf  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-23-2"  
class="td11">Golden Software Surfer format 6 (float)                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-24-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-24-1"  
class="td11">sd  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-24-2"  
class="td11">Golden Software Surfer format 7 (double)                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-25-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-25-1"  
class="td11">af  </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-25-2"  
class="td11">Atlantic Geoscience Center AGC (float)                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-26-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-26-1"  
class="td11">gd </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-26-2"  
class="td11">Read-only via GDAL [EXPERIMENTAL] (float)       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-18-27-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-18-27-1"  
class="td11">  </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;4.9: </span><span  
class="content"><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;grid file formats.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-79013r9 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 1559--><p class="indent" >   Because some formats have limitations on the range of values they can store it is sometimes necessary to
provide more than simply the name of the file and its ID on the command line. For instance, a native short integer
file may use a unique value to signify an empty node or NaN, and the data may need translation and scaling prior to
use. Therefore, all <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs that read or write grid files will decode the given filename as
follows:
</p><!--l. 1569--><p class="indent" >   name[=<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ID</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">offset</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">nan</span>]]]
</p><!--l. 1573--><p class="noindent" >where everything in brackets is optional. If you are reading a grid then no options are needed: just
continue to pass the name of the grid file. However, if you write another format you must append the
=<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ID </span>string, where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">ID </span>is the format code listed above. In addition, should you want to (1) multiply
the data by a scale factor, and (2) add a constant offset you must append the /<span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">offset </span>modifier.
Finally, if you need to indicate that a certain data value should be interpreted as a NaN (not-a-number)
you must append the /<span 
class="ptmri8t-">nan </span>suffix to the scaling string (it cannot go by itself; note the nesting of the
brackets!).
</p><!--l. 1585--><p class="indent" >   Some of the grid formats allow writing to standard output and reading from standard input which means you
can connect <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs that operate on grid files with pipes, thereby speeding up execution and eliminating
the need for large, intermediate grid files. You specify standard input/output by leaving out the filename entirely.
That means the &#8220;filename&#8221; will begin with &#8220;=<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ID </span>&#8221; since no <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;netCDF format allow piping (due to the design
of netCDF).
</p><!--l. 1594--><p class="indent" >   Everything looks clearer after a few examples:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-79015x1">To write a native binary float grid file, specify the name as <span class="underline">my_file.f4=bf</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-79017x2">To read a native short integer grid file, multiply the data by 10 and then add 32000, but first let values
   that equal 32767 be set to NaN, use the filename <span class="underline">my_file.i2=bs/10/32000/32767</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-79019x3">To read a Golden Software &#8220;surfer&#8221; format 6 grid file, just pass the file name, e.g., <span class="underline">my_surferfile.grd</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-79021x4">To read a 8-bit standard Sun raster file (with values in the 0&#8211;255 range) and convert it to a <span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>1 range,
   give the name as <span class="underline">rasterfile=rb/7.84313725e-3/-1</span> (i.e., 1/127.5).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-79023x5">To write a native binary short integer grid file to standard output after subtracting 32000 and dividing
   its values by 10, give filename as <span class="underline">=bs/0.1/-3200</span>.
   </li></ol>
<!--l. 1615--><p class="indent" >   Programs that both read and/or write more than one grid file may specify different formats and/or
scaling for the files involved. The only restriction with the embedded grid specification mechanism
is that no grid files may actually use the &#8220;=&#8221; character as part of their name (presumably, a small
sacrifice).
<a 
 id="dx1-79024"></a>
</p><!--l. 1623--><p class="indent" >   One can also define special file suffixes to imply a specific file format; this approach represents a more intuitive
and user-friendly way to specify the various file formats. The user may create a file called <span class="underline">.gmt_io</span> in the current
directory, home directory or in the directory <span class="underline">/&#x0303;.gmt</span> and define any number of custom formats. The following is an
example of a <span class="underline">.gmt_io</span> file: <a 
 id="dx1-79025"></a>
</p><!--l. 1634--><p class="noindent" ></p>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td  
class="tabbing"># GMT i/o shorthand file
</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1637--><p class="indent" >                         </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td  
class="tabbing"># It can have any number of comment lines like this one anywhere</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1638--><p class="indent" >                                      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing"># suffix </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">format_id </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">scale </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">offset </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">NaN      </td><td  
class="tabbing">Comments</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1639--><p class="indent" >                                   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing">grd        </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">nf             </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">-        </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">-         </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">-            </td><td  
class="tabbing">Default format</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1640--><p class="indent" >                               </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing">b           </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">bf             </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">-        </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">-         </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">-            </td><td  
class="tabbing">Native binary floats</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1641--><p class="indent" >                      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing">i2          </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">bs             </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">-        </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">-         </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">32767    </td><td  
class="tabbing">2-byte integers with NaN value</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1642--><p class="indent" >                                   </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing">ras        </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">rb             </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">-        </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">-         </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">-            </td><td  
class="tabbing">Sun raster files</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1643--><p class="indent" >                          </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing">byte      </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">bb             </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">-        </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">-         </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">255        </td><td  
class="tabbing">Native binary 1-byte grids</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1644--><p class="indent" >                           </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing">bit         </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">bm            </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">-        </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">-         </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">-            </td><td  
class="tabbing">Native binary 0 or 1 grids</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1645--><p class="indent" >                       </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing">mask     </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">bm            </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">-        </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">-         </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">0            </td><td  
class="tabbing">Native binary 1 or NaN masks</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1646--><p class="indent" >                    </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:40;" 
class="tabbing">     </td><td style="width:48;" 
class="tabbing">faa        </td><td style="width:62;" 
class="tabbing">bs             </td><td style="width:33;" 
class="tabbing">0.1    </td><td style="width:37;" 
class="tabbing">-         </td><td style="width:50;" 
class="tabbing">32767    </td><td  
class="tabbing">Native binary gravity in 0.1 mGal</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 1648--><p class="indent" >
</p><!--l. 1650--><p class="indent" >   These suffices can be anything that makes sense to the user. To activate this mechanism, set parameter
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">GRIDFILE_SHORTHAND </span>to TRUE in your <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file. Then, using the filename <span class="underline">stuff.i2</span> is equivalent to
saying <span class="underline">stuff.i2=bs/1/0/32767</span>, and the filename <span class="underline">wet.mask</span> means wet.mask=bm/1/0/0. For a file intended for
masking, i.e., the nodes are either 1 or NaN, the bit or mask format file may be as small as 1/32 the size of the
corresponding grid float format file. <a 
 id="dx1-79026"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.18    </span> <a 
 id="x1-800004.18"></a>Options for COARDS-compliant netCDF files</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-80001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-80002"></a>
<!--l. 1665--><p class="noindent" >When the netCDF file contains more than one 2-dimensional variable, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs will load the first such
variable in the file and ignore all others. Alternatively, the user can select the required variable by adding the suffix
&#8220;?<span 
class="ptmri8t-">varname</span>&#8221; to the file name. For example, to get information on the variable &#8220;slp&#8221; in file <span class="underline">file.nc</span>,
use:
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-1">
grdinfo&#x00A0;~file.nc?slp~
</div>
<!--l. 1672--><p class="nopar" >Since COARDS-compliant netCDF files are the default, the additional suffix &#8220;=nf&#8221; can be omitted.
</p><!--l. 1675--><p class="indent" >   In case the named variable is 3-dimensional, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will load the first (bottom) layer. If another layer is
required, either add &#8220;[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">index</span>]&#8221; or &#8220;(<span 
class="ptmri8t-">level</span>)&#8221;, where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">index </span>is the index of the third (depth) variable (starting at 0 for the
first layer) and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">level </span>is the numerical value of the third (depth) variable associated with the requested layer. To
indicate the second layer of the 3-D variable &#8220;slp&#8221; use as file name: <span class="underline">file.nc?slp[1]</span>.
</p><!--l. 1681--><p class="indent" >   When you supply the numerical value for the third variable using &#8220;(<span 
class="ptmri8t-">level</span>)&#8221;, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will pick the layer closest to
that value. No interpolation is performed.
</p><!--l. 1684--><p class="indent" >   Note that the question mark, brackets and parentheses have special meanings on Unix-based platforms.
Therefore, you will need to either <span 
class="ptmri8t-">escape </span>these characters, by placing a backslash in front of them, or place the
whole file name plus modifiers between single quotes or double quotes.
</p><!--l. 1688--><p class="indent" >   A similar approach is followed for loading 4-dimensional grids. Consider a 4-dimensional grid with the
following variables:
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-2">
lat(lat):&#x00A0;0,&#x00A0;1,&#x00A0;2,&#x00A0;3,&#x00A0;4,&#x00A0;5,&#x00A0;6,&#x00A0;7,&#x00A0;8,&#x00A0;9
&#x00A0;<br />lon(lon):&#x00A0;0,&#x00A0;1,&#x00A0;2,&#x00A0;3,&#x00A0;4,&#x00A0;5,&#x00A0;6,&#x00A0;7,&#x00A0;8,&#x00A0;9
&#x00A0;<br />depth(depth):&#x00A0;0,&#x00A0;10,&#x00A0;20,&#x00A0;30,&#x00A0;40,&#x00A0;50,&#x00A0;60,&#x00A0;70,&#x00A0;80,&#x00A0;90
&#x00A0;<br />time(time):&#x00A0;0,&#x00A0;12,&#x00A0;24,&#x00A0;36,&#x00A0;48
&#x00A0;<br />pressure(time,depth,lat,lon):&#x00A0;(5000&#x00A0;values)
</div>
<!--l. 1696--><p class="nopar" >To get information on the 10<!--l. 1697--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x00D7;</mo></math>10
grid of pressure at depth 10 and at time 24, one would use:
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-3">
grdinfo&#x00A0;~file.nc?pressure[2,1]~
</div>
<!--l. 1700--><p class="nopar" >or (only in case the coordinates increase linearly):
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-4">
grdinfo&#x00A0;~file.nc?pressure(24,10)~
</div>
<!--l. 1704--><p class="nopar" >
</p><!--l. 1706--><p class="indent" >   The COARDS conventions set restrictions on the names that can be used for the units of the variables and
coordinates. For example, the units of longitude and latitude are &#8220;degrees_east&#8221; and &#8220;degrees_north&#8221;,
respectively. Here is an example of the header of a COARDS compliant netCDF file (to be obtained using
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ncdump</span><a 
 id="dx1-80003"></a>):
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-5">
netcdf&#x00A0;M2_fes2004&#x00A0;{
&#x00A0;<br />dimensions:
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;lon&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;2881&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;lat&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;1441&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />variables:
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;float&#x00A0;lon(lon)&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;lon:long_name&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;~longitude~&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;lon:units&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;~degrees_east~&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;lon:actual_range&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;0.,&#x00A0;360.&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;float&#x00A0;lat(lat)&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;lat:long_name&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;~latitude~&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;lat:units&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;~degrees_north~&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;lat:actual_range&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;-90.,&#x00A0;90.&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;short&#x00A0;amp(lat,&#x00A0;lon)&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;amp:long_name&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;~amplitude~&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;amp:unit&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;~m~&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;amp:scale_factor&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;0.0001&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;amp:add_offset&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;3.&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;amp:_FillValue&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;-32768s&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;short&#x00A0;pha(lat,&#x00A0;lon)&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;pha:long_name&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;~phase~&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;pha:unit&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;~degrees~&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;pha:scale_factor&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;0.01&#x00A0;;
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;pha:_FillValue&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;-32768s&#x00A0;;
</div>
<!--l. 1735--><p class="nopar" >This file contains two grids, which can be plotted separately using the names <span class="underline">M2_fes2004.nc?amp</span> and
<span class="underline">M2_fes2004.nc?pha</span>. The attributes <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">long_name</span></span></span> and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">unit</span></span></span> for each variable are combined in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to a single
unit string. For example, after reading the grid <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">y_unit</span></span></span> equals <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">latitude</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-">&#x00A0;[degrees_north]</span></span></span>. The same
method can be used in reverse to set the proper variable names and units when writing a grid. However, when the
coordinates are set properly as geographical or time axes, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will take care of this. The user is,
however, still responsible for setting the variable name and unit of the z-coordinate. The default is simply
&#8220;z&#8221;.
<a 
 id="dx1-80004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-80005"></a>
</p><!--l. 1747--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.19    </span> <a 
 id="x1-810004.19"></a>The NaN data value</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-81001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-81002"></a>
<!--l. 1751--><p class="noindent" >For a variety of data processing and plotting tasks there is a need to acknowledge that a data point is missing or
unassigned. In the &#8220;old days&#8221; such information was passed by letting a value like -9999.99 take on the special
meaning of &#8220;this is not really a value, it is missing&#8221;. The problem with this scheme is that -9999.99 (or any
other floating point value) may be a perfectly reasonable data value and in such a scenario would be
skipped. The solution adopted in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is to use the IEEE concept Not-a-Number (NaN) for this
purpose. Mathematically, a NaN is what you get if you do an undefined mathematical operation like
<!--l. 1758--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>0</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mn>0</mn></math>; in
ASCII data files they appear as the textstring NaN. This value is internally stored with a particular bit pattern
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
defined by IEEE so that special action can be taken when it is encountered by programs. In particular, a library
function called <span 
class="pcrr8t-">isnan </span>is used to test if a floating point is a NaN. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;uses these tests extensively to determine if
a value is suitable for plotting or processing (if a NaN is used in a calculation the result would become NaN as
well). Data points whose values equal NaN are not normally plotted (or plotted with the special NaN color given in
<span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>). Several tools such as <a 
href="../html/man/xyz2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xyz2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-81003"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-81004"></a>, and <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-81005"></a> can convert user data to
NaN and vice versa, thus facilitating arbitrary masking and clipping of data sets. Note that a few
computers do not have native IEEE hardware support. At this point, this applies to some of the older Cray
super-computers. Users on such machines may have to adopt the old &#8216;-9999.99&#8221; scheme to achieve the desired
results.
</p><!--l. 1771--><p class="indent" >   Data records that contain NaN values for the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y </span>columns (or the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z </span>column for cases when 3-D Cartesian
data are expected) are usually skipped during reading. However, the presence of these bad records
can be interpreted in two different ways, and this behavior is controlled by the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">NAN_RECORDS</span>
defaults parameter. The default setting (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">gap</span>) considers such records to indicate a gap in an otherwise
continuous series of points (e.g., a line), and programs can act upon this information, e.g., not to
draw a line across the gap or to break the line into separate segments. The alternative setting (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">bad</span>)
makes no such interpretation and simply reports back how many bad records were skipped during
reading.
</p><!--l. 1780--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.20    </span> <a 
 id="x1-820004.20"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;environment parameters</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-82001"></a>
<!--l. 1783--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;relies on several environment parameters, in particular to find data files and program settings.
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_SHAREDIR</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">points  to  the  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;share  directory  where  all  run-time  support  files  such  as
   coastlines, custom symbols, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;macros, color tables, and much more reside. If this parameter is
   not set it defaults to the share sub-directory selected during the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;install process (e.g., your answer
   to question C.9 on the web install form). If no selection was made the ultimate default is the share
   directory under the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;installation directory.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_DATADIR</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">points to one or more directory where large and/or widely used data files can be placed.
   All <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs look in this directories when a file is specified on the command line and it is not
   present in the current directory. This allows maintainers to consolidate large data files and to simplify
   scripting that use these files since the absolute path need not be specified. Separate multiple directories
   with colons; under Windows you use semi-colons.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_USERDIR</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">points to a directory where the user may place custom configuration files (e.g., an
   alternate  <span class="underline">coastline.conf</span>  file,  preferred  default  settings  in  <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>,  custom  symbols  and  color
   palettes,  and  shorthands  for  gridfile  extensions  via  <span class="underline">.gmt_io</span>).  Users  may  also  place  their  own  data
   files  in  this  directory  as  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs  will  search  for  files  given  on  the  command  line  in  both
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_DATADIR </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_USERDIR</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_TMPDIR</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">is  where  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will  write  its  state  parameters  via  the  three  files  <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span>,
   <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>  and  <span class="underline">.gmt_bb_info</span>.  If  not  set  then  these  files  are  written  to  the  current  directory.  See
   Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-260000P">P<!--tex4ht:ref: app:P --></a> for more on the use of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">$GMT_TMPDIR</span>.</dd></dl>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;5</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-830005"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;Coordinate Transformations</h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs read real-world coordinates and convert them to positions on a plot. This is achieved by selecting
one of several coordinate transformations or projections. We distinguish between three sets of such
conversions:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Cartesian coordinate transformations
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Polar coordinate transformations
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Map coordinate transformations</li></ul>
<!--l. 23--><p class="indent" >   The next chapter will be dedicated to <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;map projections in its entirety. Meanwhile, the present chapter will
summarize the properties of the Cartesian and Polar coordinate transformations available in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>, list which
parameters define them, and demonstrate how they are used to create simple plot axes. We will mostly be using
<a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-83001"></a> (and occasionally <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-83002"></a>) to demonstrate the various transformations. Our illustrations
may differ from those you reproduce with the same commands because of different settings in our
<span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file.) Finally, note that while we will specify dimensions in inches (by appending <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>),
you may want to use cm (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>), meters (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>), or points (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>) as unit instead (see the <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-83003"></a> man
page).
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-840005.1"></a>Cartesian transformations</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-84001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-84002"></a>
<!--l. 36--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;Cartesian coordinate transformations come in three flavors:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Linear coordinate transformation
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Log<!--l. 40--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
   coordinate transformation
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Power (exponential) coordinate transformation</li></ul>
<!--l. 44--><p class="indent" >   These transformations convert input coordinates <!--l. 44--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
to locations <!--l. 44--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> on a plot. There
is no coupling between <!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
and <!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>
(i.e., <!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
and <!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>);
it is a <span 
class="ptmb8t-">one-dimensional </span>projection. Hence, we may use separate transformations for the
<!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>- and
<!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-axes (and
<!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-axes for 3-D plots). Below,
we will use the expression <!--l. 48--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>u</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>u</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>,
where <!--l. 48--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>u</mi></math> is
either <!--l. 48--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math> or
<!--l. 48--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math> (or
<!--l. 48--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math> for 3-D plots). The coefficients
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
in <!--l. 49--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>u</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> depend on the desired plot
size (or scale), the chosen <!--l. 50--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
domain, and the nature of <!--l. 50--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>f</mi></math>
itself.
</p><!--l. 53--><p class="indent" >   Two subsets of linear will be discussed separately; these are a polar (cylindrical) projection
and a linear projection applied to geographic coordinates (with a 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;periodicity in the
<!--l. 55--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-coordinate).
We will show examples of all of these projections using dummy data sets created with <a 
href="../html/man/gmtmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-84003"></a>, a &#8220;Reverse
Polish Notation&#8221; (RPN) calculator that operates on or creates table data:
<a 
 id="dx1-84004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-84005"></a>
</p><!--l. 62--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput"></div>
<!--l. 66--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-850005.1.1"></a>Cartesian linear transformation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx-JX</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-85001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-85002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-85003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-85004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-85005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-85006"></a>
<!--l. 74--><p class="noindent" >There are in fact three different uses of the Cartesian linear transformation, each associated with specific
command line options. The different manifestations result from specific properties of three kinds of
data:
</p><!--l. 78--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-85008x1">Regular floating point coordinates
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-85010x2">Geographic coordinates
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-85012x3">Calendar time coordinates</li></ol>
<!--l. 84--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-860005.1.1"></a>Regular floating point coordinates</h5>
<!--l. 86--><p class="noindent" >Selection of the Cartesian linear transformation with regular floating point coordinates will result in a simple linear
scaling <!--l. 87--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>u</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>u</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mi 
>b</mi></math>
of the input coordinates. The projection is defined by stating
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">scale in inches/unit (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx</span>) or axis length in inches (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>)</li></ul>
<!--l. 94--><p class="indent" >   If the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-scale or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-axis length is different from that of the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-axis (which is most often the
case), separate the two scales (or lengths) by a slash, e.g., <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx</span>0.1i/0.5i or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>8i/5i. Thus, our
<!--l. 97--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msqrt><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msqrt></math> data sets
will plot as shown in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-86001r1">5.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_linear --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-86001r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 99--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_linear.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;5.1: </span><span  
class="content">Linear transformation of Cartesian coordinates.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-86001r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 101--><p class="indent" >   The complete commands given to produce this plot were
</p><!--l. 103--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/100/0/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX3i/1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba20f10g10/a2f1g2WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sqrt.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_linear.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-St0.075i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sqrt.d10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_linear.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<a 
 id="dx1-86002"></a><a 
 id="dx1-86003"></a>
<!--l. 107--><p class="noindent" >Normally, the user&#8217;s <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-values will increase to the right and the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-values will increase upwards. It should be noted
that in many situations it is desirable to have the direction of positive coordinates be reversed. For example, when
plotting depth on the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-axis it makes more sense to have the positive direction downwards. All that is required to
reverse the sense of positive direction is to supply a negative scale (or axis length). Finally, sometimes it is
convenient to specify the width (or height) of a map and let the other dimension be computed based on the
implied scale and the range of the other axis. To do this, simply specify the length to be recomputed as
0.
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-870005.1.1"></a>Geographic coordinates</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-87001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-87002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-87003"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-87004r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_linear_d.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;5.2: </span><span  
class="content">Linear transformation of map coordinates.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-87004r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 128--><p class="indent" >   While the Cartesian linear projection is primarily designed for regular floating point <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y </span>data, it is sometimes
necessary to plot geographical data in a linear projection. This poses a problem since longitudes have a
360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;periodicity. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;therefore needs to be informed that it has been given geographical coordinates even
though a linear transformation has been chosen. We do so by adding a <span 
class="ptmb8t-">g </span>(for geographical) or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d </span>(for degrees)
directly after <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>or by appending a <span 
class="ptmb8t-">g </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d </span>to the end of the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx </span>(or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>) option. As an example, we want to plot a
crude world map centered on 125<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E. Our command will be
</p><!--l. 138--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BASEMAP_TYPE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;FANCY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ddd:mm:ssF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg-55/305/-90/90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx0.014i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B60g30f15/30g30f15WSen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_linear_d.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 140--><p class="noindent" >with the result reproduced in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-87004r2">5.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_linear_d --></a>. <a 
 id="dx1-87005"></a><a 
 id="dx1-87006"></a> <a 
 id="dx1-87007"></a>
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-880005.1.1"></a>Calendar time coordinates</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-88001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88003"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-88004r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 152--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_linear_cal.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;5.3: </span><span  
class="content">Linear transformation of calendar coordinates.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-88004r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 154--><p class="indent" >   Several particular issues arise when we seek to make linear plots using calendar date/time as the input
coordinates. As far as setting up the coordinate transformation we must indicate whether our input data have
absolute time coordinates or relative time coordinates. For the former we append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">T </span>after the axis scale (or width),
while for the latter we append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>at the end of the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx </span>(or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX</span>) option. However, other command line arguments
(like the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option) may already specify whether the time coordinate is absolute or relative. An absolute time entry
must be given as [<span 
class="ptmri8t-">date</span>]<span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock</span>] (with <span 
class="ptmri8t-">date </span>given as <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yyyy</span>[-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">mm</span>[-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">dd</span>]], <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yyyy</span>[-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">jjj</span>], or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">yyyy</span>[-<span 
class="ptmb8t-">W</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ww</span>[-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">d</span>]], and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">clock </span>using
the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">hh</span>[:<span 
class="ptmri8t-">mm</span>[:<span 
class="ptmri8t-">ss</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">.xxx</span>]]] 24-hour clock format) whereas the relative time is simply given as the units of time
since the epoch followed by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>(see <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_UNIT </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TIME_EPOCH </span>for information on specifying
the time unit and the epoch). As a simple example, we will make a plot of a school week calendar
(Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-88004r3">5.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_linear_cal --></a>).
</p><!--l. 168--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_WEEK_START</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Sunday</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-hham</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;full</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R2001-9-24T/2001-9-29T/T07:0/T15:0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX4i/-2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba1Kf1kg1d/a1Hg1hWsNe</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_linear_cal.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 170--><p class="indent" >   When the coordinate ranges provided by the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option and the projection type given by <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX </span>(including the
optional <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">g</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">t </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span>) conflict, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will warn the users about it. In general, the options provided with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JX </span>will
prevail.
<a 
 id="dx1-88005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88011"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-88012"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-890005.1.2"></a>Cartesian logarithmic projection</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-89001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-89002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-89003"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-89004r4"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 191--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_log.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;5.4: </span><span  
class="content">Logarithmic transformation of <!--l. 191--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-coordinates.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-89004r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 193--><p class="indent" >   The log<!--l. 193--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
transformation is simply <!--l. 193--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>u</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><msub><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-op">log</mo><!--nolimits--></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>u</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mi 
>b</mi></math>
and is selected by appending an <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l </span>(lower case L) immediately following the scale (or axis length) value. Hence, to
produce a plot in which the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-axis is logarithmic (the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-axis remains linear, i.e., a semi-log plot),
try
</p><!--l. 198--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R1/100/0/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1.5il/0.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2g3/a2f1g2WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-H</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sqrt.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_log.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ss0.075i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-H</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sqrt.d10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_log.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 200--><p class="indent" >   Note  that  if  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-  and  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-scaling  are  different  and  a
log<!--l. 201--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>-log<!--l. 201--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
plot is desired, the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l </span>must be appended twice: Once after the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>-scale (before the /) and once after the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-scale. <a 
 id="dx1-89005"></a><a 
 id="dx1-89006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-89007"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-900005.1.3"></a>Cartesian power projection</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-90001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-90002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-90003"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-90004r5"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 215--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_pow.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;5.5: </span><span  
class="content">Exponential or power transformation of <!--l. 215--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-coordinates.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-90004r5 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 217--><p class="indent" >   This projection uses <!--l. 217--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>u</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>u</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow></msup 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mi 
>c</mi></math> and allows us to
explore exponential relationships like <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span><!--l. 217--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>p</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>
versus <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span><!--l. 217--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>q</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>.
While <!--l. 218--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>p</mi></math> and
<!--l. 218--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>q</mi></math> can be any values,
we will select <!--l. 218--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>p</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mn>5</mn></math> and
<!--l. 219--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>q</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math> which means
we will plot <!--l. 219--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
versus <!--l. 219--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msqrt><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msqrt></math>.
We indicate this scaling by appending a <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p </span>(lower case P) followed by the desired exponent, in our case 0.5. Since
<!--l. 221--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>q</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>
we do not need to specify <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>1 since it is identical to the linear transformation. Thus our command
becomes
</p><!--l. 225--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/100/0/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx0.3ip0.5/0.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba1p/a2f1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sqrt.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_pow.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.075i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sqrt.d10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_pow.ps</span>
   </div>_________________________________________________________________________________________________ <a 
 id="dx1-90005"></a><a 
 id="dx1-90006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-90007"></a><a 
 id="dx1-90008"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-910005.2"></a>Linear projection with polar (<!--l. 233--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></math>)
coordinates (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jp -JP</span>)</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-91001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-91002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-91003"></a>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-91004r6"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 239--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_polar.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;5.6: </span><span  
class="content">Polar (Cylindrical) transformation of (<!--l. 239--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></math>)
coordinates.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-91004r6 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 241--><p class="indent" >   This  transformation  converts  polar  coordinates  (angle
<!--l. 241--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></math> and radius
<!--l. 241--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>) to positions on
a plot. Now <!--l. 242--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> and
<!--l. 242--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>, hence it is similar to a regular
map projection because <!--l. 243--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
and <!--l. 243--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math> are
coupled and <!--l. 243--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
(i.e., <!--l. 243--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></math>)
has a 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;periodicity. With input and output points both in the plane it is a <span 
class="ptmb8t-">two-dimensional </span>projection. The
transformation comes in two flavors:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-91006x1">Normally, <!--l. 248--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></math>
   is   understood   to   be   directions   counter-clockwise   from   the   horizontal   axis,   but   we   may
   choose   to   specify   an   angular   offset   [whose   default   value   is   zero].   We   will   call   this   offset
   <!--l. 249--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>.
   Then, <!--l. 250--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-op">cos</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mi 
>b</mi></math>
   and <!--l. 250--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-op">sin</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mi 
>c</mi></math>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-91008x2">Alternatively, <!--l. 251--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></math>
   can    be    interpreted    to    be    azimuths    clockwise    from    the    vertical    axis,    yet    we    may
   again    choose    to    specify    the    angular    offset    [whose    default    value    is    zero].    Then,
   <!--l. 253--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-op">cos</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mn>9</mn><mn>0</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mi 
>b</mi></math>
   and <!--l. 253--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-op">sin</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mn>9</mn><mn>0</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mi 
>c</mi></math>.</li></ol>
<!--l. 256--><p class="indent" >   Consequently, the polar transformation is defined by providing
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">scale in inches/unit (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jp</span>) or full width of plot in inches (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JP</span>)
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally, insert <span 
class="ptmb8t-">a </span>after <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span><!--l. 260--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">P</span>
   to indicate CW azimuths rather than CCW directions
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally, append /<!--l. 261--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>o</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></math>
   in degrees to indicate an angular offset [0]
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally,  append  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">r  </span>to  reverse  the  radial  direction  (here,  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">south  </span>and  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">north  </span>must  be  elevations  in
   0&#8211;90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;range).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally, append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">z </span>to annotate depths rather than radius.</li></ul>
<!--l. 266--><p class="indent" >   As an example of this projection we will create a gridded data set in polar coordinates
<!--l. 267--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msup><mrow 
><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x22C5;</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-op">cos</mo><!--nolimits--><mn>4</mn><mi 
>&#x03B8;</mi></math> using
<a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-91009"></a>, a RPN calculator that operates on or creates grid files.
</p><!--l. 271--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/360/2/4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I6/0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PI</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;180</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;POW</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JP3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30Ns</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT=+ddd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_polar.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.nc</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 273--><p class="indent" >   We used <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-91010"></a> to make a contour map of this data. Because the data file only contains values with
<!--l. 274--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>2</mn> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2264;</mo> <mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2264;</mo> <mn>4</mn></math>, a donut
shaped plot appears in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-91004r6">5.6<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_polar --></a>.&#x00A0;<a 
 id="dx1-91011"></a> <a 
 id="dx1-91012"></a><a 
 id="dx1-91013"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;6</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-920006"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;Map Projections</h2>
<!--l. 12--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;implements more than 30 different projections. They all project the input coordinates longitude and latitude to positions
on a map. In general, <!--l. 13--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>z</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
and <!--l. 13--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2032;</mi></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>z</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>, where
<!--l. 14--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math> is implicitly given as the radial
vector length to the <!--l. 14--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> point on the
chosen ellipsoid. The functions <!--l. 14--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>f</mi></math>
and <!--l. 14--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math> can be
quite nasty and we will refrain from presenting details in this document. The interested read is referred to <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Snyder</span>
[1987]<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn21x6" id="fn21x6-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">21</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-92001f21"></a>.
We will mostly be using the <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-92002"></a> command to demonstrate each of the projections. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;map
projections are grouped into four categories depending on the nature of the projection. The groups
are
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-92004x1">Conic map projections
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-92006x2">Azimuthal map projections
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-92008x3">Cylindrical map projections
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-92010x4">Miscellaneous projections</li></ol>
<!--l. 28--><p class="indent" >   Because <!--l. 28--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
and <!--l. 28--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math> are
coupled we can only specify one plot-dimensional scale, typically a map <span 
class="ptmri8t-">scale </span>(for lower-case map projection
code) or a map <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width </span>(for upper-case map projection code). However, in some cases it would be more practical to
specify map <span 
class="ptmri8t-">height </span>instead of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span>, while in other situations it would be nice to set either the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">shortest </span>or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">longest</span>
map dimension. Users may select these alternatives by appending a character code to their map dimension. To
specify map <span 
class="ptmri8t-">height</span>, append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">h </span>to the given dimension; to select the minimum map dimension, append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">-</span>, whereas
you may append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+ </span>to select the maximum map dimension. Without the modifier the map width is selected by
default.
</p><!--l. 38--><p class="indent" >   In <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;version 4.3.0 we noticed we ran out of the alphabet for 1-letter (and sometimes 2-letter) projection
codes. To allow more flexibility, and to make it easier to remember the codes, we implemented the option to use the
abbreviations used by the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Proj4</span><a 
 id="dx1-92011"></a> mapping package. Since some of the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;projections are not in <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Proj4</span><a 
 id="dx1-92012"></a>, we
invented some of our own as well. For a full list of both the old 1- and 2-letter codes, as well as the
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Proj4</span><a 
 id="dx1-92013"></a>-equivalents see the quick reference cards in Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-370003.2">3.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:purpose --></a>. For example, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JM15c </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JMerc/15c </span>have
the same meaning.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-930006.1"></a>Conic projections</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-93001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-93002"></a>
<!--l. 44--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-940006.1.1"></a>Albers conic equal-area projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jb-JB</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-94001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-94002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-94003"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 49--><p class="noindent" >This projection, developed by Albers in 1805, is predominantly used to map regions of large east-west extent, in
particular the United States. It is a conic, equal-area projection, in which parallels are unequally spaced arcs of
concentric circles, more closely spaced at the north and south edges of the map. Meridians, on the other hand, are
equally spaced radii about a common center, and cut the parallels at right angles. Distortion in scale and shape
vanishes along the two standard parallels. Between them, the scale along parallels is too small; beyond them it is
too large. The opposite is true for the scale along meridians. To define the projection in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;you need to provide
the following information:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Two standard parallels.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Map scale in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx notation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jb</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JB</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 68--><p class="indent" >   Note that you must include the &#8220;1:&#8221; if you choose to specify the scale that way. E.g., you can
say 0.5 which means 0.5 inch/degree or 1:200000 which means 1 inch on the map equals 200,000
inches along the standard parallels. The projection center defines the origin of the rectangular map
coordinates. As an example we will make a map of the region near Taiwan. We choose the center of the
projection to be at 125 <span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E/20 <span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N and 25 <span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N and 45 <span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N as our two standard parallels. We desire a map
that is 5 inches wide. The complete command needed to generate the map below is therefore given
by:
</p><!--l. 79--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R110/140/20/35</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JB125/20/25/45/5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10g5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_albers.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-94004r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 81--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_albers.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.1: </span><span  
class="content">Albers equal-area conic map projection</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-94004r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-94005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-94006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-94007"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-950006.1.2"></a>Equidistant conic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jd-JD</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-95001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-95002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-95003"></a>
<!--l. 92--><p class="noindent" >The equidistant conic projection was described by the Greek philosopher Claudius Ptolemy about A.D.&#x00A0;150. It is
neither conformal or equal-area, but serves as a compromise between them. The scale is true along all meridians
and the standard parallels. To select this projection in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;you must provide the same information as for the
other conic projection, i.e.,
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Two standard parallels.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Map scale in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx notation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jd</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JD</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 105--><p class="indent" >   The equidistant conic projection is often used for atlases with maps of small countries. As an example, we
generate a map of Cuba:
</p><!--l. 109--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ddd:mm:ssF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.05i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-88/-70/18/24</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JD-79/21/19/23/4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B5g1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Di</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/thick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_equidistant_conic.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-95004r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 111--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_equidistant_conic.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.2: </span><span  
class="content">Equidistant conic map projection</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-95004r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-95005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-95006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-95007"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-960006.1.3"></a>Lambert conic conformal projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jl-JL</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-96001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-96002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-96003"></a>
<!--l. 122--><p class="noindent" >This conic projection was designed by the Alsatian mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert (1772) and has
been used extensively for mapping of regions with predominantly east-west orientation, just like the
Albers projection. Unlike the Albers projection, Lambert&#8217;s conformal projection is not equal-area. The
parallels are arcs of circles with a common origin, and meridians are the equally spaced radii of these
circles. As with Albers projection, it is only the two standard parallels that are distortion-free. To
select this projection in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;you must provide the same information as for the Albers projection,
i.e.,
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Two standard parallels.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Map scale in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx notation (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jl</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JL</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 138--><p class="indent" >   The Lambert conformal projection has been used for basemaps for all the 48 contiguous States with the two
fixed standard parallels 33<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N and 45<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N. We will generate a map of the continental USA using these parameters.
Note that with all the projections you have the option of selecting a rectangular border rather than one defined by
meridians and parallels. Here, we choose the regular WESN region, a &#8220;fancy&#8221; basemap frame, and use degrees
west for longitudes. The generating commands used were
</p><!--l. 147--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BASEMAP_TYPE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;FANCY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ddd:mm:ssF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.05i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-130/-70/24/52</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jl-100/35/33/45/1:50000000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10g5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/thick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N2/thinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_lambert_conic.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-96004r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 149--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_lambert_conic.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.3: </span><span  
class="content">Lambert conformal conic map projection</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-96004r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 151--><p class="indent" >   The choice for projection center does not affect the projection but it indicates which meridian (here 100<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>W)
will be vertical on the map. The standard parallels were originally selected by Adams to provide a maximum scale
error between latitudes 30.5<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N and 47.5<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N of 0.5&#8211;1%. Some areas, like Florida, experience scale errors of up to
2.5%. <a 
 id="dx1-96005"></a><a 
 id="dx1-96006"></a> <a 
 id="dx1-96007"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-970006.1.4"></a>(American) polyconic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jpoly-JPoly</span></h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-97001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-97002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-97003"></a>
<!--l. 166--><p class="noindent" >The polyconic projection, in Europe usually referred to as the American polyconic projection, was introduced
shortly before 1820 by the Swiss-American cartographer Ferdinand Rodulph Hassler (1770-1843). As head of the
Survey of the Coast, he was looking for a projection that would give the least distortion for mapping the coast of
the United States. The projection acquired its name from the construction of each parallel, which is achieved by
projecting the parallel onto the cone while it is rolled around the globe, along the central meridian, tangent to that
parallel. As a consequence, the projection involves many cones rather than a single one used in regular conic
projections.
</p><!--l. 168--><p class="indent" >   The polyconic projection is neither equal-area, nor conformal. It is true to scale without distortion along the
central meridian. Each parallel is true to scale as well, but the meridians are not as they get further away from the
central meridian. As a consequence, no parallel is standard because conformity is lost with the lengthening of the
meridians.
</p><!--l. 170--><p class="indent" >   Below we reproduce the illustration by <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Snyder </span>[1987], with a gridline every 10<span 
class="ptmr8c-">° </span>and annotations only every 30<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>
in longitude:
</p><!--l. 172--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-180/-20/0/90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JPoly/4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g10/10g10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_polyconic.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-97004r4"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 174--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_polyconic.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.4: </span><span  
class="content">(American) polyconic projection</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-97004r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-97005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-97006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-97007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-97008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-97009"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-980006.2"></a>Azimuthal projections</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-98001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-98002"></a>
<!--l. 188--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-990006.2.1"></a>Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ja-JA</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-99001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-99002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-99003"></a>
<!--l. 193--><p class="noindent" >This projection was developed by Lambert in 1772 and is typically used for mapping large regions like continents
and hemispheres. It is an azimuthal, equal-area projection, but is not perspective. Distortion is zero at the center of
the projection, and increases radially away from this point. To define this projection in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;you must provide the
following information:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally,    the    horizon,    i.e.,    the    number    of    degrees    from    the    center    to    the    edge
   (<!--l. 203--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2264;</mo></math>180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,
   default is 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale as 1:xxxxx or as radius/latitude where radius is the projected distance on the map from projection
   center to an oblique latitude (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ja</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JA</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 209--><p class="indent" >   Two different types of maps can be made with this projection depending on how the region is specified. We will
give examples of both types.
</p><!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-1000006.2.1"></a>Rectangular map</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-100001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-100002"></a>
<!--l. 218--><p class="noindent" >In this mode we define our region by specifying the longitude/latitude of the lower left and upper right corners
instead of the usual <span 
class="ptmri8t-">west, east, south, north </span>boundaries. The reason for specifying our area this way is that for this
and many other projections, lines of equal longitude and latitude are not straight lines and are thus poor choices for
map boundaries. Instead we require that the map boundaries be rectangular by defining the corners of a
rectangular map boundary. Using 0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E/40<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>S (lower left) and 60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E/10<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>S (upper right) as our corners we
try
</p><!--l. 229--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ddd:mm:ssF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/-40/60/-10r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JA30/-30/4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g30/15g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_lambert_az_rect.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-100003r5"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 232--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_lambert_az_rect.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.5: </span><span  
class="content">Rectangular map using the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-100003r5 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 234--><p class="indent" >   Note that an &#8220;r&#8221; is appended to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option to inform <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;that the region has been selected using the
rectangle technique, otherwise it would try to decode the values as <span 
class="ptmri8t-">west, east, south, north </span>and report an error since
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">&#8217;east&#8217; </span><!--l. 238--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">&#8217;west&#8217;</span>.
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-1010006.2.1"></a>Hemisphere map</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-101001"></a>
<!--l. 244--><p class="noindent" >Here, you must specify the world as your region (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rg </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Rd</span>). E.g., to obtain a hemisphere view that shows the
Americas, try
</p><!--l. 247--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JA280/30/3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g30/15g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_lambert_az_hemi.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-101002r6"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 249--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_lambert_az_hemi.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.6: </span><span  
class="content">Hemisphere map using the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-101002r6 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 251--><p class="indent" >   To geologists, the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection (with origin at 0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>/0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) is known as the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">equal-area</span>
(Schmidt) stereonet and used for plotting fold axes, fault planes, and the like. An <span 
class="ptmri8t-">equal-angle </span>(Wulff) stereonet can
be obtained by using the stereographic projection (discussed later). The stereonets produced by these two
projections appear below.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-101003r7"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 258--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_stereonets.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.7: </span><span  
class="content">Equal-Area (Schmidt) and Equal-Angle (Wulff) stereo nets.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-101003r7 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-101004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-101005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-101006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-101007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-101008"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1020006.2.2"></a>Stereographic Equal-Angle projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Js-JS</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-102001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-102002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-102003"></a>
<!--l. 271--><p class="noindent" >This is a conformal, azimuthal projection that dates back to the Greeks. Its main use is for mapping the polar
regions. In the polar aspect all meridians are straight lines and parallels are arcs of circles. While this is
the most common use it is possible to select any point as the center of projection. The requirements
are
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally,    the    horizon,    i.e.,    the    number    of    degrees    from    the    center    to    the    edge
   (<!--l. 280--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,
   default is 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale as 1:xxxxx (true scale at pole), slat/1:xxxxx (true scale at standard parallel slat), or radius/latitude
   where radius is distance on map in inches from projection center to a particular [possibly oblique]
   latitude (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Js</span>), or simply map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JS</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 288--><p class="indent" >   A default map scale factor of 0.9996 will be applied by default (although you may change this with
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">MAP_SCALE_FACTOR</span>). However, the setting is ignored when a standard parallel has been specified since the
scale is then implicitly given. We will look at two different types of maps.
</p><!--l. 294--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-1030006.2.2"></a>Polar Stereographic Map</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-103001"></a>
<!--l. 297--><p class="noindent" >In our first example we will let the projection center be at the north pole. This means we have a polar stereographic
projection and the map boundaries will coincide with lines of constant longitude and latitude. An example is given
by
</p><!--l. 302--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-30/30/60/72</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Js0/90/4.5i/60</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba10g5/5g5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_stereographic_polar.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-103002r8"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 304--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_stereographic_polar.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.8: </span><span  
class="content">Polar stereographic conformal projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-103002r8 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-1040006.2.2"></a>Rectangular stereographic map</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-104001"></a>
<!--l. 309--><p class="noindent" >As with Lambert&#8217;s azimuthal equal-area projection we have the option to use rectangular boundaries rather than the
wedge-shape typically associated with polar projections. This choice is defined by selecting two points as corners
in the rectangle and appending an &#8220;r&#8221; to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option. This command produces a map as presented in
Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-104002r9">6.9<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_stereographic_rect --></a>:
</p><!--l. 317--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;OBLIQUE_ANNOTATION</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-25/59/70/72r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JS10/90/11c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g10/5g5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_stereographic_rect.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-104002r9"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 319--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_stereographic_rect.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.9: </span><span  
class="content">Polar stereographic conformal projection with rectangular borders.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-104002r9 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-1050006.2.2"></a>General stereographic map</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-105001"></a>
<!--l. 324--><p class="noindent" >In terms of usage this projection is identical to the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. Thus, one can make
both rectangular and hemispheric maps. Our example shows Australia using a projection pole at 130E/30<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>S. The
command used was
</p><!--l. 329--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;OBLIQUE_ANNOTATION</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R100/-40/160/-10r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JS130/-30/4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g10/15g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_stereographic_general.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-105002r10"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 332--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_stereographic_general.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.10: </span><span  
class="content">General stereographic conformal projection with rectangular borders.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-105002r10 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 334--><p class="indent" >   By choosing 0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>/0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>as the pole, we obtain the conformal stereonet presented next to its equal-area cousin in the
Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1010006.2.1">6.2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:lamb --></a> on the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-101003r7">6.7<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_stereonets --></a>).
<a 
 id="dx1-105003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-105004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-105005"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1060006.2.3"></a>Perspective projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jg-JG</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-106001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-106002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-106003"></a>
<!--l. 347--><p class="noindent" >The perspective projection imitates in 2 dimensions the 3-dimensional view of the earth from space. The
implementation in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is very flexible, and thus requires many input variables. Those are listed and explained
below, with the values used in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-106005r11">6.11<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_perspective --></a> between brackets.
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center (4<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E/52<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Altitude of the viewer above sea level in kilometers (230 km). If this value is less than 10, it is assumed
   to be the distance of the viewer from the center of the earth in earth radii. If an &#8220;r&#8221; is appended, it is the
   distance from the center of the earth in kilometers.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Azimuth in degrees (90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>, due east). This is the direction in which you are looking, measured clockwise
   from north.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Tilt in degrees (60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>). This is the viewing angle relative to zenith. So a tilt of 0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;is looking straight
   down, 60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;is looking from 30<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;above the horizon.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Twist in degrees (180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>). This is the boresight rotation (clockwise) of the image. The twist of 180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;in
   the example mimics the fact that the Space Shuttle flies upside down.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Width and height of the viewpoint in degrees (60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>). This number depends on whether you are looking
   with the naked eye (in which case you view is about 60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;wide), or with binoculars, for example.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale as 1:xxxxx or as radius/latitude where radius is distance on map in inches from projection center
   to a particular [possibly oblique] latitude (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jg</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JG</span>) (5 inches).</li></ul>
<!--l. 372--><p class="indent" >   The imagined view of northwest Europe from a Space Shuttle at 230 km looking due east is thus accomplished
by the following <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-106004"></a> command:
</p><!--l. 375--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JG4/52/230/90/60/180/60/60/5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2g2/1g1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ia</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Di</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ANNOT_MIN_SPACING=0.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_perspective.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-106005r11"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 377--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_perspective.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.11: </span><span  
class="content">View from the Space Shuttle in Perspective projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-106005r11 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-106006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-106007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-106008"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1070006.2.4"></a>Orthographic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jg-JG</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-107001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-107002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-107003"></a>
<!--l. 389--><p class="noindent" >The orthographic azimuthal projection is a perspective projection from infinite distance. It is therefore often used to
give the appearance of a globe viewed from outer space. As with Lambert&#8217;s equal-area and the stereographic
projection, only one hemisphere can be viewed at any time. The projection is neither equal-area nor
conformal, and much distortion is introduced near the edge of the hemisphere. The directions from the
center of projection are true. The projection was known to the Egyptians and Greeks more than 2,000
years ago. Because it is mainly used for pictorial views at a small scale, only the spherical form is
necessary.
</p><!--l. 400--><p class="indent" >   To specify the orthographic projection the same options <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jg </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JG </span>as the perspective projection are used, but
with fewer variables to supply:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally,    the    horizon,    i.e.,    the    number    of    degrees    from    the    center    to    the    edge
   (<!--l. 405--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2264;</mo></math>90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,
   default is 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale as 1:xxxxx or as radius/latitude where radius is distance on map in inches from projection center
   to a particular [possibly oblique] latitude (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jg</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JG</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 412--><p class="indent" >   Our example of a perspective view centered on 75<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>W/40<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N can therefore be generated by the following
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-107004"></a> command:
</p><!--l. 415--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JG-75/41/4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B15g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_orthographic.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-107005r12"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 417--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_orthographic.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.12: </span><span  
class="content">Hemisphere map using the Orthographic projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-107005r12 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-107006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-107007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-107008"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1080006.2.5"></a>Azimuthal Equidistant projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Je-JE</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-108001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-108002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-108003"></a>
<!--l. 429--><p class="noindent" >The most noticeable feature of this azimuthal projection is the fact that distances measured from the center are true.
Therefore, a circle about the projection center defines the locus of points that are equally far away from the plot
origin. Furthermore, directions from the center are also true. The projection, in the polar aspect, is at least several
centuries old. It is a useful projection for a global view of locations at various or identical distance from a given
point (the map center).
</p><!--l. 438--><p class="indent" >   To specify the azimuthal equidistant projection you must supply:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally,    the    horizon,    i.e.,    the    number    of    degrees    from    the    center    to    the    edge
   (<!--l. 442--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2264;</mo></math>180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,
   default is 180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale as 1:xxxxx or as radius/latitude where radius is distance on map in inches from projection center
   to a particular [possibly oblique] latitude (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Je</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JE</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 449--><p class="indent" >   Our example of a global view centered on 100<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>W/40<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N can therefore be generated by the following <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-108004"></a>
command. Note that the antipodal point is 180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;away from the center, but in this projection this point plots as the
entire map perimeter:
</p><!--l. 455--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JE-100/40/4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B15g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_az_equidistant.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-108005r13"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 457--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_az_equidistant.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.13: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the equidistant azimuthal projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-108005r13 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-108006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-108007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-108008"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1090006.2.6"></a>Gnomonic projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jf-JF</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-109001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-109002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-109003"></a>
<!--l. 469--><p class="noindent" >The Gnomonic azimuthal projection is a perspective projection from the center onto a plane tangent to the surface.
Its origin goes back to the old Greeks who used it for star maps almost 2500 years ago. The projection is neither
equal-area nor conformal, and much distortion is introduced near the edge of the hemisphere; in fact, less than a
hemisphere may be shown around a given center. The directions from the center of projection are true. Great circles
project onto straight lines. Because it is mainly used for pictorial views at a small scale, only the spherical form is
necessary.
</p><!--l. 479--><p class="indent" >   To specify the Gnomonic projection you must supply:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of the projection center.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally,    the    horizon,    i.e.,    the    number    of    degrees    from    the    center    to    the    edge
   (<!--l. 483--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,
   default is 60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale as 1:xxxxx or as radius/latitude where radius is distance on map in inches from projection center
   to a particular [possibly oblique] latitude (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jf</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JF</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 490--><p class="indent" >   Using a horizon of 60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>, our example of this projection centered on 120<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>W/35<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N can therefore be generated by
the following <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-109004"></a> command:
</p><!--l. 494--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JF-120/35/60/4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_gnomonic.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-109005r14"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 496--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_gnomonic.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.14: </span><span  
class="content">Gnomonic azimuthal projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-109005r14 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-109006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-109007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-109008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-109009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-109010"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1100006.3"></a>Cylindrical projections</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-110001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-110002"></a>
<!--l. 510--><p class="noindent" >Cylindrical projections are easily recognized for its shape: maps are rectangular and meridians and parallels are
straight lines crossing at right angles. But that is where similarities between the cylindrical projections supported
by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;(Mercator, transverse Mercator, universal transverse Mercator, oblique Mercator, Cassini,
cylindrical equidistant, cylindrical equal-area, Miller, and cylindrical stereographic projections) stops. Each
have a different way of spacing the meridians and parallels to obtain certain desirable cartographic
properties.
</p><!--l. 512--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1110006.3.1"></a>Mercator projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jm-JM</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-111001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-111002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-111003"></a>
<!--l. 517--><p class="noindent" >Probably the most famous of the various map projections, the Mercator projection takes its name from
the Flemish cartographer Gheert Cremer, better known as Gerardus Mercator, who presented it in
1569. The projection is a cylindrical and conformal, with no distortion along the equator. A major
navigational feature of the projection is that a line of constant azimuth is straight. Such a line is called a
rhumb line or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">loxodrome</span><a 
 id="dx1-111004"></a>. Thus, to sail from one point to another one only had to connect the points
with a straight line, determine the azimuth of the line, and keep this constant course for the entire
voyage<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn22x6" id="fn22x6-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">22</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-111005f22"></a><a 
 id="dx1-111006"></a>.
The Mercator projection has been used extensively for world maps in which the distortion towards the polar
regions grows rather large, thus incorrectly giving the impression that, for example, Greenland is larger than South
America. In reality, the latter is about eight times the size of Greenland. Also, the Former Soviet Union looks much
bigger than Africa or South America. One may wonder whether this illusion has had any influence on U.S.&#x00A0;foreign
policy.
</p><!--l. 537--><p class="indent" >   In the regular Mercator projection, the cylinder touches the globe along the equator. Other orientations like
vertical and oblique give rise to the Transverse and Oblique Mercator projections, respectively. We will discuss
these generalizations following the regular Mercator projection.
</p><!--l. 544--><p class="indent" >   The regular Mercator projection requires a minimum of parameters. To use it in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs you supply
this information (the first two items are optional and have defaults):
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Standard parallel for true scale [Equator]. When supplied, central meridian must be supplied as well.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along the equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jm</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JM</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 555--><p class="indent" >   Our example presents a world map at a scale of 0.012 inch pr degree which will give a map 4.32 inch wide. It
was created with the command:
</p><!--l. 559--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BASEMAP_TYPE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fancy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/360/-70/70</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jm1.2e-2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba60f30/a30f15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_mercator.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-111007r15"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 561--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_mercator.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.15: </span><span  
class="content">Simple Mercator map.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-111007r15 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 563--><p class="indent" >   While this example is centered on the Dateline, one can easily choose another configuration with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option.
A map centered on Greenwich would specify the region with <span 
class="ptmb8t-">-R</span>-180/180/-70/70.
<a 
 id="dx1-111008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-111009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-111010"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1120006.3.2"></a>Transverse Mercator projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jt-JT</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-112001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-112002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-112003"></a>
<!--l. 577--><p class="noindent" >The transverse Mercator was invented by Lambert in 1772. In this projection the cylinder touches a meridian
along which there is no distortion. The distortion increases away from the central meridian and goes
to infinity at 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;from center. The central meridian, each meridian 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;away from the center, and
equator are straight lines; other parallels and meridians are complex curves. The projection is defined by
specifying:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Optionally, the latitude of origin (default is the equator).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along the equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jt</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JT</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 592--><p class="indent" >   The optional latitude of origin defaults to Equator if not specified. Although defaulting to 1, you can change the
map scale factor via the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MAP_SCALE_FACTOR </span>parameter. Our example shows a transverse Mercator map of
south-east Europe and the Middle East with 35<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E as the central meridian:
</p><!--l. 599--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R20/30/50/45r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jt35/0.18i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10g5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_transverse_merc.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-112004r16"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 601--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_transverse_merc.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.16: </span><span  
class="content">Rectangular Transverse Mercator map.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-112004r16 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 603--><p class="indent" >   The transverse Mercator can also be used to generate a global map&#8212;the equivalent of the 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;Mercator map.
Using the command
</p><!--l. 606--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/360/-80/80</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JT330/-45/3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g15/15g15WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A2000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_TM.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 608--><p class="noindent" >we made the map illustrated in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-112005r17">6.17<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_TM --></a>. Note that when a world map is given (indicated by <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">0/360/s/n</span>), the
arguments are interpreted to mean oblique degrees, i.e., the 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;range is understood to mean the extent of the plot
along the central meridian, while the &#8220;south&#8221; and &#8220;north&#8221; values represent how far from the central longitude we
want the plot to extend. These values correspond to latitudes in the regular Mercator projection and must therefore
be less than 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-112005r17"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 618--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_TM.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.17: </span><span  
class="content">A global transverse Mercator map.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-112005r17 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-112006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-112007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-112008"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1130006.3.3"></a>Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ju-JU</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-113001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-113002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-113003"></a>
<!--l. 629--><p class="noindent" >A particular subset of the transverse Mercator is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) which was adopted by
the US Army for large-scale military maps. Here, the globe is divided into 60 zones between 84<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>S and 84<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N, most
of which are 6<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;wide. Each of these UTM zones have their unique central meridian. Furthermore, each zone is
divided into latitude bands but these are not needed to specify the projection for most cases. See Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-113004r18">6.18<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_utm_zones --></a> for all
zone designations.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-113004r18"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 641--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_utm_zones.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.18: </span><span  
class="content">Universal Transverse Mercator zone layout.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-113004r18 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 646--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;implements both the transverse Mercator and the UTM projection. When selecting UTM you must
specify:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">UTM zone (A, B, 1&#8211;60, Y, Z). Use negative values for numerical zones in the southern hemisphere or
   append the latitude modifiers C&#8211;H, J&#8211;N, P&#8211;X) to specify an exact UTM grid zone.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along the equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ju</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JU</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 655--><p class="indent" >   In order to minimize the distortion in any given zone, a scale factor of 0.9996 has been factored into the
formulae. (although a standard, you can change this with <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MAP_SCALE_FACTOR</span>). This makes the UTM
projection a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">secant </span>projection and not a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">tangent </span>projection like the transverse Mercator above. The scale only
varies by 1 part in 1,000 from true scale at equator. The ellipsoidal projection expressions are accurate for map
areas that extend less than 10<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;away from the central meridian. For larger regions we use the conformal latitude in
the general spherical formulae instead.
<a 
 id="dx1-113005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-113006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-113007"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1140006.3.4"></a>Oblique Mercator projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jo-JO</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-114001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-114002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-114003"></a>
<!--l. 675--><p class="noindent" >Oblique configurations of the cylinder give rise to the oblique Mercator projection. It is particularly useful when
mapping regions of large lateral extent in an oblique direction. Both parallels and meridians are complex curves.
The projection was developed in the early 1900s by several workers. Several parameters must be provided to define
the projection. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;offers three different definitions:
</p><!--l. 683--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-114005x1">Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Joa </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOa</span>:
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of projection center.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Azimuth of the oblique equator.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Scale in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx along oblique equator (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Joa</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOa</span>).</li></ul>
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-114007x2">Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Job </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOb</span>:
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of projection center.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of second point on oblique equator.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Scale in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx along oblique equator (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Job</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOb</span>).</li></ul>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-114009x3">Option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Joc </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOc</span>:
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of projection center.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of projection pole.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Scale in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx along oblique equator (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Joc</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JOc</span>).</li></ul>
   </li></ol>
<!--l. 707--><p class="indent" >   Our example was produced by the command
</p><!--l. 709--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R270/20/305/25r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JOc280/25.5/22/69/4.8i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10g5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Di</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Tf301.5/23/0.4i/2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--HEADER_FONT_SIZE=8p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--HEADER_OFFSET=0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_obl_merc.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-114010r19"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 712--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_obl_merc.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.19: </span><span  
class="content">Oblique Mercator map using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Joc</span>. We make it clear which direction is North by adding a
star rose with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>option.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-114010r19 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 714--><p class="indent" >   It uses definition 3 for an oblique view of some Caribbean islands. Note that we define our region using the
rectangular system described earlier. If we do not append an &#8220;r&#8221; to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>string then the information provided with
the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option is assumed to be oblique degrees about the projection center rather than the usual geographic
coordinates. This interpretation is chosen since in general the parallels and meridians are not very suitable as map
boundaries.
<a 
 id="dx1-114011"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-114012"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-114013"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1150006.3.5"></a>Cassini cylindrical projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jc-JC</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-115001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-115002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-115003"></a>
<!--l. 733--><p class="noindent" >This cylindrical projection was developed in 1745 by César-François Cassini de Thury for the survey of France.
It is occasionally called Cassini-Soldner since the latter provided the more accurate mathematical analysis that led
to the development of the ellipsoidal formulae. The projection is neither conformal nor equal-area, and behaves as a
compromise between the two end-members. The distortion is zero along the central meridian. It is best suited for
mapping regions of north-south extent. The central meridian, each meridian 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;away, and equator are straight
lines; all other meridians and parallels are complex curves. The requirements to define this projection
are:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Longitude and latitude of central point.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale in inch/degree or as 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jc</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JC</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 750--><p class="indent" >   A detailed map of the island of Sardinia centered on the 8<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>45&#8217;E meridian using the Cassini projection can be
obtained by running the command:
</p><!--l. 754--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R7:30/38:30/10:30/41:30r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JC8.75/40/2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B1g1f30m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Lf9.5/38.8/40/60</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dh</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ia/thinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--LABEL_FONT_SIZE=12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_cassini.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-115004r20"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 756--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_cassini.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.20: </span><span  
class="content">Cassini map over Sardinia.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-115004r20 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 758--><p class="indent" >   As with the previous projections, the user can choose between a rectangular boundary (used here) or a
geographical (WESN) boundary.
<a 
 id="dx1-115005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-115006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-115007"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1160006.3.6"></a>Cylindrical equidistant projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jq-JQ</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-116001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-116002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-116003"></a>
<!--l. 772--><p class="noindent" >This simple cylindrical projection is really a linear scaling of longitudes and latitudes. The most common form is
the Plate Carrée projection, where the scaling of longitudes and latitudes is the same.<a 
 id="dx1-116004"></a> All meridians and parallels
are straight lines. The projection can be defined by: </p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Standard parallel [Equator].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale in inch/degree or as 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jq</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JQ</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 781--><p class="noindent" >The first two of these are optional and have defaults. When the standard parallel is defined, the central meridian must
be supplied as well.
</p><!--l. 783--><p class="indent" >   A world map centered on the dateline using this projection can be obtained by running the command:
</p><!--l. 786--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JQ4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B60f30g30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_equi_cyl.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-116005r21"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 787--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_equi_cyl.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.21: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Plate Carrée projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-116005r21 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 789--><p class="indent" >   Different relative scalings of longitudes and latitudes can be obtained by selecting a standard parallel different
from the equator. Some selections for standard parallels have practical properties as shown in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-116009r1">6.1<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:JQ --></a>.
</p><div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 790--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-116009r1"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-116006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-116007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-116008"></a>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-19" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
><colgroup id="TBL-19-1g"><col 
id="TBL-19-1" /><col 
id="TBL-19-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-19-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-1-1"  
class="td11">              <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Projection</span></div>                </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-1-2"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Standard parallel</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-19-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-2-1"  
class="td11">Grafarend and Niermann, minimum linear distortion</td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-2-2"  
class="td11">    61.7<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°          </span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-19-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-3-1"  
class="td11">Ronald Miller Equirectangular                                   </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-3-2"  
class="td11">    50.5<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°          </span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-19-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-4-1"  
class="td11">Ronald Miller, minimum continental distortion         </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-4-2"  
class="td11">    43.5<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°          </span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-19-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-5-1"  
class="td11">Grafarend and Niermann                                            </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-5-2"  
class="td11">     42<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°           </span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-19-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-6-1"  
class="td11">Ronald Miller, minimum overall distortion                </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-6-2"  
class="td11">    37.5<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°          </span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-19-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-7-1"  
class="td11">Plate Carrée, Simple Cylindrical, Plain/Plane          </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-7-2"  
class="td11">     0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°            </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-19-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-19-8-1"  
class="td11">                                   </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;6.1: </span><span  
class="content">Standard parallels for some cylindrical equidistant projections.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-116009r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<a 
 id="dx1-116010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-116011"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-116012"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1170006.3.7"></a>Cylindrical equal-area projections (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jy-JY</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-117001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117003"></a>
<!--l. 819--><p class="noindent" >This cylindrical projection is actually several projections, depending on what latitude is selected as the standard
parallel. However, they are all equal area and hence non-conformal. All meridians and parallels are straight lines.
The requirements to define this projection are:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">The standard parallel.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale in inch/degree or as 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jy</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JY</span>)</li></ul>
<!--l. 831--><p class="indent" >   While you may choose any value for the standard parallel and obtain your own personal projection, there are
seven choices of standard parallels that result in known (or named) projections. These are listed in
Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-117012r2">6.2<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:JY --></a>.
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 836--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-117012r2"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-117004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117011"></a>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-20" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
><colgroup id="TBL-20-1g"><col 
id="TBL-20-1" /><col 
id="TBL-20-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-1-1"  
class="td11">  <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Projection</span></div>  </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-1-2"  
class="td11"> <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Standard parallel</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-2-1"  
class="td11">Balthasart           </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-2-2"  
class="td11">      50<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°             </span></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-3-1"  
class="td11">Gall-Peters </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-3-2"  
class="td11"> 45<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-4-1"  
class="td11">Hobo-Dyer         </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-4-2"  
class="td11"> 37<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>30&#8217; (= 37.5<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>)   </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-5-1"  
class="td11">Trystan Edwards</td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-5-2"  
class="td11"> 37<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>24&#8217; (= 37.4<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>)   </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-6-1"  
class="td11">Caster                 </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-6-2"  
class="td11">37<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>04&#8217; (= 37.0666<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>)</td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-7-1"  
class="td11">Behrman            </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-7-2"  
class="td11">      30<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°             </span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-8-1"  
class="td11">Lambert             </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-8-2"  
class="td11">      0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°              </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-20-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-20-9-1"  
class="td11">           </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;6.2: </span><span  
class="content">Standard parallels for some cylindrical equal-area projections.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-117012r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 861--><p class="indent" >   For instance, a world map centered on the 35<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E meridian using the Behrman projection (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-117013r22">6.22<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_general_cyl --></a>) can be
obtained by running the command:
</p><!--l. 865--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-145/215/-90/90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JY35/30/4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B45g45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Slightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_general_cyl.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-117013r22"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 866--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_general_cyl.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.22: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Behrman cylindrical equal-area projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-117013r22 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 868--><p class="indent" >   As one can see there is considerable distortion at high latitudes since the poles map into lines.
<a 
 id="dx1-117014"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117015"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-117016"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.8    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1180006.3.8"></a>Miller Cylindrical projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jj-JJ</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-118001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-118002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-118003"></a>
<!--l. 881--><p class="noindent" >This cylindrical projection, presented by Osborn Maitland Miller of the American Geographic Society in 1942, is
neither equal nor conformal. All meridians and parallels are straight lines. The projection was designed to be a
compromise between Mercator and other cylindrical projections. Specifically, Miller spaced the parallels by using
Mercator&#8217;s formula with 0.8 times the actual latitude, thus avoiding the singular poles; the result
was then divided by 0.8. There is only a spherical form for this projection. Specify the projection
by:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Optionally, the central meridian (default is the middle of your map).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale in inch/degree or as 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jj</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JJ</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 895--><p class="indent" >   For instance, a world map centered on the 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E meridian at a map scale of 1:400,000,000 (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-118004r23">6.23<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_miller --></a>) can be
obtained as follows:
</p><!--l. 898--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-90/270/-80/90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jj1:400000000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B45g45/30g30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_miller.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-118004r23"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 899--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_miller.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.23: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Miller cylindrical projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-118004r23 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-118005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-118006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-118007"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3.9    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1190006.3.9"></a>Cylindrical stereographic projections (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jcyl_stere-JCyl_stere</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-119001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119003"></a>
<!--l. 910--><p class="noindent" >The cylindrical stereographic projections are certainly not as notable as other cylindrical projections, but are still
used because of their relative simplicity and their ability to overcome some of the downsides of other cylindrical
projections, like extreme distortions of the higher latitudes. The stereographic projections are perspective
projections, projecting the sphere onto a cylinder in the direction of the antipodal point on the equator. The cylinder
crosses the sphere at two standard parallels, equidistant from the equator. The projections are defined by:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian (uses the middle of the map when omitted).
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">The standard parallel (default is the Equator). When used, central meridian needs to be given as well.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale in inch/degree or as 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jcyl_stere</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JCyl_stere</span>)</li></ul>
<!--l. 917--><p class="noindent" >Some of the selections of the standard parallel are named for the cartographer or publication that popularized the
projection (Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-119009r3">6.3<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:JCylstere --></a>).
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 919--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-119009r3"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-119004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119008"></a>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-21" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
><colgroup id="TBL-21-1g"><col 
id="TBL-21-1" /><col 
id="TBL-21-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-21-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-1-1"  
class="td11">               <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Projection</span></div>                 </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-1-2"  
class="td11"><div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Standard parallel</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-21-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-2-1"  
class="td11">Miller&#8217;s modified Gall                                                      </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-2-2"  
class="td11">  66.159467<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°     </span></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-21-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-3-1"  
class="td11">Kamenetskiy&#8217;s First </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-3-2"  
class="td11"> 55<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-21-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-4-1"  
class="td11">Gall&#8217;s stereographic                                                         </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-4-2"  
class="td11">     45<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°           </span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-21-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-5-1"  
class="td11">Bolshoi Sovietskii Atlas Mira or Kamenetskiy&#8217;s Second</td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-5-2"  
class="td11">     30<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°           </span></td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-21-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-6-1"  
class="td11">Braun&#8217;s cylindrical                                                           </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-6-2"  
class="td11">     0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°            </span></td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-21-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-21-7-1"  
class="td11">                                     </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;6.3: </span><span  
class="content">Standard parallels for some cylindrical equal-area projections.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-119009r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 939--><p class="indent" >   A map of the world, centered on the Greenwich meridian, using the Gall&#8217;s stereographic projection (standard
parallel is 45<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>, Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-119010r24">6.24<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_gall_stereo --></a>), is obtained as follows:
</p><!--l. 941--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dddA</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-180/180/-60/80</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JCyl_stere/0/45/4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba60f30g30/a30g30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggrey</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_gall_stereo.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-119010r24"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 942--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_gall_stereo.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.24: </span><span  
class="content">World map using Gall&#8217;s stereographic projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-119010r24 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-119011"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119012"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119013"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119014"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-119015"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1200006.4"></a>Miscellaneous projections</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-120001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-120002"></a>
<!--l. 958--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;supports 8 common projections for global presentation of data or models. These are the Hammer,
Mollweide, Winkel Tripel, Robinson, Eckert IV and VI, Sinusoidal, and Van der Grinten projections. Due to the
small scale used for global maps these projections all use the spherical approximation rather than more elaborate
elliptical formulae.
</p><!--l. 966--><p class="indent" >   In all cases, the specification of the central meridian can be skipped. The default is the middle of the longitude
range of the plot, specified by the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-(</span>R) option.
</p><!--l. 969--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1210006.4.1"></a>Hammer projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jh-JH</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-121001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-121002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-121003"></a>
<!--l. 975--><p class="noindent" >The equal-area Hammer projection, first presented by the German mathematician Ernst von Hammer in 1892, is
also known as Hammer-Aitoff (the Aitoff projection looks similar, but is not equal-area). The border is an ellipse,
equator and central meridian are straight lines, while other parallels and meridians are complex curves. The
projection is defined by selecting:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jh</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JH</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 987--><p class="indent" >   A view of the Pacific ocean using the Dateline as central meridian is accomplished thus
</p><!--l. 990--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JH4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_hammer.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-121004r25"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 991--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_hammer.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.25: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Hammer projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-121004r25 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-121005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-121006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-121007"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1220006.4.2"></a>Mollweide projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jw-JW</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-122001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-122002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-122003"></a>
<!--l. 1003--><p class="noindent" >This pseudo-cylindrical, equal-area projection was developed by the German mathematician and astronomer Karl
Brandan Mollweide in 1805. Parallels are unequally spaced straight lines with the meridians being equally
spaced elliptical arcs. The scale is only true along latitudes 40<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>44&#8217; north and south. The projection is
used mainly for global maps showing data distributions. It is occasionally referenced under the name
homalographic projection. Like the Hammer projection, outlined above, we need to specify only
two parameters to completely define the mapping of longitudes and latitudes into rectangular <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>
coordinates:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jw</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JW</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 1020--><p class="indent" >   An example centered on Greenwich can be generated thus:
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 1024--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JW4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_mollweide.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-122004r26"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 1025--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_mollweide.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.26: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Mollweide projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-122004r26 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-122005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-122006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-122007"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1230006.4.3"></a>Winkel Tripel projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jr-JR</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-123001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-123002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-123003"></a>
<!--l. 1037--><p class="noindent" >In 1921, the German mathematician Oswald Winkel a projection that was to strike a compromise between the
properties of three elements (area, angle and distance). The German word &#8220;tripel&#8221; refers to this junction of where
each of these elements are least distorted when plotting global maps. The projection was popularized when
Bartholomew and Son started to use it in its world-renowned &#8220;The Times Atlas of the World&#8221; in the mid 20th
century. In 1998, the National Geographic Society made the Winkel Tripel as its map projection of choice for
global maps.
</p><!--l. 1039--><p class="indent" >   Naturally, this projection is neither conformal, nor equal-area. Central meridian and equator are straight lines;
other parallels and meridians are curved. The projection is obtained by averaging the coordinates of the Equidistant
Cylindrical and Aitoff (not Hammer-Aitoff) projections. The poles map into straight lines 0.4 times the length of
equator. To use it you must enter
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jr</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JR</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 1051--><p class="indent" >   Centered on Greenwich, the example in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-123004r27">6.27<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_winkel --></a> was created by this command:
</p><!--l. 1054--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JR4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_winkel.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-123004r27"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 1055--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_winkel.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.27: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Winkel Tripel projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-123004r27 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-123005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-123006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-123007"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1240006.4.4"></a>Robinson projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jn-JN</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-124001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-124002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-124003"></a>
<!--l. 1067--><p class="noindent" >The Robinson projection, presented by the American geographer and cartographer Arthur H. Robinson in 1963, is
a modified cylindrical projection that is neither conformal nor equal-area. Central meridian and all parallels are straight
lines; other meridians are curved. It uses lookup tables rather than analytic expressions to make the world map &#8220;look&#8221;
right<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn23x6" id="fn23x6-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">23</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-124004f23"></a>.
The scale is true along latitudes <span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>38<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>. The projection was originally developed for use by Rand McNally and is
currently used by the National Geographic Society. To use it you must enter
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jn</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JN</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 1087--><p class="indent" >   Again centered on Greenwich, the example below was created by this command:
</p><!--l. 1089--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JN4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_robinson.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-124005r28"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 1090--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_robinson.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.28: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Robinson projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-124005r28 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-124006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-124007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-124008"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1250006.4.5"></a>Eckert IV and VI projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jk-JK</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-125001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-125002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-125003"></a>
<!--l. 1102--><p class="noindent" >The Eckert IV and VI projections, presented by the German cartographer Max Eckert-Greiffendorff in 1906, are
pseudocylindrical equal-area projections. Central meridian and all parallels are straight lines; other meridians are
equally spaced elliptical arcs (IV) or sinusoids (VI). The scale is true along latitudes <span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>40<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>30&#8217; (IV) and <span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>49<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>16&#8217;
(VI). Their main use is in thematic world maps. To select Eckert IV you must use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JKf </span>(<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f </span>for &#8220;four&#8221;) while Eckert
VI is selected with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JKs </span>(<span 
class="ptmb8t-">s </span>for &#8220;six&#8221;). If no modifier is given it defaults to Eckert VI. In addition, you must
enter
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jk</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JK</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 1118--><p class="indent" >   Centered on the Dateline, the Eckert IV example below was created by this command:
</p><!--l. 1120--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JKf4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Slightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_eckert4.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-125004r29"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 1122--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_eckert4.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.29: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Eckert IV projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-125004r29 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 1124--><p class="indent" >   The same script, with <span 
class="ptmb8t-">s </span>instead of <span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>, yields the Eckert VI map:
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-125005r30"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 1126--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_eckert6.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.30: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Eckert VI projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-125005r30 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-125006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-125007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-125008"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1260006.4.6"></a>Sinusoidal projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ji-JI</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-126001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-126002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-126003"></a>
<!--l. 1138--><p class="noindent" >The sinusoidal projection is one of the oldest known projections, is equal-area, and has been used
since the mid-16th century. It has also been called the &#8220;Equal-area Mercator&#8221; projection. The central
meridian is a straight line; all other meridians are sinusoidal curves. Parallels are all equally spaced
straight lines, with scale being true along all parallels (and central meridian). To use it, you need to
select:
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Ji</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JI</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 1152--><p class="indent" >   A simple world map using the sinusoidal projection is therefore obtained by
</p><!--l. 1154--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JI4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_sinusoidal.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-126004r31"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 1155--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_sinusoidal.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.31: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Sinusoidal projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-126004r31 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 1157--><p class="indent" >   To reduce distortion of shape the interrupted sinusoidal projection was introduced in 1927. Here, three
symmetrical segments are used to cover the entire world. Traditionally, the interruptions are at 160<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>W, 20<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>W, and
60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E. To make the interrupted map we must call <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-126005"></a> for each segment and superpose the results. To
produce an interrupted world map (with the traditional boundaries just mentioned) that is 5.04 inches
wide we use the scale 5.04/360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;= 0.014 and offset the subsequent plots horizontally by their widths
(140<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span><!--l. 1166--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x22C5;</mo></math>0.014 and
80<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span><!--l. 1167--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x22C5;</mo></math>0.014):
<a 
 id="dx1-126006"></a>
</p><!--l. 1171--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R200/340/-90/90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ji0.014i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_sinus_int.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-20/60/-90/90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ji0.014i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1.96i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_sinus_int.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R60/200/-90/90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ji0.014i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1.12i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_sinus_int.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-126007r32"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 1172--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_sinus_int.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.32: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Interrupted Sinusoidal projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-126007r32 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 1174--><p class="indent" >   The usefulness of the interrupted sinusoidal projection is basically limited to display of global, discontinuous
data distributions like hydrocarbon and mineral resources, etc.
<a 
 id="dx1-126008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-126009"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-126010"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1270006.4.7"></a>Van der Grinten projection (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jv-JV</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-127001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-127002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-127003"></a>
<!--l. 1188--><p class="noindent" >The Van der Grinten projection, presented by Alphons J. van der Grinten in 1904, is neither equal-area nor
conformal. Central meridian and Equator are straight lines; other meridians are arcs of circles. The scale is true
along the Equator only. Its main use is to show the entire world enclosed in a circle. To use it you must
enter
</p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">The central meridian [Middle of your map].
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">Scale along equator in inch/degree or 1:xxxxx (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jv</span>), or map width (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JV</span>).</li></ul>
<!--l. 1200--><p class="indent" >   Centered on the Dateline, the example below was created by this command:
</p><!--l. 1202--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JV4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30/g15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_grinten.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-127004r33"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 1204--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_grinten.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;6.33: </span><span  
class="content">World map using the Van der Grinten projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-127004r33 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-127005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-127006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-127007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-127008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-127009"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;7</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-1280007"></a>Creating GMT Graphics</h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >In this section we will be giving several examples of typical usage of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs. In general, we
will start with a raw data set, manipulate the numbers in various ways, then display the results in
diagram or map view. The resulting plots will have in common that they are all made up of simpler
plots that have been overlaid to create a complex illustration. We will mostly follow the following
format:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-128002x1">We explain what we want to achieve in plain language.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-128004x2">We present an annotated Bourne shell script that contains all commands used to generate the illustration.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-128006x3">We explain the rationale behind the commands.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-128008x4">We present the illustration, 50% reduced in size, and without the timestamp (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-U</span>).</li></ol>
<!--l. 35--><p class="indent" >   A detailed discussion of each command is not given; we refer you to the manual pages for command line
syntax, etc. We encourage you to run these scripts for yourself. See Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-204000D">D<!--tex4ht:ref: app:D --></a> if you would like an electronic
version of all the shell-scripts (both <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">sh</span><a 
 id="dx1-128009"></a> and <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">csh</span><a 
 id="dx1-128010"></a> scripts are available, as or DOS batch files; only the
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">sh</span><a 
 id="dx1-128011"></a>-scripts are discussed here) and support data used below. Note that all examples explicitly specifies
the measurement units, so although we use inches you should be able to run these scripts and get
the same plots even if you have cm as the default measure unit. The examples are all written to be
&#8220;quiet&#8221;, that is no information is echoed to the screen. Thus, these scripts are well suited for background
execution.
</p><!--l. 48--><p class="indent" >   Note that we also end each script by cleaning up after ourselves. Because <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">awk</span><a 
 id="dx1-128012"></a> is broken as designed on some
systems, and <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">nawk</span><a 
 id="dx1-128013"></a> is not available on others we refer to <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">$AWK</span><a 
 id="dx1-128014"></a> in the scripts below; the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">do_examples.sh</span><a 
 id="dx1-128015"></a> scripts
will set this when running all examples.
</p><!--l. 54--><p class="indent" >   Finally, be aware that for practical purposes the output <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file name is stored as the variable
<span 
class="pcrr8t-">ps</span>.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1290007.1"></a>The making of contour maps</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-129001"></a>
<!--l. 60--><p class="noindent" >We want to create two contour maps of the low order geoid using the Hammer equal area projection. Our gridded
data file is called <span class="underline">osu91a1f_16.nc</span> and contains a global 1<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;by 1<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;gridded geoid (we will see how to make gridded
files later). We would like to show one map centered on Greenwich and one centered on the dateline. Positive
contours should be drawn with a solid pen and negative contours with a dashed pen. Annotations should
occur for every 50 m contour level, and both contour maps should show the continents in light gray in
the background. Finally, we want a rectangular frame surrounding the two maps. This is how it is
done:
</p><!--l. 72--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;01</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;two</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;maps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;based</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;osu91a1f_16.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psbasemap,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_01.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/6.5/0/9</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JH0/6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X0.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y0.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;osu91a1f_16.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A50+s7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L-1000/-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wcthinnest,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wathin,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0.1i/0.02i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;osu91a1f_16.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A50+s7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L-1/1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0.1i/0.02i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JH6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bg30:.~Low</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Order</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Geoid~:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;osu91a1f_16.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A50+s7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L-1000/-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wcthinnest,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wathin,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0.1i/0.02i:-+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;osu91a1f_16.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A50+s7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L-1/1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0.1i/0.02i:-+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 74--><p class="indent" >   The first command draws a box surrounding the maps. This is followed by two sequences of <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-129002"></a>,
<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a>. They differ in that the first is centered on Greenwich; the second on the
dateline. We use the limit option (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>) in <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-129003"></a> to select negative contours only and plot those
with a dashed pen, then positive contours only and draw with a solid pen [Default]. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T </span>option
causes tickmarks pointing in the downhill direction to be drawn on the innermost, closed contours. For
the upper panel we also added - and + to the local lows and highs. You can find this illustration as
Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-129004r1">7.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_01 --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-129004r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 87--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_01.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.1: </span><span  
class="content">Contour maps of gridded data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-129004r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-129005"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1300007.2"></a>Image presentations</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-130001"></a>
<!--l. 95--><p class="noindent" >As our second example we will demonstrate how to make color images from gridded data sets (again, we will defer
the actual making of grid files to later examples). We will use the supplemental program <a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130002"></a> to extract 2-D
grid files of bathymetry and Geosat geoid heights and put the two images on the same page. The region of interest
is the Hawaiian islands, and due to the oblique trend of the island chain we prefer to rotate our geographical data
sets using an oblique Mercator projection defined by the hotspot pole at (68<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>W, 69<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N). We choose the
point (190<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>, 25.5<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) to be the center of our projection (e.g., the local origin), and we want to image a
rectangular region defined by the longitudes and latitudes of the lower left and upper right corner of region.
In our case we choose (160<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>, 20<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) and (220<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>, 30<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) as the corners. We use <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130003"></a> to make the
illustration:
</p><!--l. 112--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;02</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;two</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;images</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;based</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gridded</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grd2cpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdgradient,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psscale,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_02.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HEADER_FONT_SIZE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;OBLIQUE_ANNOTATION</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T-2/14/2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;g.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_geoid2.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R160/20/220/30r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JOc190/25.5/292/69/4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E50</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-1.25i/-1i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cg.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y1.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cg.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D5.1i/1.35i/2.88i/0.4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ac</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2:GEOID:/:m:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grd2cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_topo2.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crelief</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;t.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_topo2.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-GHI_topo2_int.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_topo2.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-IHI_topo2_int.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E50</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10:.~H@#awaiian@#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;T@#opo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;@#G@#eoid:~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ct.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--HEADER_OFFSET=0.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ct.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D5.1i/1.35i/2.88i/0.4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I0.3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ac</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2:TOPO:/:km:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/8.5/0/11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-4.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;b)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_topo2_int.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;?.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 114--><p class="indent" >   The first step extracts the 2-D data sets from the local data base using <a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130004"></a>, which is a supplemental
utility program (see Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-165000A">A<!--tex4ht:ref: app:A --></a>) that may be adapted to reflect the nature of your data base format. It
automatically figures out the required extent of the region given the two corners points and the projection.
The extreme meridians and parallels enclosing the oblique region is <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>159:50/220:10/3:10/47:35.
This is the area extracted by <a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130005"></a>. For your convenience we have commented out those lines
and provided the two extracted files so you do not need <a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130006"></a> to try this example. By using the
embedded grid file format mechanism we saved the topography using kilometers as the data unit. We now
have two grid files with bathymetry and geoid heights, respectively. We use <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130007"></a> to generate a
linear color palette file <span class="underline">geoid.cpt</span> for the geoid and use <a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130008"></a> to get a histogram-equalized cpt file
<span class="underline">topo.cpt</span> for the topography data. To emphasize the structures in the data we calculate the slopes in the
north-south direction using <a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130009"></a>; these will be used to modulate the color image. Next we run
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130010"></a> to create a color-code image of the Geosat geoid heights, and draw a color legend to the
right of the image with <a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130011"></a>. Similarly, we run <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-130012"></a> but specify <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Y</span>4.5i to plot above the
previous image. Adding scale and label the two plots a) and b) completes the illustration (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-130014r2">7.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_02 --></a>).
<a 
 id="dx1-130013"></a></p><hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-130014r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 142--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_02.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.2: </span><span  
class="content">Color images from gridded data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-130014r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1310007.3"></a>Spectral estimation and xy-plots</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-131001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-131002"></a>
<!--l. 148--><p class="noindent" >In this example we will show how to use the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs <a 
href="../html/man/fitcircle.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">fitcircle</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131003"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/project.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131004"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/sample1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sample1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131005"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/spectrum1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">spectrum1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131006"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131007"></a>,
and <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131008"></a>. Suppose you have (lon, lat, gravity) along a satellite track in a file called <span class="underline">sat.xyg</span>, and (lon, lat, gravity)
along a ship track in a file called <span class="underline">ship.xyg</span>. You want to make a cross-spectral analysis of these data. First, you will
have to get the two data sets into equidistantly sampled time-series form. To do this, it will be convenient to project
these along the great circle that best fits the sat track. We must use <a 
href="../html/man/fitcircle.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">fitcircle</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131009"></a> to find this great circle and choose the
L<!--l. 159--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
estimates of best pole. We project the data using <a 
href="../html/man/project.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131010"></a> to find out what their ranges are in the projected
coordinate. The <a 
href="../html/man/minmax.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131011"></a> utility will report the minimum and maximum values for multi-column ASCII tables.
Use this information to select the range of the projected distance coordinate they have in common. The script
prompts you for that information after reporting the values. We decide to make a file of equidistant sampling points
spaced 1 km apart from -1167 to +1169, and use the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;utility <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">$AWK</span><a 
 id="dx1-131012"></a> to accomplish this step. We can then
resample the projected data, and carry out the cross-spectral calculations, assuming that the ship is the input and the
satellite is the output data. There are several intermediate steps that produce helpful plots showing the effect of the
various processing steps (<span class="underline">example_03[a&#8211;f].ps</span>), while the final plot <span class="underline">example_03.ps</span> shows the ship and
sat power in one diagram and the coherency on another diagram, both on the same page. Note the
extended use of <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131013"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-131014"></a> to put labels and legends directly on the plots. For that purpose
we often use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Jx</span>1i and specify positions in inches directly. Thus, the complete automated script
reads:
</p><!--l. 181--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;03</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Resample</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;do</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spectral</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;analysis,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;filter1d,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fitcircle,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minmax,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;project,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sample1d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spectrum1d,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;trend1d,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pshistogram,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;head,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;paste,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tail</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;This</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;begins</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;files</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~ship.xyg~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~sat.xyg~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;which</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;are</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;measurements</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;quantity</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~g~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~gravity</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;anomaly~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;which</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;an</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;anomalous</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;increase</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;or</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;decrease</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;magnitude</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;acceleration</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gravity</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sea</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;level).</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;g</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;measured</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sequence</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;points</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~x,y~</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;which</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;this</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;case</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~longitude,latitude~.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~sat.xyg~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;were</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;by</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sequence</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;points</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;almost</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;along</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;circle.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~ship.xyg~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;were</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;obtained</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;by</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;which</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tried</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;follow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;satellite&#8217;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;path</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;but</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;deviated</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;it</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;places.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Thus</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;two</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sets</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;are</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;not</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;measured</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;same</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;points,</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;we</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;various</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tools</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;facilitate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;their</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;comparison.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;main</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;illustration</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(example_03.ps)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;are</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;accompanied</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;support</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plots</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(03a-f)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;showing</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;distributions</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;various</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;intermediate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;steps.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;we</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~fitcircle~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;find</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;parameters</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;circle</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;most</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;closely</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fitting</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x,y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;points</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~sat.xyg~:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_03.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">fitcircle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sat.xyg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;report</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cposx=&#8216;grep</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~L2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Average</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Position~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;report</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f1&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cposy=&#8216;grep</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~L2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Average</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Position~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;report</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f2&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pposx=&#8216;grep</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~L2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hemisphere~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;report</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f1&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pposy=&#8216;grep</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~L2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hemisphere~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;report</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f2&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Now</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;we</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~project~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;project</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;both</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sat.xyg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.xyg</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;into</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data.pg,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;where</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;g</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;same</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;oblique</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;longitude</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;around</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;circle.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;We</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;get</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;distance</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;kilometers,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sort</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;output</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;into</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;increasing</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;values.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">project</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sat.xyg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C$cposx/$cposy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T$pposx/$pposy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Fpz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sat.pg</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">project</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.xyg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C$cposx/$cposy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T$pposx/$pposy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Fpz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.pg</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minmax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;utility</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;will</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;report</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minimum</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;maximum</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;values</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;all</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;columns.</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;We</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~filter1d~</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;want</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">head</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;box.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba1f3p/a1f3p:~Power</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(mGal@+2@+km)~::.~Ship</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Satellite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Gravity~:WeSn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spectrum.xpower</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-ST0.07i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R1/1000/0.1/10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX-4il/3.75il</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y4.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ey/0.5p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spectrum.ypower</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.07i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ey/0.5p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~3.9</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3.6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TR</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Input</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Power~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/4/0/3.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;box.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">1.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">1.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.9</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.9</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.7~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-ST0.07i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ML</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Ship~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.07i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ML</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Satellite~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../example_03f.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;box.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;report</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;samp*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*.pg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*.extr</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spectrum.*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 183--><p class="indent" >   The final illustration (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-131015r3">7.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_03 --></a>) shows that the ship gravity anomalies have more power than altimetry
derived gravity for short wavelengths and that the coherency between the two signals improves dramatically for
wavelengths <!--l. 186--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
20 km. </p><hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-131015r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 187--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_03.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.3: </span><span  
class="content">Spectral estimation and <!--l. 187--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>y</mi></math>-plots.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-131015r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-131016"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-131017"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1320007.4"></a>A 3-D perspective mesh plot</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-132001"></a>
<!--l. 195--><p class="noindent" >This example will illustrate how to make a fairly complicated composite figure. We need a subset of the ETOPO5
bathymetry<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn24x7" id="fn24x7-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">24</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-132002f24"></a>
and Geosat geoid data sets which we will extract from the local data bases using <a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-132003"></a>. We would like to
show a 2-layer perspective plot where layer one shows a contour map of the marine geoid with the location of the
Hawaiian islands superposed, and a second layer showing the 3-D mesh plot of the topography. We also add an
arrow pointing north and some text. This is how to do it:
</p><!--l. 206--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;04</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3-D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mesh</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hawaiian</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topography</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdview,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_04.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;-10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;zero.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;zero.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_geoid4.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jm0.45i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E60/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R195/210/18/25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5+o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-1.25i/-1.25i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E60/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2/2NEsw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T209/19.5/1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdview</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_topo4.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jz0.34i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Czero.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E60/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R195/210/18/25/-6/4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N-6/lightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Qsm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2/2/2:~Topo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(km)~:neswZ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y2.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;3.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;60</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;33</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;H@#awaiian@#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;R@#idge&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/10/0/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;zero.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 208--><p class="indent" >   The purpose of the color palette file <span class="underline">zero.cpt</span> is to have the positive topography mesh painted light gray (the
remainder is white). The left side of Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-132004r4">7.4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_04 --></a> shows the complete illustration.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-132004r4"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_04.png" alt="PIC"  
 />                                                                           <img 
src="images/example_04c.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.4: </span><span  
class="content">3-D perspective mesh plot (left) and colored version (right).</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-132004r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 219--><p class="indent" >   A color version of this figure was used in our first article in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">EOS Trans. AGU </span>(Oct. 8th, 1991). It was created
along similar lines, but instead of a mesh plot we chose a color-coded surface with artificial illumination from a
light-source due north. We choose to use the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Qi </span>option in <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-132005"></a> to achieve a high degree of smoothness. Here,
we select 100 dpi since that will be the resolution of our final raster (The EOS raster was 300 dpi). We used
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-132006"></a> to provide the intensity files. The following script creates the color <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file. Note that the size
of the resulting output file is directly dependent on the square of the dpi chosen for the scanline conversion. A
higher value for dpi in <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Qi </span>would have resulted in a much larger output file. The cpt files were taken from
Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1300007.2">7.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:example_02 --></a>.
</p><!--l. 234--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;04c</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3-D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;perspective</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hawaiian</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topography</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdview,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_04c.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_geoid4.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gg_intens.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt0.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-M</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_topo4.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gt_intens.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt0.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-M</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdview</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_geoid4.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ig_intens.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM6.75i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E60/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R195/210/18/25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgeoid.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Qi100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y1.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-1.25i/-1i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;04c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E60/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2/2NEsw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E60/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T209/19.5/1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--COLOR_BACKGROUND=red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--TICK_PEN=thinner,red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdview</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HI_topo4.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-It_intens.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JZ3.4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ctopo.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E60/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R195/210/18/25/-6/4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N-6/lightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Qi100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y2.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JZ3.4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E60/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z-6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2/2/2:~Topo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(km)~:neZ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;3.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;60</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;33</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;H@#awaiian@#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;R@#idge&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/10/0/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*_intens.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<a 
 id="dx1-132007"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1330007.5"></a>A 3-D illuminated surface in black and white</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-133001"></a>
<!--l. 241--><p class="noindent" >Instead of a mesh plot we may choose to show 3-D surfaces using artificial illumination. For this
example we will use <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-133002"></a> to make a grid file that contains the surface given by the function
<!--l. 244--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-op"> cos</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi 
>&#x03C0;</mi><mi 
>r</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x22C5;</mo><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>e</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mi 
>r</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup 
></math>, where
<!--l. 245--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>. The
illumination is obtained by passing two grid files to <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-133003"></a>: One with the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>-values (the surface) and
another with intensity values (which should be in the <span 
class="ptmr8c-">±</span>1 range). We use <a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-133004"></a> to compute the
horizontal gradients in the direction of the artificial light source. The <span class="underline">gray.cpt</span> file only has one line that
states that all <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z </span>values should have the gray level 128. Thus, variations in shade are entirely due to
variations in gradients, or illuminations. We choose to illuminate from the SW and view the surface from
SE:
</p><!--l. 256--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;05</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Generate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;show</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;monochrome</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3-D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;perspective</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdgradient,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdview,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_05.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-15/15/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I0.3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HYPOT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DUP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PI</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXCH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;NEG</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sombrero.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;-5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gray.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sombrero.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A225</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gintensity.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt0.75</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdview</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sombrero.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JZ2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B5/5/0.5SEwnZ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N-1/white</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Qs</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Iintensity.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgray.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-15/15/-15/15/-1/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E120/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-1.25i/-0.75i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~4.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;50</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;33</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;z(r)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cos</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(2@~p@~r/8)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;e@+-r/10@+~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/11/0/8.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gray.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sombrero.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;intensity.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 258--><p class="indent" >   The variations in intensity could be made more dramatic by using <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-133005"></a> to scale the intensity file before
running <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-133006"></a>. For very rough data sets one may improve the smoothness of the intensities by passing
the output of <a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-133007"></a> to <a 
href="../html/man/grdhisteq.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdhisteq</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-133008"></a>. The shell-script above will result in a plot like the one in
Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-133009r5">7.5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_05 --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-133009r5"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 266--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_05.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.5: </span><span  
class="content">3-D illuminated surface.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-133009r5 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-133010"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1340007.6"></a>Plotting of histograms</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-134001"></a>
<!--l. 273--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides two tools to render histograms: <a 
href="../html/man/pshistogram.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pshistogram</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-134002"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psrose.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psrose</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-134003"></a>. The former takes care of regular
histograms whereas the latter deals with polar histograms (rose diagrams, sector diagrams, and wind rose
diagrams). We will show an example that involves both programs. The file <span class="underline">fractures.yx</span> contains a compilation of
fracture lengths and directions as digitized from geological maps. The file <span class="underline">v3206.t</span> contains all the
bathymetry measurements from <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Vema </span>cruise 3206. Our complete figure (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-134004r6">7.6<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_06 --></a>) was made running this
script:
</p><!--l. 284--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;06</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;standard</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;polar</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;histograms</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pshistogram,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psrose</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_06.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psrose</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fractures.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A10r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S1.8in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-2.25i/-0.75i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/1/0/360</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B0.2g0.2/30g30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pshistogram</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba2000f1000:~Topography</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(m)~:/a10f5:~Frequency~::,%::.~Two</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;types</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;histograms~:WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;v3206.t</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-6000/0/0/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX4.8i/2.4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y5.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-0.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Lthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-134004r6"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 285--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_06.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.6: </span><span  
class="content">Two kinds of histograms.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-134004r6 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-134005"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1350007.7"></a>A simple location map</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-135001"></a>
<!--l. 292--><p class="noindent" >Many scientific papers start out by showing a location map of the region of interest. This map will
typically also contain certain features and labels. This example will present a location map for the
equatorial Atlantic ocean, where fracture zones and mid-ocean ridge segments have been plotted.
We also would like to plot earthquake locations and available isochrons. We have obtained one file,
<span class="underline">quakes.xym</span>, which contains the position and magnitude of available earthquakes in the region. We
choose to use magnitude/100 for the symbol-size in inches. The digital fracture zone traces (<span class="underline">fz.xy</span>)
and isochrons (0 isochron as <span class="underline">ridge.xy</span>, the rest as <span class="underline">isochrons.xy</span>) were digitized from available
maps<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn25x7" id="fn25x7-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">25</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-135002f25"></a>.
We create the final location map (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-135003r7">7.7<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_07 --></a>) with the following script:
</p><!--l. 308--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;07</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;basemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;earthquakes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;isochrons</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;etc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_07.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-50/0/-10/20</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM9i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-GP300/26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fz.xy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1-360.0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$3*0.01}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;quakes.xym</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-H1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sci</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;isochron.xy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthin</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ridge.xy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-14.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;15.2</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;15.2</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17.8</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-14.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17.8</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-14.35</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;15.35</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-2.15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;15.35</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-2.15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17.65</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-14.35</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17.65</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~-13.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16.5~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.08i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~-12.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ISC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Earthquakes~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthin</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-43</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SOUTH</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-43</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;AMERICA</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;AFRICA</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-135003r7"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 309--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_07.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.7: </span><span  
class="content">A typical location map.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-135003r7 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 311--><p class="indent" >   The same figure could equally well be made in color, which could be rasterized and made into a slide for a
meeting presentation. The script is similar to the one outlined above, except we would choose a color for land and
oceans, and select colored symbols and pens rather than black and white.
<a 
 id="dx1-135004"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.8    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1360007.8"></a>A 3-D histogram</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-136001"></a>
<!--l. 322--><p class="noindent" >The program <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-136002"></a> allows us to plot three-dimensional symbols, including columnar plots.
As a simple demonstration, we will convert a gridded netCDF of bathymetry into an ASCII
<!--l. 325--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi><mi 
>y</mi><mi 
>z</mi></math> table
and use the height information to draw a 2-D histogram in a 3-D perspective view. Our gridded bathymetry file is
called <span class="underline">guinea_bay.nc</span> and covers the region from 0 to 5 <span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E and 0 to 5 <span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>N. Depth ranges from -5000 meter to
sea-level. We produce the Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-136003r8">7.8<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_08 --></a> by running this script:
</p><!--l. 332--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;08</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3-D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;bar</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grd2xyz,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxyz</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_08.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grd2xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;guinea_bay.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B1/1/1000:~Topography</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(m)~::.ETOPO5:WSneZ+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-0.1/5.1/-0.1/5.1/-5000/0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JZ6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E200/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-So0.0833333ub-5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4.9</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;24</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;This</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cube&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JZ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E200/30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-136003r8"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 333--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_08.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.8: </span><span  
class="content">A 3-D histogram.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-136003r8 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-136004"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.9    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1370007.9"></a>Plotting time-series along tracks</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-137001"></a>
<!--l. 340--><p class="noindent" >A common application in many scientific disciplines involves plotting one or several time-series as as &#8220;wiggles&#8221;
along tracks. Marine geophysicists often display magnetic anomalies in this manner, and seismologists use the
technique when plotting individual seismic traces. In our example we will show how a set of Geosat sea surface
slope profiles from the south Pacific can be plotted as &#8220;wiggles&#8221; using the <a 
href="../html/man/pswiggle.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pswiggle</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-137002"></a> program. We
will embellish the plot with track numbers, the location of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, recognized
fracture zones in the area, and a &#8220;wiggle&#8221; scale. The Geosat tracks are stored in the files <span class="underline">*.xys</span>, the ridge
in <span class="underline">ridge.xy</span>, and all the fracture zones are stored in the multiple segment file <span class="underline">fz.xy</span>. We extract the
profile id (which is the first part of the file name for each profile) and the last point in each of the
track files to construct an input file for <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-137003"></a> that will label each profile with the track number. We
know the profiles trend approximately N40<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>E so we want the labels to have that same orientation (i.e.,
the angle with the baseline must be 50<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>). We do this by extracting the last record from each track,
paste this file with the <span class="underline">tracks.lis</span> file, and use <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">$AWK</span><a 
 id="dx1-137004"></a> to create the format needed for <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-137005"></a>. Note we
offset the positions by -0.05 inch with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>in order to have a small gap between the profile and the
label:
</p><!--l. 365--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;09</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;wiggle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;along</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;deflections</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pswiggle,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ls,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;paste,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tail,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_09.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pswiggle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track_*.xys</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R185/250/-68/-42</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;9</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jm0.13i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba10f5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z2000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S240/-67/500/@~m@~rad</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ridge.xy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fz.xy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;label</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track_*.xys;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;do</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tail</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">done</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ls</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track_*.xys</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tracks.lis</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">paste</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tracks.lis</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;50,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~RM~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$4}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D-0.05i/-0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tracks.lis</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 367--><p class="indent" >   The output shows the sea-surface slopes along 42 descending Geosat tracks in the Eltanin and Udintsev fracture
zone region in a Mercator projection (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-137006r9">7.9<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_09 --></a>). </p><hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-137006r9"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 370--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_09.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.9: </span><span  
class="content">Time-series as &#8220;wiggles&#8221; along a track.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-137006r9 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-137007"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.10    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1380007.10"></a>A geographical bar graph plot</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-138001"></a>
<!--l. 377--><p class="noindent" >Our next and perhaps most business-like example presents a three-dimensional bar graph plot showing the
geographic distribution of the membership in the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The input data was taken
from the January 2008 AGU member directory and added up to give total members per continent. We decide to plot
a 3-D column centered on each continent with a height that is proportional to the logarithm of the membership. A
log<!--l. 384--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>-scale
is used since the memberships vary by almost 3 orders of magnitude. We choose a plain linear projection for the
basemap and add the columns and text on top. Our script that produces Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-138002r10">7.10<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_10 --></a> reads:
</p><!--l. 389--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3-D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;bar</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;graph</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;top</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;perspective</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;map</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxyz</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_10.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX8id/5id</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E200/40</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;agu2013.txt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-180/180/-90/90/1/100000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JZ2.5il</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-So0.3ib1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B60g60/30g30/a1p:Memberships:WSneZ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E200/40</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;20,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~RM~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$3}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;agu2013.txt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E200/40</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D-0.2i/0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~4.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;AGU</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2013</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Membership</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Distribution~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/11/0/8.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-138002r10"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 390--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_10.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.10: </span><span  
class="content">Geographical bar graph.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-138002r10 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-138003"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.11    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1390007.11"></a>Making a 3-D RGB color cube</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-139001"></a>
<!--l. 397--><p class="noindent" >In this example we generate a series of 6 color images, arranged so that they can be cut out and assembled into a
3-D color cube. The six faces of the cube represent the outside of the R-G-B color space. On each face one of the
color components is fixed at either 0 or 255 and the other two components vary smoothly across the face from 0 to
255. The cube is configured as a right-handed coordinate system with <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x-y-z </span>mapping R-G-B. Hence, the 8 corners
of the cube represent the primaries red, green, and blue, plus the secondaries cyan, magenta and yellow, plus black
and white.
</p><!--l. 409--><p class="indent" >   The 6 color faces are generated by feeding <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-139002"></a> three grids, one for each color component (R, G, and B).
In some cases the X or Y axes of a face are reversed by specifying a negative width or height in order
to change the variation of the color value in that direction from ascending to descending, or vice
versa.
</p><!--l. 414--><p class="indent" >   A number of rays emanating from the white and black corners indicate the Hue value (ranging from 0 to 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>).
The dashed and dotted lines near the white corner reflect saturation levels, running from 0 to 1 (in black font). On
these 3 faces the brightness is a constant value of 1. On the other 3 faces of the cube, around the black
corner, the white decimal numbers indicate brightnesses between 0 and 1, with saturation fixed at
1.
</p><!--l. 420--><p class="indent" >   Here is the shell script to generate the RGB cube in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-139003r11">7.11<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_11 --></a>:
</p><!--l. 422--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;11</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Create</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3-D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RGB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cube</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_11.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~cut-along-the-dotted~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lines.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TICK_LENGTH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COLOR_MODEL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rgb</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CHAR_ENCODING</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Standard+</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut-here.dat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest,.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-51/306/0/1071</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX3.5i/10.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y0.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-2.0i/-0.2i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;create</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grids</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ascending</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;constant</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;These</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;are</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;be</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;used</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;represent</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;R,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;G</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;B</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;values</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;darker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;faces</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cube.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/255/0/255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX2.5i/-2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X0.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,white,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rays.dat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bwesn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~60\217~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;102</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;204</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;140</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;180</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;G</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Svs</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX2.5i/2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,white,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rays.dat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bwesn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~300\217~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;102</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;204</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;140</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;V</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Svs</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX-2.5i/2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,white,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rays.dat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bwesn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;135</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~180\217~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;102</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;204</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;140</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Second,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;create</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grids</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;descending</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;represent</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;G</span><span 
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<span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX-2.5i/-2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y2.5i</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rays.dat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;225</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~240\217~</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;102</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;270</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;204</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;270</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX2.5i/-2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,black,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rays.dat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bwesn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0\217~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;102</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;204</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;204</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;66</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;90</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;H</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;204</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX-2.5i/2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y2.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,black,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rays.dat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bwesn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;128</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;135</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~120\217~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;102</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;180</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;204</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;180</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;200</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;200</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;225</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-139003r11"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 423--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_11.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.11: </span><span  
class="content">The RGB color cube.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-139003r11 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-139004"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.12    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1400007.12"></a>Optimal triangulation of data</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-140001"></a>
<!--l. 431--><p class="noindent" >Our next example (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-140006r12">7.12<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_12 --></a>) operates on a data set of topographic readings non-uniformly distributed in the
plane (Table 5.11 in Davis: <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology</span>, J. Wiley). We use <a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-140002"></a> to perform the
optimal Delaunay triangulation, then use the output to draw the resulting network. We label the node numbers as
well as the node values, and call <a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-140003"></a> to make a contour map and image directly from the
raw data. Thus, in this example we do not actually make grid files but still are able to contour and
image the data. We use a color palette table <span class="underline">topo.cpt</span> (created via <a 
href="../html/man/minmax.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">minmax</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-140004"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-140005"></a>). The script
becomes:
</p><!--l. 445--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Delaunay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;triangulation</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;points,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contouring</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minmax,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;triangulate</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;network</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;label</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;nodes</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_12.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">triangulate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;net.xy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/6.5/-0.2/6.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX3.06i/3.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1WSNe</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;net.xy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X0.9i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y4.65i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.12i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~CM~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;NR-1}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Then</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;network</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;node</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;values</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1eSNw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;net.xy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.03i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{printf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~%g</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%g\n~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$3}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wwhite,o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0.01i/0.01i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D0.08i/0i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Then</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;triangles</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dashed</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pen;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~minmax~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~makecpt~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;palette</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(.cpt)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">T=&#8216;minmax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T25/2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cjet</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topo.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthin</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ctopo.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Lthinnest,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G1i/0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-3.65i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Finally</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topography</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1eSnw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ctopo.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~3.16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Delaunay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Triangulation~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/8/0/11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;net.xy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topo.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-140006r12"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 446--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_12.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.12: </span><span  
class="content">Optimal triangulation of data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-140006r12 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-140007"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.13    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1410007.13"></a>Plotting of vector fields</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-141001"></a>
<!--l. 453--><p class="noindent" >In many areas, such as fluid dynamics and elasticity, it is desirable to plot vector fields of various kinds. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides
a way to illustrate 2-component vector fields using the <a 
href="../html/man/grdvector.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvector</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-141002"></a> utility. The two components of the field (Cartesian or
polar components) are stored in separate grid files. In this example we use <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-141003"></a> to generate a surface
<!--l. 459--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x22C5;</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-op">exp</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> and to
calculate <!--l. 460--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-op">&#x2207;</mo><mi 
>z</mi></math> by
returning the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>- and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>-derivatives separately. We superpose the gradient vector field and the surface <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z </span>and also plot
the components of the gradient in separate windows. A <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-141004"></a> call to place a header finishes the plot
(Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-141005r13">7.13<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_13 --></a>:
</p><!--l. 468--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;13</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;vectors</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contouring</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdvector,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_13.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-2/2/-2/2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;R2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;NEG</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;z.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;z.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DDX</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dzdx.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;z.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DDY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dzdy.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dzdx.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B1/1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0.1i/0.03i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;13</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dzdy.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B1/1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0.05</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0.1i/0.03i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.45i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;z.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B1/1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0.05</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0.1i/0.03i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.45i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y3.45i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;z.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B1/1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0.05</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.45i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdvector</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dzdx.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dzdy.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q0.03i/0.1i/0.09in0.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~3.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3.6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;40</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;BC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;z(x,y)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;exp(-x@+2@+-y@+2@+)~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/6/0/4.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.45i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;z.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dzdx.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dzdy.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-141005r13"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 469--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_13.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.13: </span><span  
class="content">Display of vector fields in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-141005r13 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-141006"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.14    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1420007.14"></a>Gridding of data and trend surfaces</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-142001"></a>
<!--l. 476--><p class="noindent" >This example shows how one goes from randomly spaced data points to an evenly sampled surface. First we plot
the distribution and values of our raw data set (same as in Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1400007.12">7.12<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:example_12 --></a>). We choose an equidistant grid and run
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142002"></a> which preprocesses the data to avoid aliasing. The dashed lines indicate the logical blocks used by
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142003"></a>; all points inside a given bin will be averaged. The logical blocks are drawn from a
temporary file we make on the fly within the shell script. The processed data is then gridded with the
<a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142004"></a> program and contoured every 25 units. A most important point here is that <a 
href="../html/man/blockmean.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmean</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142005"></a>,
<a 
href="../html/man/blockmedian.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmedian</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142006"></a>, or <a 
href="../html/man/blockmode.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">blockmode</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142007"></a> should always be run prior to running <a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142008"></a>, and both of these steps
must use the same grid interval. We use <a 
href="../html/man/grdtrend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142009"></a> to fit a bicubic trend surface to the gridded data,
contour it as well, and sample both grid files along a diagonal transect using <a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142010"></a>. The bottom
panel compares the gridded (solid line) and bicubic trend (dashed line) along the transect using <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-142011"></a>
(Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-142012r14">7.14<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_14 --></a>):
</p><!--l. 496--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Showing</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;simple</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gridding,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contouring,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;resampling</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;along</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tracks</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blockmean,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdtrack,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdtrend,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minmax,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;project</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psbasemap,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_14.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;network</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;label</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;nodes</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GRID_PEN_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;thinnest,-</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/7/0/7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX3.06i/3.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1WSNe</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y6.45i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{printf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~%g</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%g\n~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1+0.08,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$3}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">blockmean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/7/0/7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mean.xyz</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Then</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blockmean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cells</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0.5/7.5/0.5/7.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B0g1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/7/0/7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1eSNw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mean.xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ss0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{printf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~%g</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%g\n~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1+0.1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$3}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mean.xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wwhite,o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0.01i/0.01i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Then</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mean.xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gdata.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A50</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G3i/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-3.55i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mean.xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ss0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Fit</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;bicubic</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;trend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;compare</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gridded</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdtrend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ttrend.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">project</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0/0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E7/7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;trend.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1wSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A50</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glct/cb</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick,.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Sample</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;along</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;diagonal</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdtrack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gdata.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f3,4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdtrack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gtrend.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f3,4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;trend.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8216;minmax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;trend.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I0.5/25&#8216;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX6.3i/1.4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-1.9i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B1/50WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;trend.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mean.xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;track</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-142012r14"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 497--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_14.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.14: </span><span  
class="content">Gridding of data and trend surfaces.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-142012r14 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-142013"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.15    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1430007.15"></a>Gridding, contouring, and masking of unconstrained areas</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-143001"></a>
<!--l. 505--><p class="noindent" >This example (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-143010r15">7.15<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_15 --></a>) demonstrates some off the different ways one can use to grid data in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>, and how to
deal with unconstrained areas. We first convert a large ASCII file to binary with <a 
href="../html/man/gmtconvert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtconvert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-143002"></a> since the binary file
will read and process much faster. Our lower left plot illustrates the results of gridding using a nearest neighbor
technique (<a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-143003"></a>) which is a local method: No output is given where there are no data. Next (lower
right), we use a minimum curvature technique (<a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-143004"></a>) which is a global method. Hence, the contours cover the
entire map although the data are only available for portions of the area (indicated by the gray areas plotted using
<a 
href="../html/man/psmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-143005"></a>). The top left scenario illustrates how we can create a clip path (using <a 
href="../html/man/psmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-143006"></a>) based on
the data coverage to eliminate contours outside the constrained area. Finally (top right) we simply
employ <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-143007"></a> to overlay gray land masses to cover up the unwanted contours, and end by plotting a
star at the deepest point on the map with <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-143008"></a>. This point was extracted from the grid files using
<a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-143009"></a>.
</p><!--l. 525--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;15</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Gridding</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;clipping</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;when</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;are</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;missing</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blockmedian,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtconvert,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdclip,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdinfo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minmax</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;nearneighbor,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psmask,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;awk,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_15.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtconvert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.b</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">region=&#8216;minmax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi3&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">nearneighbor</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I10m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S40k</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gship.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi3</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">info=&#8216;grdinfo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.nc&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">blockmedian</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I10m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship_10m.b</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I10m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship_10m.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gship.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi3</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psmask</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I10m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L-8000/0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psmask</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I10m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship_10m.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y3.75i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L-8000/0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psmask</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdclip</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sa-1/NaN</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gship_clipped.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship_clipped.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C250</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L-8000/0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$info</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$12,$13}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sa0.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~-0.3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3.6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;24</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Gridding</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;missing</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/3/0/4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship_10m.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ship_clipped.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-143010r15"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 526--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_15.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.15: </span><span  
class="content">Gridding, contouring, and masking of data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-143010r15 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-143011"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.16    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1440007.16"></a>Gridding of data, continued</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-144001"></a>
<!--l. 533--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144002"></a> (for contouring) and <a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144003"></a> (for gridding) use the simplest method
of interpolating data: a Delaunay triangulation (see Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1400007.12">7.12<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:example_12 --></a>) which forms
<!--l. 536--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
as a union of planar triangular facets. One advantage of this method is that it will not extrapolate
<!--l. 538--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
beyond the convex hull of the input (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x, y</span>) data. Another is that it will not estimate a
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">z </span>value above or below the local bounds on any triangle. A disadvantage is that the
<!--l. 541--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
surface is not differentiable, but has sharp kinks at triangle edges and thus also along contours.
This may not look physically reasonable, but it can be filtered later (last panel below).
<a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144004"></a> can be used to generate a higher-order (smooth and differentiable) interpolation of
<!--l. 546--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> onto a
grid, after which the grid may be illustrated (<a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144005"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144006"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144007"></a>). <a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144008"></a> will interpolate to all
(<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x, y</span>) points in a rectangular region, and thus will extrapolate beyond the convex hull of the data. However, this can
be masked out in various ways (see Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1430007.15">7.15<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:example_15 --></a>).
</p><!--l. 553--><p class="indent" >   A more serious objection is that <a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144009"></a> may estimate <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z </span>values outside the local range of the data (note area near <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>
= 0.8, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y </span>= 5.3). This commonly happens when the default tension value of zero is used to create a &#8220;minimum curvature&#8221;
(most smooth) interpolant. <a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144010"></a> can be used with non-zero tension to partially overcome this problem. The limiting
value <!--l. 559--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>t</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>s</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>o</mi><mi 
>n</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>
should approximate the triangulation, while a value between 0 and 1 may yield a good compromise between the
above two cases. A value of 0.5 is shown here (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-144017r16">7.16<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_16 --></a>). A side effect of the tension is that it tends to make the
contours turn near the edges of the domain so that they approach the edge from a perpendicular direction. A
solution is to use <a 
href="../html/man/surface.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">surface</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144011"></a> in a larger area and then use <a 
href="../html/man/grdcut.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcut</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144012"></a> to cut out the desired smaller area. Another way to
achieve a compromise is to interpolate the data to a grid and then filter the grid using <a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144013"></a> or <a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144014"></a>. The
latter can handle grids containing &#8220;NaN&#8221; values and it can do median and mode filters as well as
convolutions. Shown here is <a 
href="../html/man/triangulate.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">triangulate</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144015"></a> followed by <a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-144016"></a>. Note that the filter has done some
extrapolation beyond the convex hull of the original <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x, y </span>values. The &#8220;best&#8221; smooth approximation of
<!--l. 574--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> depends
on the errors in the data and the physical laws obeyed by <span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;cannot always do the &#8220;best&#8221; thing but it offers
great flexibility through its combinations of tools. We illustrate all four solutions using a cpt file that contains color
fills, predefined patterns for interval (900,925) and NaN, an image pattern for interval (875,900), and a &#8220;skip slice&#8221;
request for interval (700,725).
</p><!--l. 582--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;interpolation</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;methods</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;same</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;as</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdview,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdfilter,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psscale,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;triangulate</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;various</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;means</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contouring,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;triangulate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_16.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;9</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/6.5/-0.2/6.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx0.45i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y5.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba2f1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cex16.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~3.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(triangulate)~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Graws0.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdview</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;raws0.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba2f1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cex16.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Qs</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~3.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(tension</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0)~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Graws5.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0.5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdview</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;raws5.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba2f1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cex16.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Qs</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-3.75i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~3.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(tension</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.5)~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">triangulate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table_5.11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Grawt.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;/dev/null</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdfilter</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rawt.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gfiltered.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Fc1</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdview</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;filtered.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba2f1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cex16.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Qs</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~3.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;triangulate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;@~\256@~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdfilter~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~3.2125</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;32</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Gridding</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Data~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/10/0/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X-3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D3.25i/0.35i/5i/0.25ih</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cex16.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;16</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-0.75i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-144017r16"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 583--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_16.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.16: </span><span  
class="content">More ways to grid data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-144017r16 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-144018"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.17    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1450007.17"></a>Images clipped by coastlines</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-145001"></a>
<!--l. 590--><p class="noindent" >This example demonstrates how <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-145002"></a> can be used to set up clip paths based on coastlines. This approach is
well suited when different gridded data sets are to be merged on a plot using different color palette files.
Merging the files themselves may not be doable since they may represent different data sets, as we show
in this example. Here, we lay down a color map of the geoid field near India with <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-145003"></a>, use
<a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-145004"></a> to set up land clip paths, and then overlay topography from the ETOPO5 data set with another
call to <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-145005"></a>. We finally undo the clippath with a second call to <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-145006"></a> with the option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Q</span>
(Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-145007r17">7.17<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_17 --></a>):
</p><!--l. 603--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;clipping</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;images</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;coastlines</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grd2cpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdgradient,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_17.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;generate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;image</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;w/</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;shading</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grd2cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;india_geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;india_geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gindia_geoid_i.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;india_geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Iindia_geoid_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM6.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgeoid.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Then</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;initiate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;clip</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;path</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;land</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rindia_geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Now</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;generate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topography</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;image</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;w/shading</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~-10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;150</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;150~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gray.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;india_topo.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gindia_topo_i.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;india_topo.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Iindia_topo_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgray.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Finally</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;undo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;clipping</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;overlay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;basemap</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10f5:.~Clipping</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Images~:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Put</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;legend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;top</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;land</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mask</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D4i/7.6i/4i/0.2ih</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgeoid.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B5f1/:m:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Add</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;text</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;paragraph</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wwhite,Othinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D-0.1i/0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;j</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">@_@%5%Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17.@%%@_</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;We</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;first</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;image</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;entire</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;region,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;followed</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;by</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gray-shaded</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;@#etopo5@#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">image</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;that</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;clipped</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;so</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;it</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;only</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;visible</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;inside</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;coastlines.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gray.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-145007r17"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 604--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_17.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.17: </span><span  
class="content">Clipping of images using coastlines.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-145007r17 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 606--><p class="indent" >   We also plot a color legend on top of the land. So here we basically have three layers of &#8220;paint&#8221; stacked on top
of each other: the underlaying geoid map, the land mask, and finally the color legend. This legend makes clear how
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-145008"></a> distributed the colors over the range: they are not of equal length put are associated with equal amounts
of area in the plot. Since the high amounts (in red) are not very prevalent, that color spans a long
range.
</p><!--l. 613--><p class="indent" >   For this image it is appropriate to use the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>option in <a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-145009"></a> so the legend gets shaded, similar to the geoid
grid. See Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-242000M">M<!--tex4ht:ref: app:M --></a> to learn more about color palettes and ways to draw color legends.
<a 
 id="dx1-145010"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.18    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1460007.18"></a>Volumes and Spatial Selections</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-146001"></a>
<!--l. 622--><p class="noindent" >To demonstrate potential usage of the new programs <a 
href="../html/man/grdvolume.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvolume</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-146002"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-146003"></a> we extract a subset of the Sandwell &amp; Smith
altimetric gravity field<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn26x7" id="fn26x7-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">26</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-146004f26"></a>
for the northern Pacific and decide to isolate all seamounts that (1) exceed 50 mGal in amplitude and
(2) are within 200 km of the Pratt seamount. We do this by dumping the 50 mGal contours to disk,
then making a simple <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">$AWK</span><a 
 id="dx1-146005"></a> script <span class="underline">center.awk</span> that returns the mean location of the points making
up each closed polygon, and then pass these locations to <a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-146006"></a> which retains only the points
within 200 km of Pratt. We then mask out all the data outside this radius and use <a 
href="../html/man/grdvolume.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdvolume</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-146007"></a> to
determine the combined area and volumes of the chosen seamounts. Our illustration is presented in
Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-146008r18">7.18<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_18 --></a>.
</p><!--l. 638--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;volumes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grids</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;inside</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contours</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spatial</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;selection</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtselect,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdclip,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdgradient,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdvolume,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psscale,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_18.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spherical</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;projection</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;since</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;define</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sphere</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ELLIPSOID</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Sphere</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;D_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%g</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Define</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;location</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Pratt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;seamount</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~-142.65</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;56.25~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pratt.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;generate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gravity</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;image</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;w/</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;shading,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;label</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Pratt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;circle</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;radius</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;200</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;centered</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Pratt.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T-60/60/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grav.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;AK_gulf_grav.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-GAK_gulf_grav_i.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;AK_gulf_grav.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-IAK_gulf_grav_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgrav.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y5.85i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-RAK_gulf_grav.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Di</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D2.75i/-0.4i/4i/0.15ih</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgrav.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10/:mGal:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~LB~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~Pratt~}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pratt.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D0.1i/0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;400,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;400}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pratt.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-SE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Then</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mGal</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contours</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;overlay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;50</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mGal</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;contour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;green</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;AK_gulf_grav.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C20</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1WSEn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-4.85i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-1.25i/-0.75i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
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<span 
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<span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Volumes:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$volume</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mGal\264km@+2@+</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grav.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sm_*.xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mask.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pratt.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;center*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-146008r18"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 639--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_18.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.18: </span><span  
class="content">Volumes and geo-spatial selections.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-146008r18 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-146009"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.19    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1470007.19"></a>Color patterns on maps</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-147001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-147002"></a>
<!--l. 647--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;3.1 introduced color patterns and this examples give a few cases of how to use this new feature. We make a
phony poster that advertises an international conference on <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;in Honolulu. We use <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-147003"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-147004"></a>, and
<a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-147005"></a> to draw pleasing color backgrounds on maps, and overlay <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-147006"></a> clip paths to have
the patterns change at the coastlines. The middle panel demonstrates a simple <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-147007"></a> call where
the built-in pattern # 86 is drawn at 100 dpi but with the black and white pixels replaced with color
combinations. At the same time the ocean is filled with a repeating image of a circuit board (provides in
Sun raster format). The text <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;in the center is an off-line <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file that was overlaid using
<a 
href="../html/man/psimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-147008"></a>. The final panel repeats the top panel except that the land and sea images have changed places
(Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-147009r19">7.19<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_19 --></a>).
</p><!--l. 662--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;19</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;various</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pattern</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;effects</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;maps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psimage</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_19.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;worldmap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;graded</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;oceans</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;continents</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COLOR_MODEL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rgb</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COSD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;POW</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lat.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ABS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;NEQ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lon.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;white</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blue~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lat.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T-180/180/60</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lon.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lat.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JI0/6.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Clat.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y7.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lon.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Clon.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;20</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;32</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;9TH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;INTERNATIONAL~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;32</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CONFERENCE~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Honolulu,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hawaii,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;April</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2011~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggreen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Then</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;show</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;patterns</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;placing</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PostScript</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;image</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gp100/86:FredByellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sp100/circuit.ras</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;32</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SILLY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;USES</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;OF~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgreen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;32</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COLOR</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PATTERNS~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gmagenta</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C3.25i/1.625i/CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_covertext.eps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Finally</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;repeat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1st</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;but</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;exchange</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;patterns</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lon.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Clon.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-3.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;19</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lat.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Clat.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;20</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;32</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;9TH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;INTERNATIONAL~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;32</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CONFERENCE~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Honolulu,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hawaii,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;April</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2011~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggreen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;l*.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;l*.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-147009r19"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 663--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_19.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.19: </span><span  
class="content">Using color patterns and additional PostScript material in illustrations.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-147009r19 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-147010"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-147011"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.20    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1480007.20"></a>Custom plot symbols</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-148001"></a>
<!--l. 671--><p class="noindent" >One is often required to make special maps that shows the distribution of certain features but one would prefer to
use a custom symbol instead of the built-in circles, squares, triangles, etc. in the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;plotting programs <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148002"></a>
and <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148003"></a>. Here we demonstrate one approach that allows for a fair bit of flexibility in designing ones own
symbols. The following recipe is used when designing a new symbol.
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-148005x1">Use <a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148006"></a> (or engineering paper!) to set up an empty grid that goes from -0.5 to +0.5 in both
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x  </span>and  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>.  Use  ruler  and  compass  to  draw  your  new  symbol  using  straight  lines,  arcs  of  circles,  and
   stand-alone geometrical objects (see <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148007"></a> man page for a full description of symbol design). In this
   Section we will create two new symbols: a volcano and a bulls eye.
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
> <img 
src="images/GMT_volcano.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-148009x2">After designing the symbol we will encode it using a simple set of rules. In our case we describe our volcano
   and bulls eye using these three freeform polygon generators:
   <table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:22;" 
class="tabbing"></td><td style="width:2052;" 
class="tabbing"><!--l. 698--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <!--l. 698--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">M </span>[ <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">fill </span>] [ <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen </span>]                                                                                                                                                                           </td><td  
class="tabbing">Start new element at <!--l. 698--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>, <!--l. 698--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
</td></tr></table>
   <!--l. 698--><p class="noindent" >      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:22;" 
class="tabbing"></td><td style="width:2052;" 
class="tabbing"><!--l. 699--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <!--l. 699--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D                                                                                                                                                                                                           </span></td><td  
class="tabbing">Draw straight line from current point to <!--l. 699--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>, <!--l. 699--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> around (<!--l. 699--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>, <!--l. 699--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>)</td></tr></table>
   <!--l. 699--><p class="noindent" >      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:22;" 
class="tabbing"></td><td style="width:2052;" 
class="tabbing"><!--l. 700--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <!--l. 700--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <!--l. 700--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math> <!--l. 700--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <!--l. 700--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">A</span></td><td  
class="tabbing">Draw arc segment of radius <!--l. 701--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math> from angle <!--l. 701--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub 
> </math> to <!--l. 701--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub 
></math></td></tr></table>
   <!--l. 702--><p class="noindent" >
   </p><!--l. 704--><p class="noindent" >We also add a few stand-alone circles (for other symbols, see <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148010"></a> man page):
</p>
   <table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:22;" 
class="tabbing"></td><td style="width:2052;" 
class="tabbing"><!--l. 708--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <!--l. 708--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math> <!--l. 708--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math> <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c </span>[ <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">fill </span>] [ <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen </span>]  </td><td  
class="tabbing">Draw single circle of radius <!--l. 709--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math> around <!--l. 709--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>, <!--l. 709--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub 
></math>
</td></tr></table>
   <!--l. 709--><p class="noindent" >                                                                                                                                                                      </p><table  
cellpadding="0" border="0" cellspacing="0" 
class="tabbing"><tr  
style="vertical-align:baseline;" class="tabbing"><td style="width:22;" 
class="tabbing"></td><td  
class="tabbing"></td></tr></table>
   <!--l. 710--><p class="noindent" >
   </p><!--l. 712--><p class="noindent" >The optional <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>can be used to hardwire the color fill and pen for segments (use <span 
class="ptmb8t-">&#8211; </span>to disallow fill or line
   for any specific feature). By default the segments are painted based on the values of the command line
   settings.
   </p><!--l. 717--><p class="noindent" >Manually applying these rules to our volcano symbol results in a definition file <span class="underline">volcano.def</span>:
   </p><!--l. 720--><p class="noindent" >______________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Definition</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;volcano</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;symbol</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;To</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;be</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;used</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;as</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Skvolcano/&#x003C;size&#x003E;.</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;symbol</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;will</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;be</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;painted</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;drawn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;given</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;options</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;command</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;line.</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;D</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.173205081</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;240</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;300</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;A</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0.3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;D</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;D</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.05</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0.15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0.325</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0.45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.05</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <!--l. 722--><p class="noindent" >Without much further discussion we also make a definition file <span class="underline">bullseye.def</span> for a multi-colored bulls eye
   symbol. Note that the symbol can be created beyond the -0.5 to +0.5 range, as shown by the red lines. There is
   no limit in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to the size of the symbols. The center, however, will always be at (0,0). This is the point to
   which the coordinates in <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148011"></a> refers.
   </p><!--l. 727--><p class="noindent" >______________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Segment</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;info</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;bullseye</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;symbol</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;These</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;instructions</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;are</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;intended</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;make_symbol</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;which</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;will</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;generate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;an</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;awk-script</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;that</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;creates</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;multiple-segment</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;output</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;describing</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;desired</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;symbol</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;chosen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;size.</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
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   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <!--l. 729--><p class="noindent" >The values refer to positions and dimensions illustrated in the Figure above.
   </p></li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-148013x3">Given proper definition files we may now use them with <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148014"></a> or <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148015"></a>.</li></ol>
<!--l. 734--><p class="indent" >   We are now ready to give it a try. Based on the hotspot locations in the file <span class="underline">hotspots.d</span> (with a 3rd column giving
the desired symbol sizes in inches) we lay down a world map and overlay red volcano symbols using our
custom-built volcano symbol and <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-148016"></a>. We do something similar with the bulls eye symbols. Without the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G</span>
option, however, they get the colors defined in <span class="underline">bullseye.def</span>.
</p><!--l. 741--><p class="indent" >   Here is our final map script that produces Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-148017r20">7.20<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_20 --></a>:
</p><!--l. 743--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;20</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Extend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;custom</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;symbols</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;world-map</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;volcano</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;symbols</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;different</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sizes</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;top</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;given</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;locations</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sizes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;hotspots.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_20.ps</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;hotspots.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">55.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-21.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">63.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-49.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-12.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-37.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-28.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;29.34</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">48.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-53.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">155.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-40.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-155.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;19.6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-138.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-50.9</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-153.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-21.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-116.7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-26.3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-16.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;64.4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JR9i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B60/30:.~Hotspot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Islands</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cities~:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gdarkgreen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Slightblue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;20</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;hotspots.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Skvolcano</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Overlay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;few</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;bullseyes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;NY,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cairo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Perth</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">286</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;40.45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.8</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">31.15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30.03</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.8</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">115.49</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-31.58</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.8</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Skbullseye</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;hotspots.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-148017r20"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 744--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_20.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.20: </span><span  
class="content">Using custom symbols in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-148017r20 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 746--><p class="indent" >   Given these guidelines you can easily make your own symbols. Symbols with more than one color can be
obtained by making several symbol components. E.g., to have yellow smoke coming out of red volcanoes we
would make two symbols: one with just the cone and caldera and the other with the bubbles. These would be
plotted consecutively using the desired colors. Alternatively, like in <span class="underline">bullseye.def</span>, we may specify colors directly for
the various segments. Note that the custom symbols (Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-245000N">N<!--tex4ht:ref: app:N --></a>), unlike the built-in symbols in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>,
can be used with the built-in patterns (Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-207000E">E<!--tex4ht:ref: app:E --></a>). Other approaches are also possible, of course.
<a 
 id="dx1-148018"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.21    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1490007.21"></a>Time-series of RedHat stock price</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-149001"></a>
<!--l. 762--><p class="noindent" >As discussed in Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-470004.4.3">4.4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:timeaxis --></a>, the annotation of time-series is generally more complicated due to the extra degrees
of freedom afforded by the dual annotation system. In this example we will display the trend of the stock price of
RedHat (RHAT) from their initial public offering until late 2006. The data file is a comma-separated table and the
records look like this:
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-6">
Date,Open,High,Low,Close,Volume,Adj.Close*
&#x00A0;<br />12-Mar-04,17.74,18.49,17.67,18.02,4827500,18.02
&#x00A0;<br />11-Mar-04,17.60,18.90,17.37,18.09,7700400,18.09
</div>
<!--l. 772--><p class="nopar" >Hence, we have a single header record and various prices in USD for each day of business. We will plot the trend of
the opening price as a red line superimposed on a yellow envelope representing the low-to-high fluctuation during
each day. We also indicate when and at what cost Paul Wessel bought a few shares, and zoom in on the
developments since 2004; in the inset we label the time-axis in Finnish in honor of Linus Thorvalds.
Because the time coordinates are Y2K-challenged and the order is backwards (big units of years
come <span 
class="ptmri8t-">after </span>smaller units like days) we must change the default input/output formats used by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.
Finally, we want to prefix prices with the $ symbol to indicate the currency. Here is how it all comes
out:
</p><!--l. 784--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;21</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;time-series</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtconvert,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minmax,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psbasemap,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_21.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;File</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;has</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;time</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;stored</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;as</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dd-Mon-yy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;so</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;set</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;input</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;format</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;match</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;it</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;INPUT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dd-o-yy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+10p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;abbreviated</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CHAR_ENCODING</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ISOLatin1+</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Pull</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;out</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;suitable</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;string</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;yyy-mm-dd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;format</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">minmax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-fT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I50</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-H</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT_price.csv</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.info</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">w=&#8216;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.info&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">e=&#8216;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.info&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">s=&#8216;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.info&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">n=&#8216;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.info&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">R=~-R$w/$e/$s/$n~</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Lay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;down</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;basemap:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX9i/6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgreen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;21</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bs1Y/WSen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa3Of1o/50WSen:=\$::.~RedHat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(RHAT)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Stock</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Price</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Trend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;since</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;IPO~:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;main</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;window</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;open</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;price</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;as</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;line</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;over</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;yellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;envelope</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;low/highs</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;OUTPUT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dd-o-yy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtconvert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F0,2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f0T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Hi</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT_price.csv</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.env</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtconvert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F0,3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f0T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Hi</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT_price.csv</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.env</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gyellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.env</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT_price.csv</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-H</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthin,red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Wessel&#8217;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;purchase</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;price</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;as</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;line</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;label</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;it.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Note</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;we</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;switch</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;back</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;default</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;yyyy-mm-dd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;format</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;since</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;that</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;what</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minmax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gave</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;us.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~05-May-00</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.pw</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~05-May-00</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;300~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.pw</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.pw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~01-Jan-99</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;25~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.pw</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~01-Jan-07</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;25~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.pw</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.pw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;INPUT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;yyyy-mm-dd</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~$w</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Wessel</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;purchase</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;price~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D2i/0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;INPUT_DATE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dd-o-yy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Get</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;smaller</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;insert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;trend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;since</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2004</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">R=~-R2004T/$e/$s/40~</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Lay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;down</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;basemap,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Finnish</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;annotations</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;place</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;insert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;upper</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;right:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_LANGUAGE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fi</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX6i/3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bpa3Of3o/10:=\$:ESw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Bs1Y/</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightblue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;TIME_LANGUAGE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;us</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Again,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;close</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;price</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;as</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;line</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;over</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;yellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;envelope</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;low/highs</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gyellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.env</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT_price.csv</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-H</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthin/red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Wessel&#8217;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;purchase</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;price</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;as</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dashed</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;line</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.pw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;after</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ourselves:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RHAT.*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 786--><p class="indent" >   which produces the plot in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-149002r21">7.21<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_21 --></a>, suggesting Wessel has missed a few trains if he had hoped to cash in
on the Internet bubble...
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-149002r21"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 789--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_21.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.21: </span><span  
class="content">Time-series of RedHat stock price since IPO.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-149002r21 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-149003"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.22    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1500007.22"></a>World-wide seismicity the last 7 days</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-150001"></a>
<!--l. 796--><p class="noindent" >The next example uses the command-line tool <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">wget</span><a 
 id="dx1-150002"></a> to obtain a data file from a specified
URL<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn27x7" id="fn27x7-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">27</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-150003f27"></a>.
In the example script this line is commented out so the example will run even if you do not have
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">wget</span><a 
 id="dx1-150005"></a> (we use the supplied <span class="underline">neic_quakes.d</span> which normally would be created by <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">wget</span><a 
 id="dx1-150006"></a>); remove the
comment to get the actual current seismicity plot using the live data. The main purpose of this script
is not to show how to plot a map background and a few circles, but rather demonstrate how a map
legend may be composed using the new tool <a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-150007"></a>. Some scripting is used to pull out information
from the data file that is later used in the legend. The legend will normally have the email address of
the script owner; here that command is commented out and the user is hardwired to &#8220;GMT guru&#8221;.
The USGS logo, taken from their web page and converted to a Sun raster file, is used to spice up the
legend.
</p><!--l. 810--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;22</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Automatic</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;map</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;last</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;days</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;world-wide</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;seismicity</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pslegend</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sed,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;awk,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;wget|curl</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_22.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HEADER_FONT_SIZE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ddd:mm:ssF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Get</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(-q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;quietly)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;USGS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;wget</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(comment</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;out</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;case</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;your</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;system</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;does</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;not</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;have</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;wget</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;or</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;curl)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#wget</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/gis/bulletin.asc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;neic_quakes.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#curl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/gis/bulletin.asc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;neic_quakes.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Count</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;green</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Intermediate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;depth</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(100-300</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Very</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;deep</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;300</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">V</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1p</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1p</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">V</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.06i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.08i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.10i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.12i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.14i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;7</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.16i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;8</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.18i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;9</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">V</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Put</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;together</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;reasonable</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;legend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;text,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;add</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;logo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;user&#8217;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;name:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;neis.legend</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;USGS/NEIS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;most</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;recent</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;earthquakes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;last</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;seven</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;days.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;were</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;obtained</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;automatically</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;USGS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Earthquake</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hazards</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Program</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;page</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;@_http://neic/usgs.gov</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;@_.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Interested</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;users</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;may</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;also</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;receive</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;email</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;alerts</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;USGS.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;This</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;script</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;can</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;be</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;called</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;daily</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;update</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;latest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;information.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">G</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.4i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Add</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;USGS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;logo</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;USGS.ras</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RT</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">G</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-0.3i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$me</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;OK,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;now</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;we</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;can</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;actually</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;run</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pslegend.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;We</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;center</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;legend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;below</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;map.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Trial</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;error</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;shows</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;that</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1.7i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;good</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;legend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;height:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pslegend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dx4.5i/-0.4i/7i/1.7i/TC</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;neis.legend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightyellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;after</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ourselves:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;neis.*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-150008r22"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 811--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_22.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.22: </span><span  
class="content">World-wide seismicity the last 7 days.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-150008r22 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 813--><p class="indent" >   The script produces the plot in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-150008r22">7.22<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_22 --></a>, giving the URL where these and similar data can be
obtained.
<a 
 id="dx1-150009"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.23    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1510007.23"></a>All great-circle paths lead to Rome</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-151001"></a>
<!--l. 822--><p class="noindent" >While motorists recently have started to question the old saying &#8220;all roads lead to Rome&#8221;, aircraft
pilots have known from the start that only one great-circle path connects the points of departure and
arrival<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn28x7" id="fn28x7-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">28</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-151002f28"></a>.
This provides the inspiration for our next example which uses <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-151003"></a> to calculate distances from Rome to
anywhere on Earth and <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-151004"></a> to contour these distances. We pick five cities that we connect to Rome with
great circle arcs, and label these cities with their names and distances (in km) from Rome, all laid down on top of
a beautiful world map. Note that we specify that contour labels only be placed along the straight
map-line connecting Rome to its antipode, and request curved labels that follows the shape of the
contours.
</p><!--l. 833--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;23</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;distances</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Rome</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;shortest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;paths</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdtrack</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;awk</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_23.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Position</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;name</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;central</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;point:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">lon=12.50</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">lat=41.99</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">name=~Rome~</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Calculate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;distances</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(km)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;all</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;points</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;global</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1x1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$lon</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$lat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SDIST</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;111.13</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dist.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Location</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;info</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;other</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;label</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;justification</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">105.87</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;21.02</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;HANOI</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LM</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">282.95</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-12.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LIMA</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LM</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">178.42</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-18.13</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SUVA</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LM</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">237.67</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;47.58</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SEATTLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RM</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">28.20</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-25.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PRETORIA</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LM</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JH90/9i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgreen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sblue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;23</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B0g30:.~Distances</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$name</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;World~:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dist.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1000+v+ukm+kwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glz-/z+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wathin,white</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wcthinnest,white,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;For</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;each</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;circle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;arc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Rome</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">while</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;read</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;clon</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;clat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;city;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;do</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$lon</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$lat;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$clon</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$clat)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthickest/red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">done</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;squares</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;names:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ss0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;9,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$4,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$3}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dj0.15/0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Place</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;yellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;star</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Rome</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~$lon</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$lat~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sa0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gyellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthin</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Sample</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;distance</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;distance</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;labels</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdtrack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gdist.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{printf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~%s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%d\n~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;int($NF+0.5)}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D0/-0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wwhite,o</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0.02i/0.02i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;after</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ourselves:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cities.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dist.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-151005r23"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 834--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_23.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.23: </span><span  
class="content">All great-circle paths lead to Rome.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-151005r23 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 836--><p class="indent" >   The script produces the plot in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-151005r23">7.23<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_23 --></a>; note how interesting the path to Seattle appears in this particular
projection (Hammer). We also note that Rome&#8217;s antipode lies somewhere near the Chatham plateau (antipodes will
be revisited in Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1530007.25">7.25<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:example_25 --></a>).
<a 
 id="dx1-151006"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.24    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1520007.24"></a>Data selection based on geospatial criteria</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-152001"></a>
<!--l. 846--><p class="noindent" >Although we are not seismologists, we have yet another example involving seismicity. We use seismicity data for
the Australia/New Zealand region to demonstrate how we can extract subsets of data using geospatial criteria. In
particular, we wish to plot the epicenters given in the file <span class="underline">oz_quakes.d</span> as red or green circles. Green circles should
only be used for epicenters that satisfy the following three criteria:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-152003x1">They are located in the ocean and not on land
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-152005x2">They are within 3000 km of Hobart
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-152007x3">They are more than 1000 km away from the International Dateline</li></ol>
<!--l. 856--><p class="noindent" >All remaining earthquakes should be plotted in red. Rather that doing the selection process twice we simply plot all
quakes as red circles and then replot those that pass our criteria. Most of the work here is done by <a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-152008"></a>; the
rest is carried out by the usual <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-152009"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-152010"></a> workhorses. Note for our purposes the Dateline is just a line
along the 180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;meridian.
</p><!--l. 862--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;24</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Extract</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;subsets</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;based</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geospatial</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;criteria</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtselect,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minmax</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;awk</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Highlight</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;oceanic</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;earthquakes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;within</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hobart</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dateline</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_24.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~147:13</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-42:48</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Hobart~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;point.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dateline.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Our</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;proxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dateline</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">180</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">180</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-90</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">R=&#8216;minmax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;oz_quakes.d&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM9i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gtan</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sdarkblue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthin,white</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba20f10g10WeSn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;24</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;oz_quakes.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtselect</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;oz_quakes.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L1000/dateline.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nk/s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C3000/point.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-fg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Il</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ggreen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2*$3,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2*$3}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;point.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-SE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wfat,white</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~LT~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$4}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;point.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D0.1i/-0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;point.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wfat,white</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S+0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dateline.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wfat,white</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;point.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dateline.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-152011r24"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 863--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_24.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.24: </span><span  
class="content">Data selection based on geospatial criteria.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-152011r24 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 865--><p class="indent" >   The script produces the plot in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-152011r24">7.24<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_24 --></a>. Note that the horizontal distance from the dateline seems to
increase as we go south; however that is just the projected distance (Mercator distortion) and not the actual distance
which remains constant at 1000 km.
<a 
 id="dx1-152012"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.25    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1530007.25"></a>Global distribution of antipodes</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-153001"></a>
<!--l. 876--><p class="noindent" >As promised in Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1510007.23">7.23<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:example_23 --></a>, we will study antipodes. The antipode of a point at
<!--l. 877--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03D5;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>&#x03BB;</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> is the
point at <!--l. 877--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mi 
>&#x03D5;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>&#x03BB;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>8</mn><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>.
We seek an answer to the question that has plagued so many for so long: Given the distribution of
land and ocean, how often is the antipode of a point on land also on land? And what about marine
antipodes? We use <a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-153002"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-153003"></a> to map these distributions and calculate the area of
the Earth (in percent) that goes with each of the three possibilities. To make sense of our <a 
href="../html/man/grdmath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdmath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-153004"></a>
equations below, note that we first calculate a grid that is +1 when a point and its antipode is on land,
-1 if both are in the ocean, and 0 elsewhere. We then seek to calculate the area distribution of dry
antipodes by only pulling out the nodes that equal +1. As each point represent an area approximated by
<!--l. 886--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x0394;</mi><mi 
>&#x03D5;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x00D7;</mo><mi 
>&#x0394;</mi><mi 
>&#x03BB;</mi></math> where the
<!--l. 887--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x0394;</mi><mi 
>&#x03BB;</mi></math> term&#8217;s actual
dimension depends on <!--l. 887--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-op">cos</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03D5;</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>,
we need to allow for that shrinkage, normalize our sum to that of the whole area of the Earth, and finally convert that ratio to
percent. Since the <!--l. 889--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x0394;</mi><mi 
>&#x03BB;</mi></math>,
<!--l. 889--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x0394;</mi><mi 
>&#x03D5;</mi></math> terms
appear twice in these expressions they cancel out, leaving the somewhat intractable expressions below where the sum of
<!--l. 891--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-op">cos</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03D5;</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> for all
<!--l. 891--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03D5;</mi></math> is known to
equal <!--l. 891--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>2</mn><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>N</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>&#x03C0;</mi></math>:
</p><!--l. 893--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Display</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;distribution</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;antipode</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;types</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdlandmask,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grd2xyz,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pslegend</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Create</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;minutes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;global</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;over</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;oceans</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;over</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;land</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_25.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">D=30</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdlandmask</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I${D}m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N-1/1/1/1/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwetdry.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Manipulate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;so</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;means</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ocean/ocean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;antipode,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;land/land,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;elsewhere</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;wetdry.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DUP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;180</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ROTX</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;FLIPUD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ADD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Calculate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;percentage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;area</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;each</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;type</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;antipode</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;match.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I${D}m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COSD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;60</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$D</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;360</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DUP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PI</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;scale.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EQ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;NAN</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;scale.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grd2xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-ZTLf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.b</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ocean=&#8216;gmtmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi1s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ca</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SUM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;UPPER</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RINT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EQ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;NAN</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;scale.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grd2xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-ZTLf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi1s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ca</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SUM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;UPPER</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RINT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EQ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;scale.nc</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grd2xyz</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-ZTLf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.b</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">mixed=&#8216;gmtmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-bi1s</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RINT</span><span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
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<span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;END</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-1.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blue</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gray</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;red</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Create</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;final</span><span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+10p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dddF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JKs180/9i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B60/30:.~Antipodal</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;comparisons~:WsNE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ckey.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y1.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-0.75i/-0.95i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;legend</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pslegend</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1i/-1i</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;[$land</span><span 
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<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;blue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Antipodes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;[$ocean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%]</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Mixed</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Antipodes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;[$mixed</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%]</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;key.*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 895--><p class="indent" >   In the end we obtain a funny-looking map depicting the antipodal distribution as well as displaying in legend form
the requested percentages (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-153006r25">7.25<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_25 --></a>). Note that the script is set to evaluate a global 30 minute grid for expediency
(<!--l. 897--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>D</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>3</mn><mn>0</mn></math>), hence several
smaller land masses that do have terrestrial antipodes do not show up. If you want a more accurate map you can set the
parameter <!--l. 899--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>D</mi></math> to
a smaller increment (try 5 and wait a few minutes).
</p><!--l. 902--><p class="indent" >   The call to <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-153005"></a> includes the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">&#8211;Sn </span>to suspend interpolation and only return the value of the nearest
neighbor. This option is particularly practical for plotting categorical data, like these, that should not be
interpolated.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-153006r25"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 906--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_25.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.25: </span><span  
class="content">Global distribution of antipodes.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-153006r25 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-153007"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.26    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1540007.26"></a>General vertical perspective projection</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-154001"></a>
<!--l. 913--><p class="noindent" >Next, we present a recent extension to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-JG </span>projection option which allows the user to specify a
particular altitude (this was always at infinity before), as well as several further parameters to limit the
view from the chosen vantage point. In this example we show a view of the eastern continental US
from a height of 160 km. Below we add a view with a specific tilt of 55<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;and azimuth 210<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>; here
we have chosen a boresight twist of 45<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>. We view the land from New York towards Washington,
D.C.
</p><!--l. 920--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Demonstrate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;general</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;vertical</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;perspective</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;projection</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_26.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;first</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;do</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;an</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;overhead</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;east</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;coast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;160</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;altitude</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;point</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;straight</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;down</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">latitude=41.5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">longitude=-74.0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">altitude=160.0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">tilt=0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">azimuth=0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">twist=0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">Width=0.0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">Height=0.0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">PROJ=-JG${longitude}/${latitude}/${altitude}/${azimuth}/${tilt}/${twist}/${Width}/${Height}/4i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$PROJ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B5g5/5g5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightbrown</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Slightblue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/1p,red</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N2,0.5p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;now</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;point</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;an</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;altitude</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;160</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;specific</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tilt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;azimuth</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;wider</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;restricted</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;view</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;boresight</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;twist</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;degrees</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">tilt=55</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">azimuth=210</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">twist=45</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">Width=30.0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">Height=30.0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">PROJ=-JG${longitude}/${latitude}/${altitude}/${azimuth}/${tilt}/${twist}/${Width}/${Height}/5i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$PROJ</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B5g5/5g5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightbrown</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Slightblue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W0.25p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ia/blue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Di</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Na</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y-4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U/-1.75i/-0.75i/~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;26</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 922--><p class="indent" >   At this point the full projection has not been properly optimized and the map annotations will need
additional work. Also, note that the projection is only implemented in <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-154002"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-154003"></a>. We hope
to refine this further and extend the availability of the full projection to all of the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;mapping
programs.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-154004r26"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 927--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_26.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.26: </span><span  
class="content">General vertical perspective projection.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-154004r26 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-154005"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.27    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1550007.27"></a>Plotting Sandwell/Smith Mercator img grids</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-155001"></a>
<!--l. 934--><p class="noindent" >Next, we show how to plot a data grid that is distributed in projected form. The gravity and predicted bathymetry
grids produced by David Sandwell and Walter H. F. Smith are not geographical grids but instead given on a
spherical Mercator grid. The <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;supplement imgsrc has tools to extract subsets of these large grids. If you need
to make a non-Mercator map then you must extract a geographic grid using <a 
href="../html/man/img2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">img2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-155002"></a> and then plot
it using your desired map projection. However, if you want to make a Mercator map then you can
save time and preserve data quality by avoiding to re-project the data set twice since it is already
in a Mercator projection. This example shows how this is accomplished. We use the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-M </span>option in
<a 
href="../html/man/img2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">img2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-155003"></a><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn29x7" id="fn29x7-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">29</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-155004f29"></a>
to pull out the grid in Mercator units (i.e., do <span 
class="ptmri8t-">not </span>invert the Mercator projection) and then simply plot the grid
using a linear projection with a suitable scale (here 0.25 inches per degrees of longitude). To overlay
basemaps and features that has geographic longitude/latitude coordinates we must remember two key
issues:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-155007x1">This is a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">spherical </span>Mercator grid so we must use <span 
class="ptmb8t-">&#8211;ELLIPSOID</span>=Sphere with all commands that involve
   projections (or use <a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-155008"></a> to change the setting).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-155010x2">Select Mercator projection and use the same scale that was used with the linear projection.</li></ol>
<!--l. 953--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;27</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;how</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Mercator</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;img</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grids</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdgradient,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdinfo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;supplement:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;img2grd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;read</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Sandwell/Smith</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;img</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;files)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grep,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_27.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;extract</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;chunk</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;faa</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;retain</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;short</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;int</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;precision</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;save</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;disk</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;space.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Gravity</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;thus</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mGal</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;increments.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Next</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;get</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gradients.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid&#8217;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Mercator</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x/y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;units</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#img2grd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grav.15.2.img</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R145/170/-50/-25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gtasman_grav.nc=ns</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tasman_grav.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gtasman_grav_i.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;suitable</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mGal</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T-120/120/10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grav.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Since</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;this</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Mercator</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;we</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;linear</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;projection</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tasman_grav.nc=ns/0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Itasman_grav_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx0.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgrav.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;27</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Then</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plot</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;land;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;get</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;original</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;remark</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Mercator</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;projection</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;same</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;scale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;as</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;above</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spherical</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Earth</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">R=&#8216;grdinfo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tasman_grav.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grep</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Remark</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$NF}&#8217;&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jm0.25i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ba10f5WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ELLIPSOID=Sphere</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dh+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT=dddF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Put</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;legend</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;top</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;land</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mask</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;justified</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;147E,31S</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;147E</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;31S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mapproject</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Di</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ELLIPSOID=Sphere</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;147E</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;31S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sr</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D0.25i/0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W1p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ELLIPSOID=Sphere</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--MEASURE_UNIT=inch</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pos=&#8216;$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{printf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~%si/%si\n~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp&#8216;</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D$pos/2i/0.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cgrav.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B50f10/:mGal:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grav.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 955--><p class="indent" >   This map of the Tasman Sea shows the marine gravity anomalies with land painted black. A color scale bar was
then added to complete the illustration.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-155011r27"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 958--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_27.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.27: </span><span  
class="content">Plotting Sandwell/Smith Mercator img grids.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-155011r27 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-155012"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.28    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1560007.28"></a>Mixing UTM and geographic data sets</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-156001"></a>
<!--l. 966--><p class="noindent" >Next, we present a similar case: We wish to plot a data set given in UTM coordinates and want it to be
properly registered with overlying geographic data, such as coastlines or data points. The mistake many
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;rookies make is to specify the UTM projection with their UTM data. However, that data have already
been projected and is now in linear meters. The only sensible way to plot such data is with a linear
projection, yielding a UTM map. In this step one can choose to annotate or tick the map in UTM
meters as well. To plot geographic (lon/lat) data on the same map there are a few things you must
consider:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-156003x1">You need to know the lower left and upper right UTM coordinates of your map. Given the UTM zone
   you can use <a 
href="../html/man/mapproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mapproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-156004"></a> to recover the lon/lat of those two points. Conversely, if you instead know
   the lon/lat corners then you need to convert those to UTM coordinates. You now have the ability to
   specify two domains with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>setting: The linear UTM meter domain when plotting UTM data and
   the geographic domain (remember to use the rectangular variant of <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>that ends with the modifier <span 
class="ptmb8t-">r</span>)
   when plotting lon/lat data.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-156006x2">Make sure you use the same scale (and not width) with both the linear and UTM projection.</li></ol>
<!--l. 983--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;28</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;how</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;UTM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;UTM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;projection</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdgradient,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdinfo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mapproject</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grep,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_28.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Get</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;intensity</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;set</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;table</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Kilauea.utm.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-GKilauea.utm_i.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ccopper</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0/1500/100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Kilauea.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Save</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;min/max</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;UTM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;coordinates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;enough</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;precision</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdinfo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Kilauea.utm.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--D_FORMAT=%.10g</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.txt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;inverse</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;UTM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;projection</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;determine</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lon/lat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lower</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;left</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;upper</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;right</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;corners</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">LL=&#8216;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f2,4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.txt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mapproject</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ju5Q/1:1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--OUTPUT_DEGREE_FORMAT=ddd:mm:ss.x</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{printf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~%s/%s\n~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2}&#8217;&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">UR=&#8216;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f3,5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.txt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mapproject</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ju5Q/1:1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--OUTPUT_DEGREE_FORMAT=ddd:mm:ss.x</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$AWK</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{printf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~%s/%s\n~,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2}&#8217;&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Lay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;down</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;UTM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1:17,000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;scale</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Kilauea.utm.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-IKilauea.utm_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-CKilauea.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1:170000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B5000g5000WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;28</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--D_FORMAT=%.10g</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY=9</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY=0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Overlay</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geographic</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;coregister</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;by</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;correct</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;region</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;projection</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;same</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;scale</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R$LL/${UR}r</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ju5Q/1:170000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Df+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Slightblue</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W0.5p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B5mg5mNE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY=12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT=ddd:mmF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY=9</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Lf155:07:30W/19:15:40N/19:23N/5k+l1:17,000+u</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--LABEL_FONT_SIZE=10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;155:16:20W</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;19:26:20N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;KILAUEA</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Kilauea.utm_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Kilauea.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tmp.txt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 985--><p class="indent" >   Our script illustrates how we would plot a UTM grid of elevations near Kilauea volcano on the Big Island of
Hawaii. Given we are in UTM zone 5Q, the script determines the geographic coordinates of the lower left and
upper right corner of the UTM grid, then uses that region when overlaying the coastline and light blue ocean. We
place a scale bar and label Kilauea crater to complete the figure.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-156007r28"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 991--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_28.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.28: </span><span  
class="content">Mixing UTM and geographic data sets requires knowledge of the map region domain in both
UTM and lon/lat coordinates and consistent use of the same map scale.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-156007r28 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-156008"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.29    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1570007.29"></a>Gridding spherical surface data using splines</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-157001"></a>
<!--l. 998--><p class="noindent" >Next, we demonstrate how gridding on a spherical surface can be accomplished using Green&#8217;s functions of surface
splines, with or without tension. Global gridding does not work particularly well in Cartesian coordinates hence the
chosen approach. We use <a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-157002"></a> to produce a crude topography grid for Mars based on radii estimates from
the Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter spacecrafts. This data comes from <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Smith and Zuber </span>[Science, 1996] and is
used here as a small (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">N </span>= 370) data set we can use to demonstrate spherical surface gridding. Since
<a 
href="../html/man/greenspline.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">greenspline</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-157003"></a> must solve a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">N </span>by <span 
class="ptmri8t-">N </span>matrix system your system memory may impose limits on how large
data sets you can handle; also note that the spherical surface spline in tension is particularly slow to
compute.
</p><!--l. 1007--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;29</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;spherical</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;surface</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gridding</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Green&#8217;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;function</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;splines</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdcontour,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdgradient,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;greenspline,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psscale,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_29.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;This</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;uses</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;370</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;radio</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;occultation</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;for</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Mars</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topography.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Data</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;information</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Smith,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;D.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;E.,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;M.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;T.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Zuber</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(1996),</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;shape</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Mars</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topographic</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;signature</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;hemispheric</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dichotomy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Science,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;271,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;184â&#x0102;&#x0218;187.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Mars</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ellipsoid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;given</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;their</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;three</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;best-fitting</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;axes:</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">a=3399.472</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">b=3394.329</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">c=3376.502</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-F</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COSD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DUP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;X</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SIND</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$b</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DUP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ADD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COSD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DUP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SIND</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DUP</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ADD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SQRT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;INV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ellipsoid.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Do</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;both</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Parker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Wessel/Becker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;solutions</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(tension</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.9975)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">greenspline</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rellipsoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars370.in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sp</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gmars.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">greenspline</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rellipsoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars370.in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-SQ0.9975/5001</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gmars2.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Scale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;remove</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ellipsoid</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ellipsoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SUB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars2.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ellipsoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SUB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars2.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T-7/15/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars2.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ne0.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gmars2_i.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars2.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Imars2_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cmars.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g30Wsne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JH0/6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ei</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;29</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY=12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars2.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glz+/z-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.045i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars370.in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;b)~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D-3i/-0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ne0.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gmars_i.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Imars_i.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cmars.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30g30Wsne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y3.6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ei</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY=12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glz+/z-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.045i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars370.in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cmars.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D3i/-0.1i/5i/0.1ih</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY=12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2f1/:km:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a)~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D-3i/-0.2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;*.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mars.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 1009--><p class="indent" >   Our script must first estimate the ellipsoidal shape of Mars from the parameters given by <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Smith and Zuber </span>so
that we can remove this reference surface from the gridded radii. We run the gridding twice: First with no tension
using <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Parker</span>&#8217;s [1990] method and then with tension using the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Wessel and Becker </span>[2008] method.
The grids are then imaged with <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-157004"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-157005"></a> and a color scale is placed between
them.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-157006r29"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1015--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_29.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.29: </span><span  
class="content">Gridding of spherical surface data using Green&#8217;s function splines.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-157006r29 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-157007"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.30    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1580007.30"></a>Trigonometric functions plotted in graph mode</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-158001"></a>
<!--l. 1022--><p class="noindent" >Finally, we end with a simple mathematical illustration of sine and cosine, highlighting the it graph mode for linear
projections and the new curved vectors for angles.
</p><!--l. 1025--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EXAMPLE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Show</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;graph</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mode</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;math</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;angles</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psbasemap,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;generic</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x-y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;axes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;arrows</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=../example_30.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/360/-1.25/1.75</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JX8i/6i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B90f30:,-\\312:/1g10:.~Two</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Trigonometric</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Functions~:WS</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-U~Example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Cookbook~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--BASEMAP_TYPE=graph</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--VECTOR_SHAPE=0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sine</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;an</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cosine</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;curves</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0/360/0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COSD</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W2p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T0/360/0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;T</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;SIND</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W2p,.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--PS_LINE_CAP=round</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Indicate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x-angle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;120</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;degrees</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W0.5p,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EOF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">120</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">120</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1.25</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">EOF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dj0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EOF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">360</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cos(@%12%a@%%)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">360</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;18</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sin(@%12%a@%%)</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">120</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1.25</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;120\\312</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">370</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1.35</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;24</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1.85</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;24</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x,y</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">EOF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Draw</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;circle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;indicate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0-70</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;degree</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;angle</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R-1/1/-1/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Jx1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-X3.625i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Y2.75i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc2i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W1p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-m</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W1p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EOF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x-gridline</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W0.25p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y-gridline</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W0.25p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-1</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;angle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;angle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;120</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.866025</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x-projection</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W2p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.3333</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y-projection</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W2p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.3333</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.57735</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.3333</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">EOF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dj0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EOF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.16666</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;x</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.3333</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.2888675</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;y</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0.22</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.27</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">-0.33333</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;12</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;LB</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;120\\312</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">EOF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;120</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sml1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-W1p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt*</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 1027--><p class="indent" >   The script simply draws a graph basemap, computes sine and cosine and plots them as lines, then indicates on a
circle that these quantities are simply the projections of an unit vector on the x- and y-axis, at the given
angle.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-158002r30"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 1031--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/example_30.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;7.30: </span><span  
class="content">Trigonometric functions plotted in graph mode.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-158002r30 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-158003"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;8</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-1590008"></a>Creating GMT Animations</h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >Unlike the previous chapter, in this chapter we will explore what is involved in creating animations (i.e.,
movies). Of course, an animation is nothing more than a series of individual images played back in an
orderly fashion. Here, these images will have been created with <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. To ensure a smooth transition
from frame to frame we will be following some general guidelines when writing our scripts. Since
there is no &#8220;movie&#8221; mode in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;we must take care of all the book-keeping in our script. Thus,
animations may require a bit of planning and may use more advanced scripting than the previous static
examples. Note: This is a new chapter introduced with the 4.4.0 version and should be considered work in
progress.
</p><!--l. 25--><p class="indent" >   Most, if not all, animation scripts must deal with several specific phases of movie making:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-159002x1">Define parameters that determine the dimension of the final movie.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-159004x2">Pre-calculate all variables, data tables, grids, or background map layers that are <span 
class="ptmri8t-">independent </span>of your
   time variable.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-159006x3">Have a frame-number loop where each frame is created as a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plot, then rasterized to a TIFF
   file of chosen dimension.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-159008x4">Convert the individual frames to a single movie of suitable format.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-159010x5">Clean up temporary files and eventually the individual frames.</li></ol>
<!--l. 37--><p class="indent" >   We will discuss these phases in more detail before showing our first example.
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">1.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">There  are  several  coordinates  that  you  need  to  consider  when  planning  your  movie.  The  first  is
   the coordinates of your data, i.e., the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">user coordinates</span>. As with all <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;plots you will transform
   those to the second set of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">plot coordinates </span>in inches (or cm) by applying a suitable region and map
   projection. As before, you normally do this with a particular paper size in mind. When printed you get
   a high-resolution plot in monochrome or color. However, movies are not device-independent and you
   must finally consider the third set of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">pixel coordinates </span>which specifies the resolution of the final movie.
   We control the frame size by selecting a suitable <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dpi </span>setting that will scale your physical dimensions to
   the desired frame size in pixels. If you decide up front on a particular resolution (e.g., 480 by 320 pixels)
   then you should specify a paper size and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dpi </span>so that their product yields the desired pixel dimensions.
   For  instance,  here  it  might  make  sense  to  plan  your  plotting  on  a  4.8  by  3.2  inch  &#8220;paper&#8221;  and  use
   100 <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dpi </span>to convert it to pixels, but you are free to use any combination that multiplies to the desired
   dimensions. After deciding on frame size you need to consider how many frames your movie should
   have. This depends on lots of things such as how patient you are, how many frames per second you
   need and the time range of your animation. We recommend you use variables to specify the items that
   go into computing the number of frames so that you can easily test your script with a few frames before
   changing settings and running the full Hollywood production overnight.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">2.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Depending on what you want to display, there are usually many elements that do not change between
   frames. Examples include a coastline base map for background, an overlay of text legends, perhaps
   some variables that hold information that will be used during the movie, and possibly subsets of larger
   data sets. Since movie-making can take a long time if you are ambitious, it is best to compute or plot
   all the elements that can be done outside your main frame-loop rather than waste time doing the same
   thing over and over again. You are then ready for the main loop.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">3.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Initialize a frame counter to 0 and have a loop that continues until your frame counter equals the desired
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   number of frames. You must use your frame counter to create a unique file name for each frame image
   so that the series of images can be lexically arranged. We recommend using the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;shell function
   <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmt_set_framename</span><a 
 id="dx1-159011"></a> to format the frame counter with an adequate number of leading zeros; see our
   examples for details. The bulk of your main loop involves create the single <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plot for this
   particular frame (time). This can be trivial or a serious scripting exercise depending on what you want to
   show. We will give a few examples with increasing complexity. Once the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plot is created you
   need to rasterize it; we recommend you use <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-159012"></a> to generate a TIFF image at the agreed-upon
   resolution. We also recommend that you place all frame images in a sub-directory. You may increment
   your frame counter using <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmt_set_framenext</span><a 
 id="dx1-159013"></a>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">4.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Once  you  have  all  your  frames  you  are  ready  to  combine  them  into  an  animation.  There  are  two
   general  approaches.  (a)  If  your  image  sequence  is  not  too  long  then  you  can  convert  the  images
   into  a  single  animated  GIF  file.  This  file  can  be  included  in  PowerPoint  presentations  or  placed
   on  a  web  page  and  will  play  back  as  a  movie  by  pausing  the  specified  amount  between  frames,
   optionally  repeating  the  entire  sequence  one  or  more  times.  (b)  For  more  elaborate  projects  you
   will  need  to  convert  the  frames  into  a  proper  movie  format  such  as  MPEG-4.  There  are  both  free
   and  commercial  tools  that  can  help  with  this  conversion  and  they  tend  to  be  platform-specific.
   For  moderate  projects  you  can  use  <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">convert</span><a 
 id="dx1-159014"></a>  to  build  a  MP4  file,  but  longer  movies  will  require  a
   more  flexible  tools,  such  as  <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ffmpeg</span><a 
 id="dx1-159015"></a>.  These  solutions  are  preferred  as  they  can  be  scripted  and  be
   included in your animation script. Most commercial movie tools such as iMovie or MovieMaker can
   ingest still images and let you specify the frame duration. Under OS X we prefer to use QuickTime
   7.<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn30x8" id="fn30x8-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">30</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-159016f30"></a>
   Free tools exist to call the Quicktime library functions from the command line as we prefer to do in
   our scripts. You will find yourself experimenting with compression settings and movie formats so that
   the final movie has the resolution and portability you require.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">5.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Finally, when all is done you should delete any temporary files created. However, since creating the
   frames may take a lot of time it is best to not automatically delete the frame sub directory. That way
   you can redo the frames-to-movie conversion with different settings until you are satisfied.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 108--><p class="indent" >   Note that in our examples below the animation scripts only produce a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plot of the first frame, then
exits. This is to allow our install script to just produce the frame for inclusion in our documentation, and to avoid a
lengthy movie production when installing <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x1E6A;o actually build these animation examples you must run the
scripts with an argument (any argument, it does not matter).
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1600008.1"></a>Animation of the sine function</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-160001"></a>
<!--l. 117--><p class="noindent" >Our first animation is not very ambitious: We wish to plot the sine function from 0&#8211;360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;and take snap shots every
20<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>. To get a smooth curve we must sample the function much more frequently; we settle on 10 times more
frequently than the frame spacing. We place a bright red circle at the leading edge of the curve, and as we move
forward in time (here, angles) we dim the older circles to a dark red color. We add a label that indicates the current
angle value. Once the 18 frames are completed we convert them to a single animated GIF file and write a plain
HTML wrapper with a simple legend. Opening the HTML page <span class="underline">anim01.html</span> in the browser will display the
animation.
</p><!--l. 128--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANIMATION</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;01</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;web</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;page</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;simple</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;animated</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GIF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sine</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;function</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psbasemap,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ps2raster</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;awk,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mkdir,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mv,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;convert,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Note:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Run</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;any</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;argument</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;build</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;movie;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;otherwise</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1st</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plotted</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;only.</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Initialization</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1a)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Assign</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;movie</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;parameters</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">width=4i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">height=2i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">dpi=125</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">n_frames=18</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">name=&#8216;basename</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;.sh&#8217;&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1b)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Do</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frame-independent</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;calculations</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;setup</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">angle_step=&#8216;gmtmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;360</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$n_frames</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">angle_inc=&#8216;gmtmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$angle_step</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;previous</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;circles</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;turn</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;dark</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;red.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;underlying</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">sine</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;curve</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sampled</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;times</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sampling</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rate</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;order</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;reproduce</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;smooth</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;curve.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Our</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;animation</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;uses</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Imagemagick&#8217;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;convert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tool</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;an</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;animated</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GIF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;second</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pause</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;between</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frames,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;set</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;repeat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;forever.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003C;HR&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003C;I&#x003E;$name.sh:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Created</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;by</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$USER</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8216;date&#8216;&#x003C;/I&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003C;/BODY&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003C;/HTML&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;files</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DOTS_PR_INCH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;300</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmt_cleanup</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 130--><p class="indent" >   Make sure you understand the purpose of all the steps in our script. In this case we did some trial-and-error to
determine the exact values to use for the map projection, the region, the spacing around the frame, etc. so that the
final result gave a reasonable layout. Do this planning on a single <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plot before running a lengthy
animation script.
</p>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-160002r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 136--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/anim_01.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;8.1: </span><span  
class="content">Animation of a simple sine function.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-160002r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-160003"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1610008.2"></a>Examining DEMs using variable illumination</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-161001"></a>
<!--l. 143--><p class="noindent" >Our next animation uses a gridded topography for parts of Colorado (US); the file is distributed with the tutorial
examples. Here, we want to use <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-161002"></a> to generate a shaded-relief image sequence in which we sweep the
illumination azimuth around the entire horizon. The resulting animation illustrates how changing the illumination
azimuth can bring out subtle features (or artifacts) in the gridded data. The red arrow points in the direction of the
illumination.
</p><!--l. 151--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANIMATION</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;02</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;web</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;page</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;simple</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;animated</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GIF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DEM</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdgradient,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ps2raster</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;awk,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mkdir,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mv,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;convert,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Note:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Run</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;any</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;argument</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;build</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;movie;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;otherwise</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1st</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plotted</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;only.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Initialization</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1a)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Assign</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;movie</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;parameters</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">width=3.5i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">height=4.15i</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">dpi=72</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">n_frames=36</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">TDIR=../../tutorial</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">name=&#8216;basename</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;.sh&#8217;&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1b)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;setup</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">del_angle=&#8216;gmtmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;360</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$n_frames</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DIV</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T500/4500/500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DOTS_PR_INCH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$dpi</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">R=&#8216;gmt_get_gridregion</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$TDIR/us.nc&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Main</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;loop</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">mkdir</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">frame=0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">while</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;[</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-lt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$n_frames</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;];</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;do</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Create</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;name</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;name_##.tif</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;format</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file=&#8216;gmt_set_framename</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$name</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$frame&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;angle=&#8216;gmtmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$del_angle</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MUL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=&#8216;</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;illuminated</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;images</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topography</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;section</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Colorado</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">vary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;azimuth</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;illumination</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(see</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;arrow).</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;As</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;light-source</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;sweeps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;around</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;area</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;over</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;360</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;degrees</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;we</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;notice</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;that</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;different</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;features</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">become</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;hightlighted.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;This</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;because</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;illumination</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;based</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;data</span>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gradients</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;such</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;derivatives</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;will</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;high-light</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;short-wavelength</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;signal.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">Again,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;our</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;animation</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;uses</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Imagemagick&#8217;s</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;convert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;tool</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;an</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;animated</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GIF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;second</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pause</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;between</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;36</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frames.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003C;HR&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003C;I&#x003E;$name.sh:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Created</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;by</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$USER</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;on</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8216;date&#8216;&#x003C;/I&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003C;/BODY&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x003C;/HTML&#x003E;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;files</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DOTS_PR_INCH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;300</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmt_cleanup</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 153--><p class="indent" >   As you can see, these sorts of animations are not terribly difficult to put together, especially since our vantage
point is fixed. In the next example we will move the &#8220;camera&#8221; around and must therefore deal with how to frame
perspective views.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-161003r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 158--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/anim_02.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;8.2: </span><span  
class="content">Animation of a DEM using variable illumination.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-161003r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-161004"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1620008.3"></a>Orbiting a static map</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-162001"></a>
<!--l. 165--><p class="noindent" >Our third animation keeps a fixed gridded data set but moves the camera angle around the full 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>. We use
<a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-162002"></a> to generate a shaded-relief image sequence using the new enhanced <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E </span>option. No additional information
is plotted on the image. As before we produce an animated GIF image and a simple HTML wrapper for
it.
</p><!--l. 171--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANIMATION</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;03</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;web</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;page</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;simple</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;animated</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GIF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Iceland</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topo</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psbasemap,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ps2raster</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;awk,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mkdir,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mv,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;convert,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cat</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Note:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Run</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;any</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;argument</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;build</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;movie;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;otherwise</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1st</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plotted</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;only.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Initialization</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1a)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Assign</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;movie</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;parameters</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">lon=-20</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">lat=65</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">dpi=100</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">x0=1.5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">y0=0.75</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">px=4</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">py=2.5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">el=35</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">az=0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">name=&#8216;basename</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;.sh&#8217;&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">mkdir</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DOTS_PR_INCH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$dpi</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">frame=0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdclip</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sb0/-1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G$$_above.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Iceland.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-M</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$_above.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G$$.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crelief</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">while</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;[</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$az</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-lt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;360</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;];</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;do</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file=&#8216;gmt_set_framename</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$name</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$frame&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
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   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-162003r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 173--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/anim_03.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;8.3: </span><span  
class="content">Orbiting a static map.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-162003r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-162004"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-1630008.4"></a>Flying over topography</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-163001"></a>
<!--l. 180--><p class="noindent" >Our next animation simulates what an imaginary satellite might see as it passes in a great circle from New York to
Miami at an altitude of 160 km. We use the general perspective view projection with <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-163002"></a> and use <a 
href="../html/man/project.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">project</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-163003"></a>
to create a great circle path between the two cities, sampled every 5 km. The main part of the script will make the
DVD-quality frames from different view points, draw the path on the ground, and add frame numbers to each frame. As
this animation generates 355 frames we can use 3rd party tools to turn the image sequence into a MPEG-4
movie<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn31x8" id="fn31x8-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">31</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-163004f31"></a>.
Note: At the moment, <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-163005"></a> cannot use general perspective view projection to allow &#8220;fly-through&#8221; animations
like Fledermaus; we expect to add this functionality in a future version.
</p><!--l. 192--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
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class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;if</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;[</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-eq</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;];</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;then</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mv</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.ps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;../$name.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmt_cleanup</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmt_abort</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~$0:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;First</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;plotted</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$name.ps~</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fi</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ps2raster</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.ps</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Tt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E$dpi</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mv</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.tif</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frames/$file.tif</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~Frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;completed~</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frame=&#8216;gmt_set_framenext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$frame&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">done</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$.path.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">if</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;[</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-eq</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;];</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;then</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~anim_04.sh:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Made</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$frame</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frames</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;at</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;480x720</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pixels</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;placed</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;subdirectory</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;frames~</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;convert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$$/anim_0_123456.tiff</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;${name}_movie.m4v</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">fi</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;4.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;files</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;DOTS_PR_INCH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;300</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmt_cleanup</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;.gmt</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-163006r4"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 194--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/anim_04.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;8.4: </span><span  
class="content">Flying over topography.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-163006r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-163007"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter&#x00A0;9</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-1640009"></a>Mailing lists, updates, and bug reports</h2>
<a 
 id="dx1-164001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-164002"></a>
<!--l. 15--><p class="noindent" >Most public-domain (and even commercial) software comes with bugs, and the speed with which such bugs are
detected and removed depends to a large degree on the willingness of the user community to report these to us in a
useful manner. When your car breaks down, simply telling the mechanic that it doesn&#8217;t work will hardly speed up
the repair or cut back costs! Therefore, we ask that if you detect a bug, first make sure that it in fact is a bug and not
a user error. Then, send us email about the problem. Be sure to include all the information necessary for us to
recreate the situation in which the bug occurred. This will include the full command line used and, if possible, the
data file used by the program. Send the bug-reports to <a 
href="mailto:gmt-help@lists.hawaii.edu" >gmt-help@lists.hawaii.edu</a>. We will try to fix bugs as
soon as our schedules permit and inform users about the bug and availability of updated code (See
Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-204000D">D<!--tex4ht:ref: app:D --></a>).
</p><!--l. 34--><p class="indent" >   Two electronic mailing lists are available to which users may subscribe. <a 
href="mailto:gmt-group@lists.hawaii.edu" >gmt-group@lists.hawaii.edu</a> and is
primarily a way for us to notify the users when bugs have been fixed or when new updates have been installed in
the ftp directory (See Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-204000D">D<!--tex4ht:ref: app:D --></a>). We also maintain another list (<a 
href="mailto:gmt-help@lists.hawaii.edu" >gmt-help@lists.hawaii.edu</a>) which interested
users may subscribe to. It basically provides a forum for <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;users to exchange ideas and ask questions about
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;usage, installation and portability, etc. Please use this utility rather than sending questions directly to
us personally. We hope you appreciate that we simply do not have time to be everybody&#8217;s personal
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;tutor.
</p><!--l. 48--><p class="indent" >   The electronic mailing lists are maintained automatically by a program. To subscribe to one or both of the lists,
send a message to <a 
href="mailto:listserv@lists.hawaii.edu" >listserv@lists.hawaii.edu</a> containing the command(s):
</p><!--l. 56--><p class="indent" >   subscribe gmt-group <!--l. 56--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>your
full name, not email address<!--l. 56--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
<br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 58--><p class="indent" >   subscribe gmt-help <!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>your
full name, not email address<!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
<br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 60--><p class="indent" >   (Do  not  type  the  angular  brackets
<!--l. 60--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math><!--l. 60--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>).
You may also register electronically via the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;home web page (gmt.soest.hawaii.edu). For information on
what commands you may send, send a message containing the word help. You must interact with the listserver to
be added to or removed from the mailing lists! We strongly recommend that you at least subscribe to gmt-group
since this is how we can notify you of future updates and bug-fixes. Most new users will also benefit from
having the other forum (gmt-help) as they struggle to realign their sense of logic with that of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.
While anybody may post messages to gmt-help, access to gmt-group is restricted to minimize net
traffic. Any message sent to gmt-group will be intercepted by the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;manager who will determine
if the message is important enough to cause thousands of mailtools to go BEEP. Communication
with other <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;users should go via gmt-help. Finally, all <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;information is provided online
at the main <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;home page in Hawaii, i.e., gmt.soest.hawaii.edu. Changes to <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will also
be posted on this page. The main <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;page has links to the official <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;ftp sites around the
world.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-164003r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;A</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-165000A"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;supplemental packages</h2>  <a 
 id="dx1-165001"></a>
<!--l. 15--><p class="noindent" >These packages are for the most part written and supported by us, but there are some exceptions. They provide
extensions to <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;that are needed for particular rather than general applications. The packages are provided with
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;and are installed by default unless they requires non-<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;libraries; see the main <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;configuration
process. Questions or bug reports for this software should be addressed to the person(s) listed in the <span class="underline">README</span> file
associated with the particular program. It is not guaranteed that these programs are fully ANSI-C, Y2K, or POSIX
compliant, or that they necessarily will install smoothly on all platforms, but most do. Note that the data sets some
of these programs work on are not distributed with these packages; they must be obtained separately. The
contents of the supplemental archive may change without notice; at this writing it contains these
directories:
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-166000A.1"></a>dbase: gridded data extractor</h3>
<!--l. 35--><p class="noindent" >This package contains <a 
href="../html/man/grdraster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdraster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-166001"></a> which you can use to extract data from global gridded data sets
such as those available from NGDC. We have used it to prepare some of the grids in the examples
(Chapter&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-920006">6<!--tex4ht:ref: ch:6 --></a>). You can also customize it to read your own data sets. The package is maintained by the
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;developers.
</p><!--l. 41--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-167000A.2"></a>gshhg: GSHHG data extractor</h3>
<!--l. 43--><p class="noindent" >This package contains <a 
href="../html/man/gshhg.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gshhg</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-167001"></a> which you can use to extract shoreline polygons from the Global
Self-consistent Hierarchical High-resolution Geography (GSHHG) available separately from <a 
href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines/gshhs.html" >NGDC</a> or
the <a 
href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/wessel/gshhs/" >GSHHG home page</a> (GSHHG contains both GSHHS and WDBII; GSHHS is the polygon data
base from which the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;coastlines derive while WDBII provides rivers and boundaries). It
also contains <a 
href="../html/man/gshhg_dp.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gshhg_dp</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-167002"></a> for cleverly decimating a shoreline, and <a 
href="../html/man/gshhgtograss.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gshhgtograss</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-167003"></a> to convert
shoreline segments to the GRASS database format; the latter program is maintained by Simon
Cox<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn32x10" id="fn32x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">32</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-167004f32"></a>.
The package is maintained by Paul Wessel.
</p><!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-168000A.3"></a>imgsrc: gridded altimetry extractor</h3>
<!--l. 56--><p class="noindent" >This package consists of the program <a 
href="../html/man/img2mercgrd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">img2mercgrd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-168001"></a> to extract subsets of
the global gravity and predicted topography solutions derived from satellite
altimetry<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn33x10" id="fn33x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">33</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-168002f33"></a>. The package is
maintained by Walter Smith<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn34x10" id="fn34x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">34</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-168003f34"></a>.
</p><!--l. 62--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-169000A.4"></a>meca: seismology and geodesy symbols</h3>
<!--l. 64--><p class="noindent" >This package contains the programs <a 
href="../html/man/pscoupe.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoupe</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-169001"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/psmeca.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmeca</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-169002"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/pspolar.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pspolar</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-169003"></a>, and <a 
href="../html/man/psvelo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psvelo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-169004"></a> which are used by
seismologists and geodesists for plotting focal mechanisms (including cross-sections and polarities),
error ellipses, velocity arrows, rotational wedges, and more. The package is maintained by Kurt
Feigl<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn35x10" id="fn35x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">35</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-169005f35"></a> and
Genevieve Patau<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn36x10" id="fn36x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">36</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-169006f36"></a>.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 72--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-170000A.5"></a>mex: Matlab/Octave&#8211;<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;interface</h3>
<!--l. 74--><p class="noindent" >Here you will find the mex files <a 
href="../html/man/grdinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-170001"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/grdread.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdread</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-170002"></a>, and <a 
href="../html/man/grdwrite.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdwrite</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-170003"></a>, which can be used in Matlab or Octave to read
and write grid files. The package originated with David Sandwell, UCSD, and was subsequently modified by Paul
Wessel and Phil Sharfstein, UCSB. It is now maintained by Paul Wessel.
</p><!--l. 80--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-171000A.6"></a>mgd77: MGD77 extractor and plotting tools</h3>
<!--l. 82--><p class="noindent" >This package currently holds the programs <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77convert.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77convert</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171001"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77header.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77header</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171002"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77info.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77info</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171003"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77list.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77list</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171004"></a>,
<a 
href="../html/man/mgd77magref.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77magref</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171005"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77manage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77manage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171006"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77path.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77path</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171007"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77sniffer.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77sniffer</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171008"></a>, and <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77track.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77track</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-171009"></a> which can be used to extract
information or data values from or plot marine geophysical data files in the ASCII MGD77 or netCDF MGD77+
formats<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn37x10" id="fn37x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">37</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-171010f37"></a>).
We expect this package eventually to replace the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">mgg </span>package. The package is maintained by Paul
Wessel.
</p><!--l. 89--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-172000A.7"></a>mgg: GMT-MGD77 extractor and plotting tools</h3>
<!--l. 91--><p class="noindent" >This package holds the legacy programs <a 
href="../html/man/binlegs.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">binlegs</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172001"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/dat2gmt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">dat2gmt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172002"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/gmt2dat.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt2dat</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172003"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/gmtinfo.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtinfo</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172004"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/gmtlegs.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtlegs</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172005"></a>,
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtlist.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtlist</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172006"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/gmtpath.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtpath</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172007"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/gmttrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmttrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172008"></a>, and <a 
href="../html/man/mgd77togmt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">mgd77togmt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-172009"></a>, which can be used to maintain, access, extract
data from, and plot marine geophysical data files converted from the MGD77 format to the .gmt
format<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn38x10" id="fn38x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">38</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-172010f38"></a>).
The package is maintained by the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;developers.
</p><!--l. 98--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.8    </span> <a 
 id="x1-173000A.8"></a>misc: Miscellaneous tools</h3>
<!--l. 100--><p class="noindent" >At the moment, this package contains the programs <a 
href="../html/man/dimfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">dimfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173001"></a>, which is an extension of <a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173002"></a> in
that it allows for spatial directional filtering, <a 
href="../html/man/psmegaplot.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psmegaplot</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173003"></a> which you can use to make large posters
using a simple laserwriter, <a 
href="../html/man/makepattern.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makepattern</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173004"></a> which generates raster patterns from <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;3.0 icon files,
<a 
href="../html/man/gmt2kml.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt2kml</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173005"></a> which converts <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;table data to Google Earth&#8217;s KML format, <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdigitize.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdigitize</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173006"></a> which provides
a GMT interface to a digitizing tablet via a serial port, <a 
href="../html/man/gmtstitch.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtstitch</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173007"></a> which can be used to assemble
pieces digitized lines into complete lines or polygons, <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdp.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdp</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173008"></a> which performs line reduction using the
Douglas-Peucker algorithm, <a 
href="../html/man/kml2gmt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">kml2gmt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173009"></a> which extracts <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;table data from Google Earth KML files,
and <a 
href="../html/man/nc2xy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nc2xy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173010"></a> which can extract data from column-oriented netCDF files. The package is maintained
by Paul Wessel. The increasingly popular utility <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-173011"></a>, which simplifies the rasterization of
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;to raster formats (see Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-195000C">C<!--tex4ht:ref: app:C --></a>), was moved to the general tools starting with
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.2.0.
</p><!--l. 116--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.9    </span> <a 
 id="x1-174000A.9"></a>segyprogs: plotting SEGY seismic data</h3>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 118--><p class="noindent" >This package contains programs to plot SEGY seismic data files using the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;mapping transformations and
postscript library. <a 
href="../html/man/pssegy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pssegy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-174001"></a> generates a 2-D plot (x:location and y:time/depth) while <a 
href="../html/man/pssegyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pssegyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-174002"></a> generates a 3-D plot
(x and y: location coordinates, z: time/depth). Locations may be read from predefined or arbitrary portions of each
trace header. Finally, <a 
href="../html/man/segy2grd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">segy2grd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-174003"></a> can convert SEGY data to a <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;grid file. The package is maintained by Tim
Henstock<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn39x10" id="fn39x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">39</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-174004f39"></a>.
</p><!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.10    </span> <a 
 id="x1-175000A.10"></a>sph: spherical triangulation and gridding</h3>
<!--l. 128--><p class="noindent" >This package contains the main programs <a 
href="../html/man/sphtriangulate.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sphtriangulate</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-175001"></a>, which you can use to generate data for Delaunay or
Voronoi diagrams, <a 
href="../html/man/sphdistance.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sphdistance</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-175002"></a> which calculates distances from lines to grid nodes using Voronoi decomposition
of the data, and <a 
href="../html/man/sphinterpolate.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sphinterpolate</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-175003"></a> which performs gridding under tension on a sphere. These programs passes
the heavy work onto the two Fortran-77 packages SSRFPACK and STRIPACK by Robert Renka;
here they have been translated to C with assistance from <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">f2c</span><a 
 id="dx1-175004"></a>. The package is maintained by Paul
Wessel.
</p><!--l. 138--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.11    </span> <a 
 id="x1-176000A.11"></a>spotter: backtracking and hotspotting</h3>
<!--l. 140--><p class="noindent" >This package contains the plate tectonic programs <a 
href="../html/man/backtracker.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">backtracker</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-176001"></a>, which you can use to move geologic
markers forward or backward in time, <a 
href="../html/man/grdrotater.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdrotater</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-176002"></a> which rotates entire grids using a finite rotation,
<a 
href="../html/man/hotspotter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">hotspotter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-176003"></a> which generates CVA grids based on seamount locations and a set of absolute plate
motion stage poles (<a 
href="../html/man/grdspotter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdspotter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-176004"></a> does the same using a bathymetry grid instead of seamount locations),
<a 
href="../html/man/originator.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">originator</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-176005"></a>, which associates seamounts with the most likely hotspot origins, and <a 
href="../html/man/rotconverter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">rotconverter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-176006"></a> which
does various operations involving finite rotations on a sphere. The package is maintained by Paul
Wessel.
</p><!--l. 150--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.12    </span> <a 
 id="x1-177000A.12"></a>x2sys: track crossover error estimation</h3>
<!--l. 152--><p class="noindent" >This package contains the tools <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_datalist.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_datalist</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177001"></a>, which allows you to extract data from almost any binary or
ASCII data file, and <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_cross.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_cross</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177002"></a> which determines crossover locations and errors generated by one or several
geospatial tracks. Newly added are the tools <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_init.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_init</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177003"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_binlist.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_binlist</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177004"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_get.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_get</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177005"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_list.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_list</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177006"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_put.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_put</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177007"></a>,
<a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_report.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_report</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177008"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_solve.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_solve</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177009"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/x2sys_merge.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x2sys_merge</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-177010"></a> which extends the track-management system employed by the
mgg supplement to generic track data of any format. This package represents a new generation of tools
intended to replace the old &#8220;X_SYSTEM&#8221; crossover tools (below). The package is maintained by Paul
Wessel.
</p><!--l. 165--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.13    </span> <a 
 id="x1-178000A.13"></a>x_system: track crossover error estimation</h3>
<!--l. 167--><p class="noindent" >This package contains the tools <a 
href="../html/man/x_edit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_edit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178001"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x_init.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_init</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178002"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x_list.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_list</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178003"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x_over.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_over</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178004"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x_remove.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_remove</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178005"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x_report.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_report</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178006"></a>, <a 
href="../html/man/x_setup.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_setup</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178007"></a>,
<a 
href="../html/man/x_solve_dc_drift.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_solve_dc_drift</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178008"></a>, and <a 
href="../html/man/x_update.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">x_update</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-178009"></a>. Collectively, they make up the old &#8220;XSYSTEM&#8221; crossover tools. This
package with remain in the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;supplemental archive until <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">x2sys</span><a 
 id="dx1-178010"></a> is complete. The package is maintained by
Paul Wessel.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 175--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">A.14    </span> <a 
 id="x1-179000A.14"></a>xgrid: visual editor for grid files</h3>
<!--l. 177--><p class="noindent" >The package contains an X11 editor (<a 
href="../html/man/xgridedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">xgridedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-179001"></a>) for visual editing of grid files. It was
originally developed by Hugh Fisher, CRES, in March 1992 but is now maintained by Lloyd
Parkes<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn40x10" id="fn40x10-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">40</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-179002f40"></a>.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-179003r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;B</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-180000B"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;file formats</h2>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-181000B.1"></a>Table data</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-181001"></a>
<!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" >These files have <span 
class="ptmri8t-">N </span>records which have <span 
class="ptmri8t-">M </span>fields each. Most programs can read multicolumn files, but
require that the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>[and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>] variable(s) be stored in the 1st [and 2nd] column (There are, however, some
exceptions to this rule, such as <a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-181002"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/sample1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">sample1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-181003"></a>). <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;can read both ASCII and binary table
data.
</p><!--l. 24--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.1.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-182000B.1.1"></a>ASCII tables</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-182001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-182002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-182003"></a>
<!--l. 29--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-183000B.1.1"></a>Optional file header records</h5>
<!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" >The first data record may be preceded by 1 or more header records. When using such files, make sure to use the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span>
option and set the parameter <span 
class="ptmb8t-">N_HEADER_RECS </span>in the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file (System default is 1 header record if <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span>
is set; you may also use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">nrecs </span>directly). Fields within a record must be separated by spaces, tabs, or commas.
Each field can be an integer or floating-point number or a geographic coordinate string using the
[+<!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>-]dd[:mm[:ss]][W<!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>S<!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>N<!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>E<!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>w<!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>s<!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>n<!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math>e]
format. Thus, 12:30:44.5W, 17.5S, 1:00:05, and 200:45E are all valid input strings.
</p><!--l. 40--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-184000B.1.1"></a>Optional segment header records</h5>
<!--l. 41--><p class="noindent" >When dealing with time- or (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y</span>)-series it is usually convenient to have each profile in separate files. However, this
may sometimes prove impractical due to large numbers of profiles. An example is files of digitized lineations
where the number of individual features may range into the thousands. One file per feature would in this case be
unreasonable and furthermore clog up the directory. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides a mechanism for keeping more
than one profile in a file. Such files are called <span 
class="ptmri8t-">multiple segment files </span>and are identical to the ones
just outlined except that they have subheaders interspersed with data records that signal the start of
a segment. The subheaders may be of any format, but all must have the same character in the first
column. When using such files, you must specify the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>option. The unique character is by default
&#8217;<!--l. 55--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>&#8217;, but
you can override that by appending your chosen character to the M option. E.g., <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-mH </span>will look for subheaders
starting with H, whereas <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m&#8217;*&#8217; </span>will check for asterisks (The quotes are necessary since * has special meaning to
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>). Some programs such as <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-184001"></a> will examine the subheaders to see if they contain <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>and <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>options for
specifying pen and fill attributes for individual segments, <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Z </span>to change color via a cpt-file, or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>for label
specifications. These settings (and occasionally others) will override the corresponding command line
options.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 65--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.1.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-185000B.1.2"></a>Binary tables</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-185001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-185002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-185003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-185004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-185005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-185006"></a>
<!--l. 73--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs also support native binary tables to speed up input-output for i/o-intensive tasks like gridding and
preprocessing. Files may have no header (hence the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-H </span>option cannot be used) and all data must either be single or
double precision (no mixing allowed). Multiple segment files are allowed (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m</span>) and the segment headers are
assumed to be records where all the fields equal NaN. Flags appended to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>are ignored. The format and number of
fields are specified with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-b </span>option. Thus, for input you may set <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bi</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>][<span 
class="ptmri8t-">n</span>], where <span 
class="ptmb8t-">s </span>designates single precision
(default is <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d </span>for double) and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">n </span>is the number of fields. For output, use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bo</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">s</span>] (the programs know how many
columns to write, unless you use <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-m </span>in which case we need to know the number of output columns up
front). If you need to swap the byte-order on either input or output you must use upper case <span 
class="ptmb8t-">S </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span>
instead.
</p><!--l. 89--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.1.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-186000B.1.3"></a>NetCDF tables</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-186001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-186002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-186003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-186004"></a>
<!--l. 95--><p class="noindent" >More and more programs are now producing binary data in the netCDF format, and so <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs
started to support tabular netCDF data (files containing one or more 1-dimensional arrays) starting with
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;version 4.3.0. Because of the meta data contained in those files, reading them is much less complex
than reading native binary tables, and even than ASCII tables. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs will read as many
1-dimensional columns as are needed by the program, starting with the first 1-dimensional it can find in the
file. To specifically specify which variables are to be read, append the suffix <span 
class="ptmb8t-">?</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">var1</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">var2</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">... </span>to the
netCDF file name or add the option <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bic</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">var1</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">var2</span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">/</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">...</span>, where <span 
class="ptmri8t-">var1</span>, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">var2</span>, etc.&#x00A0;are the names of the
variables to be processed. The latter option is particularly practical when more than one file is read: the
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-bic </span>option will apply to all files. Currently, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;only reads, but does not write, netCDF tabular
data.
</p><!--l. 106--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-187000B.2"></a>Grid files</h3>
<!--l. 108--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.2.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-188000B.2.1"></a>NetCDF files</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-188001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-188002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-188003"></a>
<!--l. 113--><p class="noindent" >By default, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;stores 2-D grids as COARDS-compliant netCDF files. COARDS (which stands for Cooperative
Ocean/Atmosphere Research Data Service) is a convention used by many agencies distributing gridded data for
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
ocean and atmosphere research. Sticking to this convention allows <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to read gridded data provided by other
institutes and other programs. Conversely, other general domain programs will be able to read grids created by
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. COARDS is a subset of a more extensive convention for netCDF data called CF-1.0 (Climate and Forecast,
version 1.0). Hence, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;grids are also automatically CF-1.0-compliant. However, since CF-1.0
has more general application than COARDS, not all CF-1.0 compliant netCDF files can be read by
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 124--><p class="indent" >   The netCDF grid file in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has several attributes (See Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-188004r1">B.1<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:netcdf-format --></a>) to describe the content. The routine that
deals with netCDF grid files is sufficiently flexible so that grid files slightly deviating from the standards used by
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;can also be read.
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 130--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-188004r1"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-22" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-22-1g"><col 
id="TBL-22-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-22-2g"><col 
id="TBL-22-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-1-1"  
class="td11">   <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Attribute</span></div>    </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-1-2"  
class="td11">                                                                                    <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Description</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-2-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-2-1"  
class="td11">                                                                                         <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Global attributes</span></div></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-3-1"  
class="td11">Conventions </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-3-2"  
class="td11">COARDS, CF-1.0 (optional)                                                                                                                                                                                                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-4-1"  
class="td11">title                        </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-4-2"  
class="td11">Title (optional)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-5-1"  
class="td11">source                    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-5-2"  
class="td11">How file was created (optional)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-6-1"  
class="td11">node_offset           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-6-2"  
class="td11">0 for gridline node registration (default), 1 for pixel registration                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-7-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-7-1"  
class="td11">                <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><!--l. 138--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math><span 
class="ptmri8t-">- and </span><!--l. 138--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math><span 
class="ptmri8t-">-variable attributes</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-8-1"  
class="td11">long_name            </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-8-2"  
class="td11">Coordinate name (default: &#8220;Longitude&#8221; and &#8220;Latitude&#8221;)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-9-1"  
class="td11">units                      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-9-2"  
class="td11">Unit of the coordinate (default: &#8220;degrees_east&#8221; and &#8220;degrees_north&#8221;)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-10-1"  
class="td11">actual_range          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-10-2"  
class="td11">Minimum and maximum <!--l. 141--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math> and <!--l. 141--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math> of region; if absent</td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-11-1"  
class="td11">(or valid_range)    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-11-2"  
class="td11">the first and last <!--l. 142--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>- and <!--l. 142--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-values are queried              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-12-"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-12-1"  
class="td11">                                                     <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><!--l. 143--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math><span 
class="ptmri8t-">-variable attributes</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-13-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-13-1"  
class="td11">long_name            </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-13-2"  
class="td11">Name of the variable (default: &#8220;z&#8221;)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-14-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-14-1"  
class="td11">units                      </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-14-2"  
class="td11">Unit of the variable (no default)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-15-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-15-1"  
class="td11">scale_factor           </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-15-2"  
class="td11">Factor to multiply <!--l. 146--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math> with (default: 1)                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-16-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-16-1"  
class="td11">add_offset             </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-16-2"  
class="td11">Offset to add to scaled <!--l. 147--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math> (default: 0)                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-17-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-17-1"  
class="td11">actual_range          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-17-2"  
class="td11">Minimum and maximum <!--l. 148--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math> (optional)                                                                                                                                                                                                </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-18-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-18-1"  
class="td11">_FillValue             </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-18-2"  
class="td11">Value associated with missing data points; if absent an                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-19-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-19-1"  
class="td11">(or missing_value)</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-19-2"  
class="td11">appropriate default value is assumed, depending on data type.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-22-20-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-22-20-1"  
class="td11">             </td></tr></table>
</div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;B.1: </span><span  
class="content">Attributes of default <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;grid file in COARDS-compliant netCDF format.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-188004r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 156--><p class="indent" >   By default, the first 2-dimensional variable in a netCDF file will by read as the
<!--l. 156--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math> variable and the
coordinate axes <!--l. 157--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math> and
<!--l. 157--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math> will be determined from the
dimensions of the <!--l. 157--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math> variable.
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will recognize whether the <!--l. 158--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>
(latitude) variable increases or decreases. Both forms of data storage are handled appropriately.
</p><!--l. 161--><p class="indent" >   For more information on the use of COARDS-compliant netCDF files, and on how to load multi-dimensional
grids, read Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-800004.18">4.18<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:netcdf --></a>.
</p><!--l. 164--><p class="indent" >   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;also allows other formats to be read. In addition to the default netCDF format it can use binary floating
points, short integers, bytes, and bits, as well as 8-bit Sun raster files (colormap ignored). Additional formats may
be used by supplying read/write functions and linking these with the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;libraries. The source file
<span class="underline">gmt_customio.c</span> has the information that programmers will need to augment <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to read custom grid files. We
anticipate that the number of pre-programmed formats will increase as enterprising users implement what they
need. See Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-790004.17">4.17<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:grdformats --></a> for more information.
<a 
 id="dx1-188005"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-188006"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-188007"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.2.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-189000B.2.2"></a>Gridline and Pixel node registration</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-189001"></a>
<!--l. 183--><p class="noindent" >Scanline format means that the data are stored in rows (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y </span>= constant) going from the &#8220;top&#8221;
(<!--l. 184--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math> (north)) to the &#8220;bottom&#8221;
(<!--l. 185--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math> (south)). Data within each
row are ordered from &#8220;left&#8221; (<!--l. 186--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>
(west)) to &#8220;right&#8221; (<!--l. 186--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>
(east)). The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">node_offset </span>signals how the nodes are laid out. The grid is always defined as the intersections of all <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>(
<!--l. 189--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x22C5;</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-op">&#x2026;</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></mrow></math> ) and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y </span>(
<!--l. 190--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x22C5;</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-op">&#x2026;</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></mrow></math> ) lines.
The two scenarios differ in which area each data point represents. The default node registration in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is gridline
node registration. Most programs can handle both types, and for some programs like <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-189002"></a> a pixel registered
file makes more sense. Utility programs like <a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-189003"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/grdproject.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdproject</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-189004"></a> will allow you to convert from one
format to the other; <a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-189005"></a> can make changes to the grid header and convert a pixel- to a gridline-registred grid,
or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">vice versa</span>.
</p><!--l. 200--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-190000B.2.2"></a>Gridline registration</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-190001"></a>
<!--l. 203--><p class="noindent" >In this registration, the nodes are centered on the grid line intersections and the data points represent the average value in a cell
of dimensions (<!--l. 205--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x22C5;</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>)
centered on the nodes (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-190002r1">B.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_B_1 --></a>). In the case of grid line registration the number of nodes are related to region
and grid spacing by <br 
class="newline" />
</p>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <div class="par-math-display"><!--l. 210--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="block" ><mrow 
>
 <mtable  style="text-align:axis;"  
equalrows="false" columnlines="none none" equalcolumns="false" class="array"><mtr><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="center"><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mtd><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="center"> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="left"><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mn>1</mn></mtd>
</mtr><mtr><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="center"><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>y</mi></mtd><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="center"> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="left"><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr> <!--ccl--></mtable>
</mrow></math></div>
<!--l. 213--><p class="nopar" >
</p><!--l. 215--><p class="indent" >   which for the example in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-190002r1">B.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_B_1 --></a> yields <!--l. 215--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>4</mn></math>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-190002r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 217--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_B_1.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;B.1: </span><span  
class="content">Gridline registration of data nodes.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-190002r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-190003"></a>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-191000B.2.2"></a>Pixel registration</h5>
<a 
 id="dx1-191001"></a>
<!--l. 224--><p class="noindent" >Here, the nodes are centered in the grid cells, i.e., the areas between grid lines, and the data points represent the
average values within each cell (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-191002r2">B.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_B_2 --></a>. In the case of pixel registration the number of nodes are related to
region and grid spacing by <br 
class="newline" />
</p>
   <div class="par-math-display"><!--l. 230--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="block" ><mrow 
>
 <mtable  style="text-align:axis;"  
equalrows="false" columnlines="none none" equalcolumns="false" class="array"><mtr><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="center"><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mtd><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="center"> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="left"><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
></mtd>
</mtr><mtr><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="center"><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>y</mi></mtd><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="center"> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></mtd><mtd 
class="array"  columnalign="left"><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
></mtd></mtr> <!--ccl--></mtable>
</mrow></math></div>
<!--l. 233--><p class="nopar" >
</p><!--l. 235--><p class="indent" >   Thus, given the same region (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R</span>), the pixel node registered grids have one less column and one less row than the grid line registered
grids; here we find <!--l. 237--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>3</mn></math>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-191002r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 239--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_B_2.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;B.2: </span><span  
class="content">Pixel registration of data nodes.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-191002r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-191003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-191004"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.2.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-192000B.2.3"></a>Boundary Conditions for operations on grids</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-192001"></a>
<!--l. 247--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has the option to specify boundary conditions in some programs that operate on grids (<a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-192002"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>;
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-192003"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>; <a 
href="../html/man/grdtrack.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdtrack</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-192004"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>; <a 
href="../html/man/nearneighbor.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">nearneighbor</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-192005"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>; <a 
href="../html/man/grdview.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdview</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-192006"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span>). The boundary conditions come into play
when interpolating or computing derivatives near the limits of the region covered by the grid. The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">default </span>boundary
conditions used are those which are &#8220;natural&#8221; for the boundary of a minimum curvature interpolating
surface. If the user knows that the data are periodic in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>(and/or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>), or that the data cover a sphere
with <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">y </span>representing <span 
class="ptmri8t-">longitude</span>,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">latitude</span>, then there are better choices for the boundary conditions.
Periodic conditions on <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>(and/or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>) are chosen by specifying <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x </span>(and/or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">y</span>) as the boundary condition flags;
global spherical cases are specified using the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">g </span>(geographical) flag. Behavior of these conditions is as
follows:
<a 
 id="dx1-192007"></a>
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Periodic</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">conditions on <!--l. 267--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
   indicate that the data are periodic in the distance (<!--l. 268--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>)
   and thus repeat values after every <!--l. 269--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>N</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>.
   Note       that       this       implies       that       in       a       grid-registered       file       the       values       in
   the       first       and       last       columns       are       equal,       since       these       are       located       at
   <!--l. 271--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>
   and <!--l. 272--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>,
   and there are <!--l. 272--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>N</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mn>1</mn></math>
   columns   in   the   file.   This   is   not   the   case   in   a   pixel-registered   file,   where   there   are   only
   <!--l. 274--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>N</mi></math>
   and the first and last columns are located at <!--l. 275--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mn>2</mn></math>
   and <!--l. 275--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mn>2</mn></math>.
   If <!--l. 275--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>
   is periodic all the same holds for <!--l. 276--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Geographical</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">conditions indicate the following: <a 
 id="dx1-192008"></a>
   <!--l. 281--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-192010x1">If <!--l. 283--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2265;</mo> <mn>3</mn><mn>6</mn><mn>0</mn></math>
      and also 180 modulo <!--l. 283--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>
      then a periodic condition is used on <!--l. 284--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
      with      a      period      of      360;      else      a      default      condition      is      used      on      the
      <!--l. 285--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>
      boundaries.
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-192012x2">If condition 1 is true and also <!--l. 287--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>9</mn><mn>0</mn></math>
      then a &#8220;north pole condition&#8221; is used at <!--l. 288--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>x</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>,
      else a default condition is used there.
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-192014x3">If condition 1 is true and also <!--l. 291--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>9</mn><mn>0</mn></math>
      then a &#8220;south pole condition&#8221; is used at <!--l. 292--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>,
      else a default condition is used there.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
      </li></ol>
   <!--l. 297--><p class="noindent" >&#8220;Pole conditions&#8221; use a 180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;phase-shift of the data, requiring 180 modulo
   <!--l. 298--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi></mrow></msub 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>.
   </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Default</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">boundary conditions are <a 
 id="dx1-192015"></a>
<div class="par-math-display"><!--l. 303--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="block" ><mrow 
>
                                 <msup><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-op">&#x2207;</mo></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
><mi 
>f</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo>  <mfrac><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi></mrow> 
<mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></mfrac><msup><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-op">&#x2207;</mo></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
><mi 
>f</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn>
</mrow></math></div>
   <!--l. 303--><p class="nopar" >
   </p><!--l. 305--><p class="noindent" >on the boundary, where <!--l. 305--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math> is represented
   by the values in the grid file, and <!--l. 306--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi><mi 
>n</mi></math>
   is the derivative in the direction normal to a boundary, and
</p>
<div class="par-math-display"><!--l. 309--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="block" ><mrow 
>
                                  <msup><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-op">&#x2207;</mo></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mfenced separators="" 
open="("  close=")" ><mrow> <mfrac><mrow 
><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow>
<mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow></mfrac> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mfrac><mrow 
><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow> 
<mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>y</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mfenced>
</mrow></math></div>
   <!--l. 309--><p class="nopar" >
   </p><!--l. 311--><p class="noindent" >is the two-dimensional Laplacian operator.
</p>
   </dd></dl>
<a 
 id="dx1-192016"></a>
<!--l. 316--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.2.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-193000B.2.4"></a>Native binary grid files</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-193001"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 319--><p class="noindent" >The old style native grid file format that was common in earlier version of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;is still supported, although the
use of netCDF<a 
 id="dx1-193002"></a> files is strongly recommended. The file starts with a header of 892 bytes containing a number of
attributes defining the content. The <a 
href="../html/man/grdedit.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdedit</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-193003"></a> utility program will allow you to edit parts of the header of an existing
grid file. The attributes listed in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-193004r2">B.2<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:grdheader --></a> are contained within the header record in the order given (except the
<!--l. 324--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-array
which is not part of the header structure, but makes up the rest of the file). As this header was designed long before
64-bit architectures became available, the jump from the first three integers to the subsequent doubles in the
structure does not occur on a 16-byte alignment. While <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;handles the reading of these structures
correctly, enterprising programmers must take care to read this header correctly (see our code for
details).
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 332--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-193004r2"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-25" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-25-1g"><col 
id="TBL-25-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-25-2g"><col 
id="TBL-25-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-1-1"  
class="td11">    <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Parameter</span></div>    </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-1-2"  
class="td11">                                             <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Description</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-2-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">nx                           </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-2-2"  
class="td11">Number of nodes in the <!--l. 335--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-dimension         </td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-3-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ny </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-3-2"  
class="td11">Number of nodes in the y-dimension</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-4-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">node_offset            </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-4-2"  
class="td11">0 for grid line registration, 1 for pixel registration                                                                                                                                                             </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-5-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">x_min              </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-5-2"  
class="td11">Minimum <!--l. 338--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-value of region                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-6-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">x_max             </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-6-2"  
class="td11">Maximum <!--l. 339--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-value of region                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-7-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">y_min              </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-7-2"  
class="td11">Minimum <!--l. 340--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-value of region                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-8-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">y_max             </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-8-2"  
class="td11">Maximum <!--l. 341--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-value of region                       </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-9-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">z_min              </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-9-2"  
class="td11">Minimum <!--l. 342--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-value in data set                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-10-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">z_max             </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-10-2"  
class="td11">Maximum <!--l. 343--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-value in data set                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-11-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-11-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">x_inc               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-11-2"  
class="td11">Node spacing in <!--l. 344--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-dimension                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-12-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-12-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">y_inc               </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-12-2"  
class="td11">Node spacing in <!--l. 345--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-dimension                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-13-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-13-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">z_scale_factor</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-13-2"  
class="td11">Factor to multiply <!--l. 346--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-values after read        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-14-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-14-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">double </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">z_add_offset   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-14-2"  
class="td11">Offset to add to scaled <!--l. 347--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-values                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-15-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-15-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">char </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">x_units</span>[80]         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-15-2"  
class="td11">Units of the <!--l. 348--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-dimension                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-16-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-16-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">char </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">y_units</span>[80]         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-16-2"  
class="td11">Units of the <!--l. 349--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-dimension                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-17-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-17-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">char </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">z_units</span>[80]         </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-17-2"  
class="td11">Units of the <!--l. 350--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-dimension                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-18-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-18-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">char </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">title</span>[80]              </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-18-2"  
class="td11">Descriptive title of the data set                                                                                                                                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-19-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-19-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">char </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">command</span>[320]   </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-19-2"  
class="td11">Command line that produced the grid file                                                                                                                                                                          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-20-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-20-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">char </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">remark</span>[160]       </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-20-2"  
class="td11">Any additional comments                                                                                                                                                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-21-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-21-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">TYPE </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">z</span>[nx*ny]          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-21-2"  
class="td11">1-D array with <!--l. 354--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-values in scanline format</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-25-22-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-25-22-1"  
class="td11">               </td></tr></table>
</div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;B.2: </span><span  
class="content"><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;grid file header record. <span 
class="ptmb8t-">TYPE </span>can be <span 
class="ptmb8t-">char</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">short</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">int</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">float</span>, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">double</span>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-193004r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<a 
 id="dx1-193005"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">B.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-194000B.3"></a>Sun raster files</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-194001"></a>
<!--l. 366--><p class="noindent" >The Sun raster file format consists of a header followed by a series of unsigned 1-byte integers that represents the
bit-pattern. Bits are scanline oriented, and each row must contain an even number of bytes. The predefined
1-bit patterns in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;have dimensions of 64 by 64, but other sizes will be accepted when using the
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp</span><!--l. 371--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="pcrb8t-">P</span>
option. The Sun header structure is outline in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-194002r3">B.3<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:sunheader --></a>.
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 374--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-194002r3"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-26" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-26-1g"><col 
id="TBL-26-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-26-2g"><col 
id="TBL-26-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-1-1"  
class="td11">  <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Parameter</span></div>   </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-1-2"  
class="td11">         <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Description</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-2-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_magic       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-2-2"  
class="td11">Magic number                                    </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-3-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_width        </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-3-2"  
class="td11">Width (pixels) of image                      </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-4-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_height       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-4-2"  
class="td11">Height (pixels) of image                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-5-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_depth        </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-5-2"  
class="td11">Depth (1, 8, 24, 32 bits) of pixel        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-6-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_length       </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-6-2"  
class="td11">Length (bytes) of image                     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-7-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_type          </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-7-2"  
class="td11">Type of file; see RT_* below              </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-8-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_maptype   </span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-8-2"  
class="td11">Type of colormap; see RMT_* below</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-9-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-9-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">int </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_maplength</span></td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-9-2"  
class="td11">Length (bytes) of following map        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-26-10-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-26-10-1"  
class="td11">            </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;B.3: </span><span  
class="content">Structure of a Sun raster file.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-194002r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 393--><p class="indent" >   After the header, the color map (if <span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_maptype </span>is not RMT_NONE) follows for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_maplength </span>bytes,
followed by an image of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">ras_length </span>bytes. Some related definitions are given in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-194004r4">B.4<!--tex4ht:ref: tbl:sundef --></a>.
</p>
   <div class="table">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 397--><p class="indent" >   <a 
 id="x1-194004r4"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-194003"></a>
<div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-27" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-27-1g"><col 
id="TBL-27-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-27-2g"><col 
id="TBL-27-2" /></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-27-1-"><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-1-1"  
class="td11">    <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Macro name</span></div>    </td><td  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-1-2"  
class="td11">          <div class="multicolumn"  style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"><span 
class="ptmri8t-">Description</span></div>
</td></tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-27-2-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-2-1"  
class="td11">RAS_MAGIC               </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-2-2"  
class="td11">0x59a66a95                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-27-3-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-3-1"  
class="td11">RT_STANDARD          </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-3-2"  
class="td11">1 (Raw pixrect image in 68000 byte order)</td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-27-4-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-4-1"  
class="td11">RT_BYTE_ENCODED</td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-4-2"  
class="td11">2 (Run-length compression of bytes)          </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-27-5-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-5-1"  
class="td11">RT_FORMAT_RGB     </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-5-2"  
class="td11">3 ([X]RGB instead of [X]BGR)                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-27-6-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-6-1"  
class="td11">RMT_NONE                 </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-6-2"  
class="td11">0 (ras_maplength is expected to be 0)        </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-27-7-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-7-1"  
class="td11">RMT_EQUAL_RGB    </td><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-7-2"  
class="td11">1 (red[ras_maplength/3],green[],blue[])     </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-27-8-"><td  style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" id="TBL-27-8-1"  
class="td11">                </td></tr></table></div>
<br /><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;B.4: </span><span  
class="content">Sun macro definitions relevant to raster files.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-194004r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfloat" />
   </div>
<!--l. 416--><p class="indent" >   Numerous public-domain programs exist, such as <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">xv</span><a 
 id="dx1-194005"></a> and <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">convert</span><a 
 id="dx1-194006"></a> (in the ImageMagick package), that will
translate between various raster file formats such as tiff, gif, jpeg, and Sun raster. Raster patterns may be created
with <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;plotting tools by generating <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plots that can be rasterized by <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-194007"></a> and translated into
the right raster format.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-194008r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;C</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-195000C"></a>Including <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;graphics into your documents</h2>   <a 
 id="dx1-195001"></a><a 
 id="dx1-195002"></a>
<!--l. 16--><p class="noindent" >Now that you made some nice graphics with <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>, it is time to add them to a document, an article, a report, your
dissertation, a poster, a web page, or a presentation. Of course, you could try the old-fashioned scissors and glue
stick. More likely, you want to incorporate your graphics electronically into the document. Depending on the
application, the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file will need to be converted to Encapsulated <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;(EPS), Portable
Document Format (PDF), or some raster format (e.g., JPEG, PNG, or TIFF) in order to incorporate them into the
document. </p>
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">When creating a document intended for printing (article, dissertation, or poster) it is best to preserve
   the scalable vector characteristics of the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file. Many applications can directly incorporate
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;in the form of EPS files. Modern programs will often allow the inclusion of PDF files. Either
   way, the sharpness of lines and fonts will be preserved and can be scaled up or down as required.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">When the aim is to display the graphics on a computer screen or present it using a projector, it is wise
   to convert the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;into a raster format. Although applications like <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-195003"></a> can do this for
   you, you can best take the conversion into your own hands for the best results.</li></ul>
<!--l. 21--><p class="noindent" >A large number of questions to the GMT-Help mailing list are related to these rendering issues, showing that
something as seemingly straightforward as incorporating a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file into a document is a far from trivial
exercise. This Chapter will show how to include <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;graphics into documents and how to achieve the best
quality results.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">C.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-196000C.1"></a>Making <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;Encapsulated <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;Files</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-196001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-196002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-196003"></a>
<!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;can produce both freeform <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files and the more restricted Encapsulated <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files (EPS).
The former is intended to be sent to a printer or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;previewer, while the latter is intended to
be included in another document (but should also be able to print and preview). You control what
kind of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;that <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;produces by manipulating the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAPER_MEDIA </span>parameter (see the
<a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-196004"></a> man page for how this is accomplished). Note that a freeform <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file may contain
special operators (such as <span 
class="pcrr8t-">Setpagedevice</span>) that is specific to printers (e.g., selection of paper tray).
Some previewers (among them, Sun&#8217;s <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-196005"></a>) do not understand these valid instructions and may
fail to image the file. Also, embedding freeform <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;with such instructions in it into a larger
document can create printing to fail. While you could choose another viewer (we recommend <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gv</span><a 
 id="dx1-196006"></a>
(ghostview)) to view single plots prepared by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>, it is generally wiser anyhow to select EPS output
when you are creating a plot intended for inclusion into a larger document. Some programs (and some
publishers as well) do not allow the use of instructions like <span 
class="pcrr8t-">Setpagedevice </span>as part of embedded
graphics.
</p><!--l. 32--><p class="indent" >   An EPS file that is to be placed into another document needs to have correct bounding box parameters.
These are found in the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;Document Comment %%BoundingBox. Applications that
generate EPS files should set these parameters correctly. Because <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;makes the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files
on the fly, often with several overlays, it is not possible to do so accurately. However, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;does
make an effort to ensure that the BoundingBox is large enough to contain the entire composite
plot<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn41x12" id="fn41x12-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">41</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-196007f41"></a>.
Therefore, if you need a &#8220;tight&#8221; BoundingBox you need to post-process your <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file. There are several
ways in which this can be accomplished.
</p>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <ul class="itemize1">
   <li class="itemize">Programs such as Adobe <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Illustrator</span><a 
 id="dx1-196008"></a>, Aldus <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Freehand</span><a 
 id="dx1-196009"></a>, and Corel <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Draw</span><a 
 id="dx1-196010"></a> will allow you to edit the
   BoundingBox graphically.
   </li>
   <li class="itemize">A command-line alternative is to use freely-available program <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">epstool</span><a 
 id="dx1-196011"></a> from the makers of Aladdin
   <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-196012"></a>. Running
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-7">
   epstool&#x00A0;-c&#x00A0;-b&#x00A0;myplot.ps
</div>
   <!--l. 42--><p class="nopar" >should give a tight BoundingBox; <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">epstool</span><a 
 id="dx1-196013"></a> assumes the plot is page size and not a huge poster.
   </p></li>
   <li class="itemize">Another option is to use <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ps2epsi</span><a 
 id="dx1-196014"></a> which also comes with the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-196015"></a> package. Running
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-8">
   ps2epsi&#x00A0;myplot.ps&#x00A0;myplot.eps
</div>
   <!--l. 50--><p class="nopar" >should also do the trick. The downside is that this program adds an &#8220;image&#8221; of the plot in the
   preamble of the EPS file, thus increasing the file size significantly. This image is a rough rendering of
   your <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;graphics that some programs will show on screen while you are editing your
   document. This image is basically a placeholder for the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;graphics that will actually be
   printed.
   </p></li>
   <li class="itemize">The preferred option is to use the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;utility <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-196016"></a>. Its <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option will figure out the tightest
   BoundingBox, again using <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-196017"></a> in the background. For example, running
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-9">
   ps2raster&#x00A0;-A&#x00A0;-Te&#x00A0;myplot.ps
</div>
   <!--l. 58--><p class="nopar" >will convert the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file <span class="underline">myplot.ps</span> into an encapsulated <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file <span class="underline">myplot.eps</span> which is exactly
   cropped to the tightest possible BoundingBox.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 63--><p class="indent" >   If you do not want to modify your illustration but just include it in a text document: many word processors
(such as Microsoft <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Word</span><a 
 id="dx1-196018"></a>, Corel <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">WordPerfect</span><a 
 id="dx1-196019"></a>, and Apple <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Pages</span><a 
 id="dx1-196020"></a>) will let you include a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file that you
may place but not edit. Newer versions of those programs also allow you to include PDF versions of
your graphics. Except for <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Pages</span><a 
 id="dx1-196021"></a>, you will not be able to view the figure on-screen, but it will print
correctly.
</p><!--l. 66--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">C.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-197000C.2"></a>Converting <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;to PDF or raster images</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-197001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-197002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-197003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-197004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-197005"></a>
<!--l. 73--><p class="noindent" >Since Adobe&#8217;s PDF (Portable Document Format) seems to become the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">de facto </span>standard for vector graphics, you
are often well off converting <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;produced <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files to PDF. Being both vector formats (i.e., they
basically describe all objects, text and graphics as lines and curves), such conversion sounds awfully
straightforward and not worth a full section in this document. But experience has shown differently, since most
converters cut corners by using the same tool (Aladdin&#8217;s <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-197006"></a>) with basic default options that are not
devised to produce the best quality PDF files.
</p><!--l. 75--><p class="indent" >   For some applications it is practical or even essential that you convert your <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file into a raster format,
such as GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), PNG (Portable Network Graphics),
or JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group). A web page is better served with a raster image that will immediately
show on a web browser, than with a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file that needs to be downloaded to view, despite the better
printing quality of the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;image. A less obvious reason to convert your image to a raster
format is to by-pass <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-197007"></a>&#8217;s rendering engine in case you want to embed the image into a
presentation.
</p><!--l. 77--><p class="indent" >   The are a number of programs that will convert <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files to PDF or raster formats, like Aladdin&#8217;s
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pstopdf</span><a 
 id="dx1-197008"></a>, pbmplus&#8217; <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pstoimg</span><a 
 id="dx1-197009"></a>, or ImageMagick&#8217;s <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">convert</span><a 
 id="dx1-197010"></a>, most of which run <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-197011"></a> behind the scenes. The
same is true for viewers like <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gv</span><a 
 id="dx1-197012"></a> and Apple&#8217;s <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Preview</span><a 
 id="dx1-197013"></a>. So a lot of the times when people report that their
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;plot does not look right but prints fine, it is the way <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-197014"></a> is used with its most basic settings that
is to blame.
</p><!--l. 79--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">C.2.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-198000C.2.1"></a>When converting or viewing <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;goes awry</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-198001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-198002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-198003"></a>
<!--l. 83--><p class="noindent" >Here are some notorious pitfalls with <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-198004"></a> (and other rendering programs for that matter).
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Rendering.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">When you are converting to a raster format, make sure you use a high enough resolution so
   that the pixels do not show when it is enlarged onto a screen or using a projector. The right choice of
   resolution depends on the application, but do not feel limited to the default 72 dpi (dots-per-inch) that
   is offered by most converters.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Image compression.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">There  are  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">lossy  </span>and  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">non-lossy  </span>compressions.  A  compression  algorithm  is  called
   &#8220;lossy&#8221; when information is lost in the conversion: there is no way back to get the full original. The
   effect can be seen when there are sharp color transitions in your image: the edges will get blurry in
   order to allow a more efficient compression. JPEG uses a lossy compression, PNG is non-lossy, and
   TIFF generally does not use compression at all. We therefore recommend you convert to PNG if you
   need to rasterize your plot, and leave JPEG to photographs.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Embedded image compression.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">When   your   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;plot   includes   objects   produced   by   <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-198005"></a>,
   <a 
href="../html/man/psimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-198006"></a> or <a 
href="../html/man/pslegend.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pslegend</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-198007"></a>, they are seen as &#8220;images&#8221;. The default options of <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-198008"></a> will use a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">lossy</span>
   compression (similar to JPEG) on those images when converting them to PDF objects. This can be
   avoided, however, by inhibiting the compression altogether, or using the non-lossy <span 
class="ptmri8t-">flate </span>compression,
   similar to the one used in the old <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">compress</span><a 
 id="dx1-198009"></a> program. This compression is fully reversible, so that your
   image does not suffer any loss.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Auto-rotation.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">The <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-198010"></a> engine has the annoying habit to automatically rotate an image produced
   with portrait orientation (using the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option) so that the height is always larger than the width. So if
   you have an image that was printed in portrait mode but happens to have a width larger than height
   (for example a global map), it would suddenly get rotated. Again, this function needs to be switched
   off. Apple&#8217;s <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">Preview</span><a 
 id="dx1-198011"></a> uses the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-198012"></a> engine and suffers from the same annoying habit. Oddly
   enough, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-198013"></a> does not force landscape plots to be &#8220;horizontal&#8221;.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Anti-aliasing.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">This is not something to worry about when converting to PDF, but certainly when producing
   raster images (discussed below). <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Anti-aliasing </span>in this context means that the rendering tries to avoid
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">aliasing</span>,  for  example,  sampling  only  the  blacks  in  a  black-and-white  hachure.  It  does  so  by  first
   oversampling the image and then using &#8220;gray-shades&#8221; when a target pixel is only partially white or
   black.
   <!--l. 95--><p class="noindent" >Clearly, this can lead to some unwanted results. First, all edges and lines get blurry and second, the
   assumption of a white background causes the gray shades to stand out when transferring the image to
   background with a different color (like the popular sleep-inducing blue in <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-198014"></a> presentations).
   A more surprising effect of anti-aliasing is that the seams between tiles that make up the land mask
   when using <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-198015"></a> will become visible. The anti-aliasing somehow decides to blur the edges of all
   polygons, even when they are seamlessly connected to other polygons.
   </p><!--l. 97--><p class="noindent" >It is therefore wise to overrule the default anti-aliasing option and over-sample the image yourself by
   choosing a higher resolution.
   </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">Including fonts.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">When you are producing print-ready copy to publishers, they will often (and justifiably)
   ask that you include all fonts in your PDF document. Again, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-198016"></a> (and all converters relying on
   that engine) will not do so by default.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 102--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">C.2.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-199000C.2.2"></a>Using <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a></h4>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 104--><p class="noindent" >The remedy to all the problems mentioned in the previous section is readily available to you in the form of the
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;utility <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-199001"></a>. It is designed to provide the best quality PDF and raster files using <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-199002"></a> as a
rendering engine. The program <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-199003"></a> avoids anti-aliasing and lossy compression techniques that are default
to <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-199004"></a> and includes the fonts into the resulting PDF file to ensure portability. By default the fonts are
rendered at 720 dots-per-inch in a PDF file and images are sampled to 300 dpi, but that can be changed with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-E</span>
option. Simply run
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-10">
ps2raster&#x00A0;-A&#x00A0;-P&#x00A0;-Tf&#x00A0;*.ps
</div>
<!--l. 108--><p class="nopar" >to convert all <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files to PDF while cropping it to the smallest possible BoundingBox. Or use the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Tg</span>
option to convert your files to PNG.
</p><!--l. 112--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option of <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-199005"></a> may also come in handy. When you have <span 
class="ptmri8t-">not </span>supplied the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option in your first
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;plot command, your plot will be in Landscape mode. That means that the plot will be rotated 90 degrees
(anti-clockwise) to fit on a Portrait mode page when coming out of the printer. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option of <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-199006"></a> will
undo that rotation, so that you do not have to do so within your document. This will only affect Landscape plots;
Portrait plots will not be rotated.
</p><!--l. 114--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">C.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-200000C.3"></a>Examples</h3>
<!--l. 115--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">C.3.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-201000C.3.1"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;graphics in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-201001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-201002"></a>
<!--l. 119--><p class="noindent" >Nearly all illustrations in this <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;documentation were <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>-produced <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files. They were converted to
PDF files using <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-201003"></a> and then included into a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#x00A0;document that was processed with <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pdflatex</span><a 
 id="dx1-201004"></a> to create
the PDF document you are reading.
</p><!--l. 121--><p class="indent" >   To add the graphics into the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#x00A0;document we use the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">\includegraphics</span></span></span> command supplied
by the <span 
class="phvr8t-">graphicx </span>package. In the preamble of your <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#x00A0;document you will need to include the
line
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-11">
\usepackage{graphicx}
</div>
<!--l. 125--><p class="nopar" >The inclusion of the graphics will probably be inside a floating figure environment; something like
this
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-12">
\begin{figure}
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;\includegraphics{myplot}
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;\caption{This&#x00A0;is&#x00A0;my&#x00A0;first&#x00A0;plot&#x00A0;in&#x00A0;\LaTeX.}
&#x00A0;<br />&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;\label{fig:myplot}
&#x00A0;<br />\end{figure}
</div>
<!--l. 135--><p class="nopar" >Note that the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">\includegraphics</span></span></span> command does not require you to add the suffix <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">.pdf</span></span></span> to the file name. If
you run <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pdflatex</span><a 
 id="dx1-201005"></a>, it will look automatically for <span class="underline">myplot.pdf</span>. If you run <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">latex</span><a 
 id="dx1-201006"></a>, it will use <span class="underline">myplot.eps</span>
instead.
</p><!--l. 139--><p class="indent" >   You can scale your plot using the options <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">width=</span></span></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">height=</span></span></span>, or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="pcrr8t-">scale=</span></span></span>. In addition, if your original
graphics was produced in Landscape mode (i.e., you did <span 
class="ptmri8t-">not </span>use <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#8217;s <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-P </span>option: not while plotting, nor in
<a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-201007"></a>), you will need to rotate the plot as well. For example,
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-13">
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=0.8\textwidth]{myplot}
</div>
<!--l. 143--><p class="nopar" >will rotate the image 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;clockwise and scale it such that its width (after rotation) will be 80% of the width of the
text column.
</p><!--l. 147--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">C.3.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-202000C.3.2"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;graphics in <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span></h4>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-202001r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 149--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/rendering.png" alt="PIC"  
width="424.58624pt" height="318.44464pt"  />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;C.1: </span><span  
class="content">Examples of rendered images in a <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-202002"></a> presentation.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-202001r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-202003r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 155--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/formatpicture.png" alt="PIC"  
width="254.75433pt" height="241.20142pt"  />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;C.2: </span><span  
class="content"><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-202004"></a>&#8217;s &#8220;Format Picture&#8221; dialogue to set scale and rotation.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-202003r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 160--><p class="indent" >   In Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-202001r1">C.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:rendering --></a> we have attempted to include Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-148017r20">7.20<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_20 --></a> into a <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-202005"></a> presentation. First the
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file was converted to PDF (using <a 
href="../html/man/ps2raster.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">ps2raster</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-202006"></a>), then loaded into <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-202007"></a> and the white background
color was made transparent using the formatting toolbar (shown on the left side of Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-202001r1">C.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:rendering --></a>). Clearly, when we
let <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-202008"></a> do the rendering, we do not get the best result:
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-202010x1">The anti-aliasing causes the tiles that make up the land to stand out. This is because the anti-aliasing
   algorithm blurs all edges, even when the tiles join seamlessly.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-202012x2">The  background  color  was  assumed  to  be  white,  hence  the  text  is  &#8220;smoothed&#8221;  using  gray  shades.
   Instead, shades of blue which would be appropriate for the background we are using.</li></ol>
<!--l. 166--><p class="indent" >   On the central column of Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-202001r1">C.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:rendering --></a> we have included PNG versions of a portion of the same example. This
shows the workings of anti-aliasing and different resolutions. All samples were obtained with <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">convert</span><a 
 id="dx1-202013"></a>. The one on
the top uses all default settings, resulting in an anti-aliased image at 72 dpi resolution (very much like the PDF
included directly into <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-202014"></a>).
</p><!--l. 168--><p class="indent" >   Just switching anti-aliasing off (middle) is clearly not an option either. It is true that we got rid of the gray
blurring and the seams between the tiles, but without anti-aliasing the image becomes very blocky. The
solution is to render the image at a higher resolution (e.g., 300 dpi) without anti-aliasing and then
shrink the image to the appropriate size (bottom of the central column in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-202001r1">C.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:rendering --></a>). The scaling,
rotation as well as the selection of the transparent color can be accomplished through the &#8220;Formatting&#8221;
tool bar and the &#8220;Format Picture&#8221; dialogue box of <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">PowerPoint</span><a 
 id="dx1-202015"></a> (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-202003r2">C.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:formatpicture --></a>), which can be found by
double clicking the included image (or selecting and right-clicking or control-clicking on a one-button
mouse).
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">C.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-203000C.4"></a>Concluding remarks</h3>
<!--l. 172--><p class="noindent" >These examples do not constitute endorsements of the products mentioned above; they only represent our limited
experience with adding <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;to various types of documents. For other solutions and further help, please post
messages to <a 
href="mailto:gmt-help@lists.hawaii.edu" >gmt-help@lists.hawaii.edu</a>.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-203001r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;D</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-204000D"></a>Availability of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;and related code</h2>  <a 
 id="dx1-204001"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">D.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-205000D.1"></a>Source distribution</h3>
<!--l. 15--><p class="noindent" >All the source code, support data, PDF and HTML versions of all documentation (including <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;manual
pages) can be obtained by anonymous ftp from several mirror sites. We also maintain a <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;page on
the World Wide Web (http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu); see this page for installation directions which
allow for a simplified, automatic install procedure (for the purchase of CD-R and DVD-R media, see
<a 
href="http://www.geoware-online.com" >http://www.geoware-online.com</a>.)
</p><!--l. 24--><p class="indent" >   The <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;compressed tar archives requires <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">bzip2</span><a 
 id="dx1-205001"></a> to expand. If this utility is not installed
on your system, you must obtained it by your system&#8217;s package manager or install it
separately<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn42x13" id="fn42x13-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">42</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-205002f42"></a>.
The GMT archives are as follows:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">gmt-4.5.11.tar.bz2</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Contains  all  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;and  supplemental  source  code  needed  for  compilation,  support
   files needed at run-time (cpt files, symbols and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;patterns), and all documentation (man pages,
   Cookbook and Technical Reference, and the tutorial), the data files used in the tutorial, and all the shell
   scripts and support data used in the Cookbook section.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">gmt-4.5.11-non-gpl.tar.bz2</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Contains  Shewchuk&#8217;s  triangle  code  which  is  not  released  under  the  GNU
   license.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">gshhg-gmt-nc3-2.2.4.tar.bz2</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Contains  all  resolutions  (full,  high,  intermediate,  low,  and  crude)  of  the
   GSHHG coastline, river, and border databases. Required to run <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.
   </dd></dl>
<a 
 id="dx1-205003"></a>
<!--l. 45--><p class="indent" >   The netCDF library that makes up the backbone of the grid file i/o operations can be obtained from Unidata by
downloading he file <span class="underline">netcdf.tar.Z</span> from the anonymous FTP directory of <span class="underline">unidata.ucar.edu</span>.
<a 
 id="dx1-205004"></a>
</p><!--l. 51--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">D.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-206000D.2"></a>Pre-compiled Executables</h3>
<!--l. 53--><p class="noindent" >For Windows users who just want executables we have three Windows installers available. Choose one of the first
two and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">optionally </span>the third:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">gmt-4.5.11_install32.exe</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">The  32-bit  install  with  all  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;executables  (including  supplements),  the
   netCDF DLL, the example batch scripts and data, and all documentation in HTML format.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">gmt-4.5.11_install64.exe</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">The  64-bit  install  with  all  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;executables  (including  supplements),  the
   netCDF DLL, the example batch scripts and data, and all documentation in HTML format.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">gmt-4.5.11_pdf_install.exe</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Installer for the optional <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;documentation in PDF format.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">gshhg-2.2.4_install.exe</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Installer with the complete set of GSHHG coastlines, rivers, and borders.
   </dd></dl>
<!--l. 69--><p class="noindent" >Usually, only one of the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;32- or 64-bit installers will be needed.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-206001r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;E</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-207000E"></a>Predefined bit and hachure patterns in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h2>  <a 
 id="dx1-207001"></a><a 
 id="dx1-207002"></a> <a 
 id="dx1-207003"></a>
<!--l. 16--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides 90 different bit and hachure patterns that can be selected with the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-GP </span>option in most
plotting programs. The left side of each image was created using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gp</span>, the right side shows the inverted version
using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-GP</span>. These patterns are reproduced below at 300 dpi.
</p>
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 22--><p class="noindent" >

</p><!--l. 23--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_E.png" alt="PIC"  
 /></p></div>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-207004r279"></a>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;F</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-208000F"></a>Chart of octal codes for characters</h2>   <a 
 id="dx1-208001"></a><a 
 id="dx1-208002"></a> <a 
 id="dx1-208003"></a><a 
 id="dx1-208004"></a>
<!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" >The characters and their octal codes in the Standard and ISOLatin1 encoded fonts are shown in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-208006r1">F.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_F_text --></a>. Dark
gray areas signify codes reserved for control characters. In order to use all the extended characters (shown in the
light gray boxes) you need to set <span 
class="ptmb8t-">CHAR_ENCODING </span>to Standard+ or ISOLatin1+ in your <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>
file<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn43x15" id="fn43x15-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">43</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-208005f43"></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-208006r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 24--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_F_stand+.png" alt="PIC"  
 />                                                                           <img 
src="images/GMT_App_F_iso+.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;F.1: </span><span  
class="content">Octal codes and corresponding symbols for StandardEncoding (left) and ISOLatin1Encoding
(right) fonts.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-208006r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="dx1-208007"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-208008"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-208009"></a>
<!--l. 37--><p class="indent" >   The chart for the Symbol character set (<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;font number 12) and Pifont ZapfDingbats character set (font
number 34) are presented in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-208010r2">F.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_F_symbol --></a> below. The octal code is obtained by appending the column value to the
<!--l. 40--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">\</mo></math>?? value,
e.g., <!--l. 40--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x2202;</mi></math> is
<!--l. 41--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">\</mo></math>266 in the Symbol font. The
euro currency symbol is <!--l. 41--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">\</mo></math>240
in the Symbol font and will print if your printer supports it (older printer&#8217;s firmware will not know about the
euro).
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-208010r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 45--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_F_symbol.png" alt="PIC"  
 />                                                                           <img 
src="images/GMT_App_F_dingbats.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;F.2: </span><span  
class="content">Octal codes and corresponding symbols for Symbol (left) and ZapfDingbats (right) fonts.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-208010r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-208011r279"></a>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;G</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-209000G"></a><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;fonts used by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h2>  <a 
 id="dx1-209001"></a>
<!--l. 14--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;uses the standard 35 fonts that come with most <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;laserwriters. If your printer does not support
some of these fonts, it will automatically substitute the default font (which is usually Courier). The following is a
list of the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;fonts: <br 
class="newline" />
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-209002r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 20--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_G.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;G.1: </span><span  
class="content">The standard 35 <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;fonts recognized by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-209002r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 22--><p class="indent" >   For the special fonts Symbol (12) and ZapfDingbats (34), see the octal charts in Appendix&#x00A0;F. When specifying
fonts in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>, you can either give the entire font name <span 
class="ptmri8t-">or </span>just the font number listed in this table. To change the
fonts used in plotting basemap frames, see the man page for <a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-209003"></a>. For direct plotting of
text-strings, see the man page for <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-209004"></a>. To add additional fonts that you may have purchased or that
are available at your institution, see instructions in the <span class="underline">CUSTOM_font_info.d</span> under the <span class="underline">share/pslib</span>
directory.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-209005r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;H</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-210000H"></a>Problems with display of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span></h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;creates valid (so far as we know) Adobe <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;Level 2. It does not use
operators specific to Level 3 and should therefore produce output that should print on all
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;printers<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn44x17" id="fn44x17-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">44</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-210001f44"></a>.
Sometimes unexpected things happen when <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;output is sent to certain printers or displays. This section lists
some things we have learned from experience, and some work-arounds. Note that many of these lessons are now
rather old so hopefully these workarounds no longer apply to anybody...
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">H.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-211000H.1"></a><span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;driver bugs</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-211001"></a>
<!--l. 25--><p class="noindent" >When you try to display a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file on a device, such as a printer or your screen, then a program called a
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;device driver has to compute which device pixels should receive which colors (black or white in the
case of a simple laser printer) in order to display the file. At this stage, certain device-dependent things may
happen. These are not limitations of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;or <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>, but of the particular display device. The following bugs
are known to us based on our experiences:
</p><!--l. 35--><p class="indent" >
<a 
 id="dx1-211002"></a>
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211004x1">Early versions of the Sun SPARCprinter software caused linewidth-dependent path displacement. We
   reported this bug and it has been fixed in newer versions of the software. Try using <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-211005"></a> to draw
   <!--l. 41--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>f</mi><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>x</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>
   twice, once with a thin pen (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>1) and once with a fat pen (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W</span>10); if they do not plot on top of each
   other, you have this kind of bug and need new software. The problem may also show up when you plot
   a mixture of solid and dashed (or dotted) lines of various pen thickness
<a 
 id="dx1-211006"></a>
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211008x2">The first version of the HP Laserjet 4M (prior to Aug&#8211;93) had bugs in the driver program. The old
   one was <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;SIMM, part number C2080-60001; the new one is called <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;SIMM, part
   number C2080-60002. You need to get this one plugged into your printer if you have an HP LaserJet
   4M.
<a 
 id="dx1-211009"></a>
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211011x3">Apple Laserwriters with the older versions of Apple&#8217;s <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;driver will give the error &#8220;limitcheck&#8221;
   and fail to plot when they encounter a path exceeding about 1000&#8211;1500 points. Try to get a newer
   driver from Apple, but if you can&#8217;t do that, set the parameter MAX_L1_PATH to 1000&#8211;1500 or even
   smaller in the file <span class="underline">src/pslib_inc.h</span> and recompile <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. The number of points in a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;path can
   be arbitrarily large, in principle; <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will only create paths longer than MAX_L1_PATH if the path
   represents a filled polygon or clipping path. Line-drawings (no fill) will be split so that no segment
   exceeds MAX_L1_PATH. This means <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-211012"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>will issue a warning when you plot a polygon with
   more than MAX_L1_PATH points in it. It is then your responsibility to split the large polygon into
   several smaller segments. If <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-211013"></a> gives such warnings and the file fails to plot you may have to
   select one of the lower resolution databases The path limitation exemplified by these Apple printers
   is  what  makes  the  higher-resolution  coastlines  for  <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-211014"></a> non-trivial:  such  coastlines  have  to  be
   organized so that fill operations do not generate excessively large paths. Some HP <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;cartridges
   for the Laserjet III also have trouble with paths exceeding 1500 points; they may successfully print the
   file, but it can take all night! <a 
 id="dx1-211015"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-211016"></a>
   </li>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211018x4">8-bit color screen displays (and programs which use only 8-bits, even on 24-bit monitors, such as Sun&#8217;s
   <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-211019"></a>  under  OpenWindows)  may  not  dither  cleverly,  and  so  the  color  they  show  you  may  not
   resemble the color your <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file is asking for. Therefore, if you choose colors you like on the
   screen, you may be surprised to find that your plot looks different on the hardcopy printer or film writer.
   The only thing you can do is be aware of this, and make some test cases on your hardcopy devices and
   compare them with the screen, until you get used to this effect. (Each hardcopy device is also a little
   different, and so you will eventually find that you want to tune your color choices for each device.) The
   rgb color cube in example 11 may help.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211021x5">Some  versions  of  Sun&#8217;s  OpenWindows  program  <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-211022"></a>  have  only  a  limited  number  of  colors
   available; the number can be increased somewhat by starting <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">openwin</span><a 
 id="dx1-211023"></a> with the option &#8220;<span 
class="pcrr8t-">openwin</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">-cubesize large</span>&#8221;.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211025x6">Finally,  <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-211026"></a>  seem  to  have  problems  understanding  the  <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setpagedevice </span>operator.  We
   recommend you only use <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-211027"></a> on EPS files or use <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gv</span><a 
 id="dx1-211028"></a> instead.
<a 
 id="dx1-211029"></a>
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211031x7">Many color hardcopy devices use CMYK color systems. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;uses RGB (even if your
   cpt files are using HSV). The three coordinates of RGB space can be mapped into three coordinates in
   CMY space, and in theory K (black) is superfluous. But it is hard to get CMY inks to mix into a good
   black or gray, so these printers supply a black ink as well, hence CMYK. The <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;driver for a
   CMYK printer should be smart enough to compute what portion of CMY can be drawn in K, and use
   K for this and remove it from CMY; however, some of them aren&#8217;t.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211033x8">In      early      releases      of      <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;we      always      used      the      <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;command      <span 
class="pcrr8t-">r g b</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setrgbcolor </span>to   specify   colors,   even   if   the   color   happened   to   be   a   shade   of   gray
   (<!--l. 125--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi></math>)
   or black (<!--l. 125--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>).
   One of our users found that black came out muddy brown when he used <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">FreedomOfPress</span><a 
 id="dx1-211034"></a> to make a
   Versatec plot of a <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;map. He found that if he used the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;command <span 
class="pcrr8t-">g setgray </span>(where
   <!--l. 128--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>
   is a graylevel) then the problem went away. Apparently, his installation of <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">FreedomOfPress</span><a 
 id="dx1-211035"></a> uses only
   CMY with the command <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setrgbcolor</span>, and so <span 
class="pcrr8t-">0 0 0 setrgbcolor </span>tries to make black out of
   CMY instead of K. To fix this, in release 2.1 of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;we changed some routines in <span class="underline">pslib.c</span> to check if
   (<!--l. 134--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi></math>
   and <!--l. 134--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi></math>),
   in which case <span 
class="pcrr8t-">g setgray </span>is used instead of <span 
class="pcrr8t-">r g b setrgbcolor</span>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211037x9">Recent    experience    with    some    Tektronix    Phaser    printers    and    with    commercial    printing
   shops   has   shown   that   this   substitution   creates   problems   precisely   opposite   of   the   problems
   our    Versatec    user    has.    The    Tektronix    and    commercial    (we    think    it    was    a    Scitex)
   machines   do   not   use   K   when   you   say   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">0 setgray </span>but   they   do   when   you   say   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">0 0 0</span>
   <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setrgbcolor</span>.   We   believe   that   these   problems   are   likely   to   disappear   as   the   various
   software  developers  make  their  codes  more  robust.  Note  that  this  is  not  a  fault  with  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>:
   <!--l. 145--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>
   means black and should plot that way. Thus, the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;source code as shipped to you checks whether
   <!--l. 146--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi></math>
   and <!--l. 147--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi></math>,
   in which case it uses <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setgray</span>, else <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setrgbcolor</span>. If your gray tones are not being drawn with K,
   you have two work-around options: (1) edit the source for <span class="underline">pslib.c</span> or (2) edit your <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file and
   try using <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setrgbcolor </span>in all cases. The simplest way to do so is to redefine the <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setgray </span>operator
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   to use <span 
class="pcrr8t-">setrgbcolor</span>. Insert the line <br 
class="newline" />
   <!--l. 155--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="pcrr8t-">/setgray {dup dup setrgbcolor} def</span><br 
class="newline" />
   </p><!--l. 157--><p class="noindent" >immediately following the first line in the file (starts with %!PS.)
   </p></li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-211039x10">Some color film writers are very sensitive to the brand of film. If black doesn&#8217;t look black on your color
   slides, try a different film. <a 
 id="dx1-211040"></a>
   </li></ol>
<!--l. 167--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">H.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-212000H.2"></a>Resolution and dots per inch</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-212001"></a>
<!--l. 170--><p class="noindent" >The parameter <span 
class="ptmb8t-">DOTS_PR_INCH </span>can be set by the user through the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file or <a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-212002"></a>. By default it is
equal to the value in the <span class="underline">gmt_defaults.h</span> file, which is supplied with 300 when you get <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;from us. This seems a
good size for most applications, but should ideally reflect the resolution of your hardcopy device (most laserwriters
have at least 300 dpi, hence our default value). <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;computes what the plot should look like in double
precision floating point coordinates, and then converts these to integer coordinates at <span 
class="ptmb8t-">DOTS_PR_INCH</span>
resolution. This helps us find out that certain points in a path lie on top of other points, and we can
remove these, making smaller paths. Small paths are important for the laserwriter bugs above, and also
to make fill operations compute faster. Some users have set their <span 
class="ptmb8t-">DOTS_PR_INCH </span>to very large
numbers. This only makes the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;output bigger without affecting the appearance of the plot.
However, if you want to make a plot which fits on a page at first, and then later magnify this same
<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file to a huge size, the higher DPI is important. Your data may not have the higher resolution
but on certain devices the edges of fonts will not look crisp if they are not drawn with an effective
resolution of 300 dpi or so. Beware of making an excessively large path. Note that if you change dpi the
linewidths produced by your <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-W </span>options will change, unless you have appended <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p </span>for linewidth in
points.
</p><!--l. 196--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">H.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-213000H.3"></a>European characters</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-213001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-213002"></a>
<!--l. 199--><p class="noindent" >Note for users of <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-213003"></a> in Sun OpenWindows: <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;now offers some octal escape sequences to load
European alphabet characters in text strings (see Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-780004.16">4.16<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:escape --></a>). When this feature is enabled, the header on
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;output includes a section defining special fonts. The definition is added to the header whether or
not your plot actually uses the fonts.
</p><!--l. 206--><p class="indent" >   Users who view their <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;output using <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-213004"></a> in OpenWindows on Sun computers or user
older laserwriters may have difficulties with the European font definition. If your installation of OpenWindows
followed a space-saving suggestion of Sun, you may have excluded the European fonts, in which case <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-213005"></a>
will fail to render your plot.
</p><!--l. 214--><p class="indent" >   Ask your system administrator about this, or run this simple test: (1) View a <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file with
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-213006"></a>. If it comes up OK, you will be fine. If it comes up blank, open the &#8220;Edit PostScript&#8221; button and examine
the lower window for error messages. (The European font problem generates lots of error messages in this
window). (2) Verify that the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file is OK, by sending it to a laserwriter and making sure it comes out. (3)
If the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file is OK but it chokes <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-213007"></a>, then edit the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file, cutting out everything between
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
the lines: <br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 225--><p class="noindent" >%%%%% START OF EUROPEAN FONT DEFINITION %%%%% <br 
class="newline" /><!--l. 227--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math>bunch of
definitions<!--l. 227--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
<br 
class="newline" />%%%%% END OF EUROPEAN FONT DEFINITION %%%%% <br 
class="newline" />
</p><!--l. 230--><p class="indent" >   Now try <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-213008"></a> on the edited version. If it now comes up, you have a limited subset of OpenWindows
installed. If you discover that these fonts cause you trouble, then you can edit your <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file
to set <span 
class="ptmb8t-">CHAR_ENCODING </span>= Standard, which will suppress the printing of this definition in the
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;header. You can make output which will be viewable in <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-213009"></a> without any editing. However,
you would have to reset this to TRUE before attempting to use European fonts, and then the output will become
un-<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">pageview</span><a 
 id="dx1-213010"></a>-able again. If you try to concatenate segments of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;made with and without the
European fonts enabled, then you may find that you have problems, either with the definition, or because you ask
for something not defined.
</p><!--l. 245--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">H.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-214000H.4"></a>Hints</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-214001"></a>
<!--l. 248--><p class="noindent" >When making images and perspective views of large amounts of data, the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs can take some time to
run, the resulting <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;files can be very large, and the time to display the plot can be long. Fine tuning a plot
script can take lots of trial and error. We recommend using <a 
href="../html/man/grdsample.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdsample</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-214002"></a> to make a low resolution version of the
data files you are plotting, and practice with that, so it is faster; when the script is perfect, use the full-resolution
data files. We often begin building a script using only <a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-214003"></a> or <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-214004"></a> to get the various plots oriented
correctly on the page; once this works we replace the <a 
href="../html/man/psbasemap.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psbasemap</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-214005"></a> calls with the actually desired
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs.
</p><!--l. 261--><p class="indent" >   If you want to make color shaded relief images and you haven&#8217;t had much experience with it, here is a
good first cut at the problem: Set your <span 
class="ptmb8t-">COLOR_MODEL </span>to HSV using <a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-214006"></a>. Use <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-214007"></a> or
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-214008"></a> to make a continuous color palette spanning the range of your data. Use the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Nt </span>option on
<a 
href="../html/man/grdgradient.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdgradient</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-214009"></a>. Try the result, and then play with the tuning of the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span>, the cpt file, and the gradient
file.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-214010r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;I</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-215000I"></a>Color Space: The final frontier</h2>
<a 
 id="dx1-215001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-215002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-215003"></a>
<!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" >In this Appendix, we are going to try to explain the relationship between the RGB, CMYK, and HSV color systems
so as to (hopefully) make them more intuitive. <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;allows users to specify colors in cpt files in either of these
three systems. Interpolation between colors is performed in either RGB or HSV, depending on the specification in
the cpt file. Below, we will explain why this all matters.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">I.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-216000I.1"></a>RGB color system</h3>
<!--l. 23--><p class="noindent" >Remember your (parents&#8217;) first color television set? Likely it had three little bright colored squares on it: red, green, and blue.
And that is exactly what each color on the tube is made of: varying levels of red, green and blue light. Switch all of them off,
<!--l. 23--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>, then you have black. All
of them at maximum, <!--l. 23--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>2</mn><mn>5</mn><mn>5</mn></math>,
creates white. Your computer screen works the same way.
</p><!--l. 25--><p class="indent" >   A mix of levels of red, green, and blue creates basically any color imaginable. In <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;each color can be represented by the triplet
<!--l. 25--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>/<!--l. 25--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>/<!--l. 25--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>.
For example, 127/255/0 (half red, full green, and no blue) creates a color called chartreuse. The color sliders
in the graphics program <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">GIMP</span><a 
 id="dx1-216001"></a> are an excellent way to experiment with colors, since they show
you in advance how moving one of the color sliders will change the color. As Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-216002r1">I.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:gimp --></a><span 
class="ptmri8t-">a </span>shows:
increase the red and you will get a more yellow color, while lowering the blue level will turn it into
brown.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-216002r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 28--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/gimp-sliders.png" alt="PIC"  
width="199.55605pt" height="111.21713pt"  />&#x00A0;<span 
class="ptmri8t-">a                                                                                                                                                     b</span>&#x00A0;<img 
src="images/gimp-panel.png" alt="PIC"  
width="199.55605pt" height="111.21713pt"  />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;I.1: </span><span  
class="content">Chartreuse in <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">GIMP</span><a 
 id="dx1-216003"></a>. (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">a</span>) Sliders indicate how the color is altered when changing the H, S, V,
R, G, or B levels. (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">b</span>) For a constant hue (here 90<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) value increases to the right and saturation increases up,
so the &#8220;pure&#8221; color is on the top right.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-216002r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 34--><p class="indent" >   Is chocolate your favorite color, but you do not know the RGB equivalent values? Then look them up in
Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-216005r2">I.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:RGBchart --></a> or type <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">man gmtcolors</span><a 
 id="dx1-216004"></a> for a full list. It&#8217;s 210/105/30. But <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;makes it easy on you:
you can specify pen, fill, and palette colors by any of the more than 500 unique colors found in that
file.
</p><!--l. 36--><p class="indent" >   Are you very web-savvy and work best with hexadecimal color codes as they are used in HTML?
Even that is allowed in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. Just start with a hash mark (<span 
class="pcrr8t-">#</span>) and follow with the 2 hexadecimal
characters for red, green, and blue. For example, you can use <span 
class="pcrr8t-">#79ff00 </span>for chartreuse, <span 
class="pcrr8t-">#D2691E </span>for
chocolate.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-216005r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 39--><p class="noindent" > <img 
src="images/GMT_RGBchart_a4.png" alt="PIC"  
 />                                                                             

                                                                                 
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;I.2: </span><span  
class="content">The 555 unique color names that can be used in GMT. Lower, upper, or mixed case, as well as
the british spelling of &#8220;grey&#8221; are allowed. A4, Letter, and Tabloid sized versions of this RGB chart can be
found in the GMT documentation directory.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-216005r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">I.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-217000I.2"></a>HSV color system</h3>
<!--l. 47--><p class="noindent" >If you have played around with RGB color sliders, you will have noticed that it is not intuitive to make a chosen
color lighter or darker, more saturated or more gray. It would involve changing three sliders. To make it easier to
manipulate colors in terms of lightness and saturation, another coordinate system was invented: HSV (hue,
saturation, value). Those terms can be made clear best by looking at the color sliders in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-216002r1">I.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:gimp --></a><span 
class="ptmri8t-">a</span>. Hue
(running from 0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;to 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) gives you the full spectrum of saturated colors. Saturation (from 0 to 1,
or 100%) tells you how &#8216;full&#8217; your color is: reduce it to zero and you only have gray scales. Value
(from 0 to 1, or 100%) will bring you from black to a fully saturated color. Note that &#8220;value&#8221; is not
the same as &#8220;intensity&#8221;, or &#8220;lightness&#8221;, used in other color geometries. &#8220;Brilliance&#8221; may be the best
alternative word to describe &#8220;value&#8221;. Apple calls it as &#8220;brightness&#8221;, and hence refers to HSB for this color
space.
</p><!--l. 49--><p class="indent" >   Want more chartreuse or chocolate? You can specify them in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;as 90-1-1 and 25-0.86-0.82,
respectively.
</p><!--l. 51--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">I.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-218000I.3"></a>The color cube</h3>
<!--l. 52--><p class="noindent" >We are going to try to give you a geometric picture of color mixing in RGB and HSV by means of a tour
of the RGB cube depicted in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-139003r11">7.11<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_example_11 --></a>. The geometric picture is most helpful, we think, since
HSV are not orthogonal coordinates and not found from RGB by a simple algebraic transformation.
So here goes: Look at the cube face with black, red, magenta, and blue corners. This is the
<!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math> = 0 face. Orient
the cube so that you are looking at this face with black in the lower left corner. Now imagine a right-handed cartesian
(<!--l. 60--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 60--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 60--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
coordinate system with origin at the black point; you are looking at the
<!--l. 61--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math> plane with
<!--l. 62--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math> increasing to your right,
<!--l. 62--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math> increasing away from you, and
<!--l. 63--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math> increasing up. Keep this sense of
(<!--l. 64--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 64--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 64--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
as you look at the cube.
</p><!--l. 66--><p class="indent" >   Now tip the cube such that the black corner faces down and the white corner up. When looking from the top,
you can see the hue, contoured in gray solid lines, running around in 360<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;counter-clockwise. It starts with shades
of red (0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>), then goes through green (120<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) and blue (240<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>), back to red.
</p><!--l. 68--><p class="indent" >   On the three faces that are now on the lower side (with the white print) one of
(<!--l. 68--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 68--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 68--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
is equal to 0. These three faces meet at the black corner, where
<!--l. 68--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>. On these three faces the colors are
fully saturated: <!--l. 68--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math> = 1. The dashed white
lines indicate different levels of <!--l. 68--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>,
ranging from 0 to 1 with contours every 0.1.
</p><!--l. 70--><p class="indent" >   On  the  upper  three  faces  (with  the  black  print),  one  of
(<!--l. 70--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 70--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 70--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
is equal to the maximum value. These three faces meet at the white corner, where
<!--l. 72--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>2</mn><mn>5</mn><mn>5</mn></math>. On these three faces
value is at its maximum: <!--l. 73--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>
= 1 (or 100%). The dashed black lines indicate varying levels of saturation:
<!--l. 73--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math> ranges
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
from 0 to 1 with contours every 0.1.
</p><!--l. 76--><p class="indent" >   Now turn the cube around on its vertical axis (running from the black to the white corner).
Along the six edges that zigzag around the &#8220;equator&#8221;, both saturation and value are maximum, so
<!--l. 76--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>v</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>.
Twirling the cube around and tracing the zigzag, you will visit six of the eight corners of the cube, with changing
hue (<!--l. 77--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>h</mi></math>):
red (0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>), yellow (60<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>), green (120<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>), cyan (180<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>), blue (240<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>), and magenta (300<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>). Three of these
are the RGB colors; the other three are the CMY colors which are the complement of RGB and are
used in many color hardcopy devices (see below). The only cube corners you did not visit on this
path are the black and white corners. They lie on the vertical axis where hue is undefined and
<!--l. 83--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>g</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>b</mi></math>. Any
point on this axis is a shade of gray.
</p><!--l. 85--><p class="indent" >   Let us call the points where <!--l. 85--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>v</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>
(points along the RYGCBM path described above) the &#8220;pure&#8221; colors. If we start at a pure color and we want to whiten it,
we can keep <!--l. 86--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>h</mi></math>
constant and <!--l. 86--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>
while decreasing <!--l. 87--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math>;
this will move us along one of the cube faces toward the white point. If we start at a pure color and we want to blacken it,
we can keep <!--l. 89--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>h</mi></math>
constant and <!--l. 89--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>
while decreasing <!--l. 90--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>;
this will move us along one of the cube faces toward the black point. Any point in
(<!--l. 91--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 91--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 91--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
space which can be thought of as a mixture of pure color + white, or pure color + black, is on a face of the
cube.
</p><!--l. 95--><p class="indent" >   The points in the interior of the cube are a little harder to describe. The definition for
<!--l. 96--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>h</mi></math> above works at all points in (non-gray)
(<!--l. 97--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 97--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 97--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
space, but so far we have only looked at (<!--l. 97--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math>,
<!--l. 98--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>)
on  the  cube  faces,  not  inside  it.  At  interior  points,  none  of
(<!--l. 99--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 99--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 99--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
is equal to either 0 or 255. Choose such a point, not on the gray axis. Now draw a line through your point so that
the line intersects the gray axis and also intersects the RYGCBM path of edges somewhere. It is always possible to
construct this line, and all points on this line have the same hue. This construction shows that any point in RGB
space can be thought of as a mixture of a pure color plus a shade of gray. If we move along this line away from the
gray axis toward the pure color, we are &#8220;purifying&#8221; the color by &#8220;removing gray&#8221;; this move increases the
color&#8217;s saturation. When we get to the point where we cannot remove any more gray, at least one of
(<!--l. 109--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 109--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 109--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
will have become zero and the color is now fully saturated;
<!--l. 110--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>.
Conversely, any point on the gray axis is completely undersaturated, so that
<!--l. 111--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math> there. Now we see that
the black point is special, <!--l. 112--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math>
is both 0 and 1 at the same time. In other words, at the black point saturation in undefined (and so is hue). The convention
is to use <!--l. 112--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>h</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>s</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>v</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>0</mn></math>
at this point.
</p><!--l. 114--><p class="indent" >   It remains to define value. To do so, try this: Take your point in RGB space and construct a line through it so
that this line goes through the black point; produce this line from black past your point until it hits a face on which
<!--l. 117--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>. All
points on this line have the same hue. Note that this line and the line we made in the previous paragraph are both
contained in the plane whose hue is constant. These two lines meet at some arbitrary angle which varies
depending on which point you chose. Thus HSV is not an orthogonal coordinate system. If the line
you made in the previous paragraph happened to touch the gray axis at the black point, then these
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
two lines are the same line, which is why the black point is special. Now, the line we made in this
paragraph illustrates the following: If your chosen point is not already at the end of the line, where
<!--l. 127--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>,
then it is possible to move along the line in that direction so as to increase
(<!--l. 128--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 128--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 128--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
while keeping the same hue. The effect this has on a color monitor is to make the color more
&#8220;brilliant&#8221;, your hue will become &#8220;stronger&#8221;; if you are already on a plane where at least one of
(<!--l. 131--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,<!--l. 131--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>g</mi></math>,<!--l. 131--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>b</mi></math>)
= 255, then you cannot get a stronger version of the same hue. Thus,
<!--l. 132--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>
measures brilliance or strength. Note that it is not quite true to say that
<!--l. 133--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math> measures distance away
from the black point, because <!--l. 134--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>
is not equal to <!--l. 134--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msqrt><mrow><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>r</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>g</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>b</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow></msqrt><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mn>2</mn><mn>5</mn><mn>5</mn></math>.
</p><!--l. 136--><p class="indent" >   Another representation of the HSV space is the color cone illustrated in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-218001r3">I.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:hsv-cone --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-218001r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 139--><p class="noindent" >&#8220;Pure&#8221; colors are around the edge of the circular surface at
the top. Hue runs counter-clockwise. Saturation decreases
to  the  center.  Value  increases  from  zero  (black)  at  the
bottom to 1 at the top. Gray shades are along the vertical
axis.                                                                          <img 
src="images/hsv-cone.png" alt="PIC"  
width="191.0625pt" height="129.4058pt"  />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;I.3: </span><span  
class="content">The HSV color space.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-218001r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">I.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-219000I.4"></a>Color interpolation</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-219001"></a>
<!--l. 148--><p class="noindent" >From studying the RGB cube, we hope you will have understood that there are different routes to follow between
two colors, depending whether you are in the RGB or HSV system. Suppose you would make an interpolation
between blue and red. In the RGB system you would follow a path diagonally across a face of the
cube, from 0/0/255 (blue) via 127/0/127 (purple) to 255/0/0 (red). In the HSV system, you would
trace two edges, from 240-1-1 (blue) via 300-1-1 (magenta) to 360-1-1 (red). That is even assuming
software would be smart enough to go the shorter route. More likely, red will be recorded as 0-1-1, so
hue will be interpolated the other way around, reducing hue from 240<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>&#x00A0;to 0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>, via cyan, green, and
yellow.
</p><!--l. 150--><p class="indent" >   Depending on the design of your color palette, you may want to have it either way. By default,
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;interpolates in RGB space, even when the original color palette is in the HSV system. However, when you
add the line <span 
class="pcrr8t-">#COLOR_MODEL=+HSV </span>(with the leading &#8216;+&#8217; sign) in the header of the color palette file, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will
not only read the color representation as HSV values, but also interpolate colors in the HSV system. That means
that H, S, and V values are interpolated linearly between two colors, instead of their respective R, G, and B
values.
</p><!--l. 152--><p class="indent" >   The top row in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-219002r4">I.4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_color_interpolate --></a> illustrates two examples: a blue-white-red scale (the <span 
class="phvr8t-">polar </span>palette in
Appendix&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-242000M">M<!--tex4ht:ref: app:M --></a>) interpolated in RGB and the <span 
class="phvr8t-">rainbow </span>palette interpolated in HSV. The bottom row of the
Figure demonstrates how things can go terribly wrong when you do the interpolation in the other
system.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-219002r4"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 156--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_color_interpolate.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;I.4: </span><span  
class="content">When interpolating colors, the color system matters. The polar palette on the left needs to
be  interpolated  in  RGB,  otherwise  hue  will  change  between  blue  (240<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>)  and  white  (0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>).  The  rainbow
palette should be interpolated in HSV, since only hue should change between magenta (300<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>) and red (0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>).
Diamonds indicate which colors are defined in the palettes; they are fixed, the rest is interpolated.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-219002r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">I.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-220000I.5"></a>Artificial illumination</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-220001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-220002"></a>
<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;uses the HSV system to achieve artificial illumination of colored images (e.g., <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-I </span>option in <a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-220003"></a>) by
changing the saturation <span 
class="ptmri8t-">s </span>and value <span 
class="ptmri8t-">v </span>coordinates of the color. When the intensity is zero (flat illumination), the
data are colored according to the cpt file. If the intensity is non-zero, the color is either lightened or darkened
depending on the illumination. The color is first converted to HSV (if necessary) and then darkened by moving
(<!--l. 171--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math>,<!--l. 171--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>)
toward (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">HSV_MIN_SATURATION</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">HSV_MIN_VALUE</span>) if the intensity is negative, or lightened by sliding
(<!--l. 172--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math>,<!--l. 172--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>)
toward (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">HSV_MAX_SATURATION</span>, <span 
class="ptmb8t-">HSV_MAX_VALUE</span>) if the illumination is positive. The extremes of the
<!--l. 174--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math> and
<!--l. 174--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math> are
defined in the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file and are usually chosen so the corresponding points are nearly black
(<!--l. 175--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math> = 1,
<!--l. 176--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math> = 0) and
white (<!--l. 176--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math> =
0, <!--l. 176--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math> = 1).
The reason this works is that the HSV system allows movements in color space which correspond more closely to
what we mean by &#8220;tint&#8221; and &#8220;shade&#8221;; an instruction like &#8220;add white&#8221; is easy in HSV and not so obvious in
RGB.
</p><!--l. 182--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">I.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-221000I.6"></a>Thinking in RGB or HSV</h3>
<!--l. 183--><p class="noindent" >The RGB system is understandable because it is cartesian, and we all learned cartesian coordinates in school. But it
doesn&#8217;t help us create a tint or shade of a color; we cannot say, &#8220;We want orange, and a lighter shade of orange, or a less
vivid orange&#8221;. With HSV we can do this, by saying, &#8220;Orange must be between red and yellow, so its hue is about
<!--l. 188--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>h</mi></math> = 30<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>; a less vivid orange
has a lesser <!--l. 189--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math>, a darker
orange has a lesser <!--l. 189--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>&#8221;.
On the other hand, the HSV system is a peculiar geometric construction, more like a cone (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-218001r3">I.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:hsv-cone --></a>). It is not an
orthogonal coordinate system, and it is not found by a matrix transformation of RGB; these make it
difficult in some cases too. Note that a move toward black or a move toward white will change both
<!--l. 194--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>s</mi></math> and
<!--l. 194--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>, in the
general case of an interior point in the cube. The HSV system also doesn&#8217;t behave well for very dark colors, where
the gray point is near black and the two lines we constructed above are almost parallel. If you are trying to create
nice colors for drawing chocolates, for example, you may be better off guessing in RGB coordinates.
<a 
 id="dx1-221001"></a><a 
 id="dx1-221002"></a>
</p><!--l. 203--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">I.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-222000I.7"></a>CMYK color system</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-222001"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<!--l. 205--><p class="noindent" >Finally, you can imagine that printers work in a different way: they mix different paints to make a
color. The more paint, the darker the color, which is the reverse of adding more light. Also, mixing
more colored paints does not give you true black, so that means that you really need four colors
to do it right. Open up your color printer and you&#8217;ll probably find four cartridges: cyan, magenta,
yellow (often these are combined into one), and black. They form the CMYK system of colors,
each value running from 0 to 1 (or 100%). In <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;CMYK color coding can be achieved using
<!--l. 205--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>c</mi></math>/<!--l. 205--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>m</mi></math>/<!--l. 205--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>/<!--l. 205--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>k</mi></math>
quadruplets.
</p><!--l. 207--><p class="indent" >   Obviously, there is no unique way to go from the 3-dimensional RGB system to the 4-dimensional
CMYK system. So, again, there is a lot of hand waving applied in the transformation. Strikingly,
CMYK actually covers a smaller color space than RGB. We will not try to explain you the details
behind it, just know that there is a transformation needed to go from the colors on your screen to the
colors on your printer. It might explain why what you see is not necessarily what you get. If you are
really concerned about how your color plots will show up in your PhD thesis, for example, it might be
worth trying to save and print all your color plots using the CMYK system. Letting <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;do the
conversion to CMYK may avoid some nasty surprises when it comes down to printing. To specify the color
space of your <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;file, set <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PS_COLOR </span>in the <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file to RGB, HSV, or CMYK.
<a 
 id="dx1-222002"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-222003r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;J</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-223000J"></a>Filtering of data in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >The <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs <a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-223001"></a> (for tables of data indexed to one independent variable) and
<a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-223002"></a> (for data given as 2-dimensional grids) allow filtering of data by a moving-window
process. (To filter a grid by Fourier transform use <a 
href="../html/man/grdfft.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfft</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-223003"></a>.) Both programs use an argument
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-F</span><!--l. 18--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math><span 
class="ptmri8t-">type</span><!--l. 18--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003C;</mo></math><span 
class="ptmri8t-">width</span><!--l. 18--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>
to specify the type of process and the window&#8217;s width (in 1-d) or diameter (in 2-d). (In <a 
href="../html/man/filter1d.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">filter1d</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-223004"></a>
the width is a length of the time or space ordinate axis, while in <a 
href="../html/man/grdfilter.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdfilter</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-223005"></a> it is the diameter of a
circular area whose distance unit is related to the grid mesh via the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D </span>option). If the process is a
median, mode, or extreme value estimator then the window output cannot be written as a convolution
and the filtering operation is not a linear operator. If the process is a weighted average, as in the
boxcar, cosine, and gaussian filter types, then linear operator theory applies to the filtering process.
These three filters can be described as convolutions with an impulse response function, and their
transfer functions can be used to describe how they alter components in the input as a function of
wavelength.
</p><!--l. 34--><p class="indent" >   Impulse responses are shown here for the boxcar, cosine, and gaussian filters. Only the relative amplitudes of
the filter weights shown; the values in the center of the window have been fixed equal to 1 for ease of plotting. In
this way the same graph can serve to illustrate both the 1-d and 2-d impulse responses; in the 2-d case this plot is a
diametrical cross-section through the filter weights (Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-223006r1">J.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_J_1 --></a>).
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-223006r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 42--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_J_1.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;J.1: </span><span  
class="content">Impulse responses for <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;filters.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-223006r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 44--><p class="indent" >   Although the impulse responses look the same in 1-d and 2-d, this is not true of the transfer
functions; in 1-d the transfer function is the Fourier transform of the impulse response, while
in 2-d it is the Hankel transform of the impulse response. These are shown in Figures&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-223007r2">J.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_J_2 --></a> and
<a 
href="#x1-223009r3">J.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_J_3 --></a>, respectively. Note that in 1-d the boxcar transfer function has its first zero crossing at
<!--l. 50--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>f</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>, while in 2-d it is around
<!--l. 51--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>f</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">~</mo> <mn>1</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mn>2</mn></math>. The 1-d cosine transfer function
has its first zero crossing at <!--l. 52--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>f</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>2</mn></math>;
so a cosine filter needs to be twice as wide as a boxcar filter in order to zero the same lowest frequency. As a
general rule, the cosine and gaussian filters are &#8220;better&#8221; in the sense that they do not have the &#8220;side lobes&#8221;
(large-amplitude oscillations in the transfer function) that the boxcar filter has. However, they are correspondingly
&#8220;worse&#8221; in the sense that they require more work (doubling the width to achieve the same cut-off
wavelength).
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-223007r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 63--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_J_2.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;J.2: </span><span  
class="content">Transfer functions for 1-D <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;filters.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-223007r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 65--><p class="indent" >   One of the nice things about the gaussian filter is that its transfer functions are the same in 1-d and 2-d. Another nice
property is that it has no negative side lobes. There are many definitions of the gaussian filter in the literature (see page 7 of
Bracewell<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn45x19" id="fn45x19-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">45</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-223008f45"></a>).
We define <!--l. 71--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03C3;</mi></math>
equal to 1/6 of the filter width, and the impulse response proportional to
<!--l. 72--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-op">exp</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">[</mo><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>0</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mn>5</mn><msup><mrow 
><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>t</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mi 
>&#x03C3;</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></math>. With this definition,
the transfer function is <!--l. 73--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-op">exp</mo><!--nolimits--><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">[</mo><mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>2</mn><msup><mrow 
><mrow ><mo 
class="MathClass-open">(</mo><mrow><mi 
>&#x03C0;</mi><mi 
>&#x03C3;</mi><mi 
>f</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-close">]</mo></mrow></math>
and the wavelength at which the transfer function equals 0.5 is about 5.34
<!--l. 75--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03C3;</mi></math>, or
about 0.89 of the filter width.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-223009r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 77--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_J_3.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;J.3: </span><span  
class="content">Transfer functions for 2-D (radial) <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;filters.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-223009r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-223010r279"></a>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;K</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-224000K"></a>The <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;High-Resolution Coastline Data</h2>  <a 
 id="dx1-224001"></a><a 
 id="dx1-224002"></a>
<!--l. 15--><p class="noindent" >Starting with version 3.0, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;use a completely new coastline database and the <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-224003"></a> utility was been
completely rewritten to handle the new file format. Many users have asked us why it has taken so long for <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;to
use a high-resolution coastline database; after all, such data have been available in the public domain for years. To
answer such questions we will take you along the road that starts with these public domain data sets and ends up
with the database used by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-225000K.1"></a>Selecting the right data</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-225001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-225002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-225003"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-225004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-225005"></a>
<!--l. 31--><p class="noindent" >There are two well-known public-domain data sets that could be used for this purpose. Once is known
as the World Data Bank II or CIA Data Bank (WDB) and contains coastlines, lakes, political
boundaries, and rivers. The other, the World Vector Shoreline (WVS) only contains shorelines between
saltwater and land (i.e., no lakes). It turns out that the WVS data is far superior to the WDB data as
far as data quality goes, but as noted it lacks lakes, not to mention rivers and borders. We decided
to use the WVS whenever possible and supplement it with WDB data. We got these data over the
Internet; they are also available on CD-ROM from the National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder,
Colorado<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn46x20" id="fn46x20-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">46</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-225006f46"></a>.
</p><!--l. 44--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-226000K.2"></a>Format required by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h3>
<!--l. 46--><p class="noindent" >In order to paint continents or oceans it is necessary that the coastline data be organized in polygons that
may be filled. Simple line segments can be used to draw the coastline, but for painting polygons are
required. Both the WVS and WDB data consists of unsorted line segments: there is no information
included that tells you which segments belong to the same polygon (e.g., Australia should be one
large polygon). In addition, polygons enclosing land must be differentiated from polygons enclosing
lakes since they will need different paint. Finally, we want <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-226001"></a> to be flexible enough that it can
paint the land <span 
class="ptmri8t-">or </span>the oceans <span 
class="ptmri8t-">or </span>both. If just land (or oceans) is selected we do not want to paint those
areas that are not land (or oceans) since previous plot programs may have drawn in those areas. Thus,
we will need to combine polygons into new polygons that lend themselves to fill land (or oceans)
only (Note that older versions of <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-226002"></a> always painted lakes and wiped out whatever was plotted
beneath).
</p><!--l. 64--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-227000K.3"></a>The long and winding road</h3>
<!--l. 66--><p class="noindent" >The WVS and WDB together represent more than 100 Mb of binary data and something like 20 million data
points. Hence, it becomes obvious that any manipulation of these data must be automated. For instance, the
reasonable requirement that no coastline should cross another coastline becomes a complicated processing
step.
</p><!--l. 73--><p class="indent" >
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-227002x1">To begin, we first made sure that all data were &#8220;clean&#8221;, i.e., that there were no outliers and bad points.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   We had to write several programs to ensure data consistency and remove &#8220;spikes&#8221; and bad points from
   the raw data. Also, crossing segments were automatically &#8220;trimmed&#8221; provided only a few points had to
   be deleted. A few hundred more complicated cases had to be examined semi-manually.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-227004x2">Programs  were  written  to  examine  all  the  loose  segments  and  determine  which  segments  should
   be  joined  to  produce  polygons.  Because  not  all  segments  joined  exactly  (there  were  non-zero
   gaps  between  some  segments)  we  had  to  find  all  possible  combinations  and  choose  the  simplest
   combinations. The WVS segments joined to produce more than 200,000 polygons, the largest being
   the Africa-Eurasia polygon which has 1.4 million points. The WDB data resulted in a smaller data base
   (<!--l. 91--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">~</mo></math>25%
   of WVS).
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-227006x3">We now needed to combine the WVS and WDB data bases. The main problem here is that we have
   duplicates of polygons: most of the features in WVS are also in WDB. However, because the resolution
   of the data differ it is nontrivial to figure out which polygons in WDB to include and which ones to
   ignore. We used two techniques to address this problem. First, we looked for crossovers between all
   possible pairs of polygons. Because of the crossover processing in step 1 above we know that there
   are no remaining crossovers within WVS and WDB; thus any crossovers would be between WVS and
   WDB polygons. Crossovers could mean two things: (1) A slightly misplaced WDB polygon crosses a
   more accurate WVS polygon, both representing the same geographic feature, or (2) a misplaced WDB
   polygon (e.g., a small coastal lake) crosses the accurate WVS shoreline. We distinguished between
   these cases by comparing the area and centroid of the two polygons. In almost all cases it was obvious
   when we had duplicates; a few cases had to be checked manually. Second, on many occasions the WDB
   duplicate polygon did not cross its WVS counterpart but was either entirely inside or outside the WVS
   polygon. In those cases we relied on the area-centroid tests.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-227008x4">While the largest polygons were easy to identify by visual inspection, the majority remain unidentified.
   Since  it  is  important  to  know  whether  a  polygon  is  a  continent  or  a  small  pond  inside  an  island
   inside a lake we wrote programs that would determine the hierarchical level of each polygon. Here,
   level&#x00A0;=&#x00A0;1 represents ocean/land boundaries, 2 is land/lakes borders, 3 is lakes/islands-in-lakes, and 4
   is islands-in-lakes/ponds-in-islands-in-lakes. Level 4 was the highest level encountered in the data. To
   automatically determine the hierarchical levels we wrote programs that would compare all possible
   pairs of polygons and find how many polygons a given polygon was inside. Because of the size and
   number of the polygons such programs would typically run for 3 days on a Sparc-2 workstation.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-227010x5">Once we know what type a polygon is we can enforce a common &#8220;orientation&#8221; for all polygons. We
   arranged them so that when you move along a polygon from beginning to end, your left hand is pointing
   toward &#8220;land&#8221;. At this step we also computed the area of all polygons since we would like the option to
   plot only features that are bigger than a minimum area to be specified by the user.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-227012x6">Obviously,  if  you  need  to  make  a  map  of  Denmark  then  you  do  not  want  to  read  the  entire  1.4
   million  points  making  up  the  Africa-Eurasia  polygon.  Furthermore,  most  plotting  devices  will
   not  let  you  paint  and  fill  a  polygon  of  that  size  due  to  memory  restrictions.  Hence,  we  need  to
   partition  the  polygons  so  that  smaller  subsets  can  be  accessed  rapidly.  Likewise,  if  you  want
   to  plot  a  world  map  on  a  letter-size  paper  there  is  no  need  to  plot  10  million  data  points  as
   most  of  them  will  plot  several  times  on  the  same  pixel  and  the  operation  would  take  a  very
   long  time  to  complete.  We  chose  to  make  5  versions  on  the  database,  corresponding  to  different
   resolutions.   The   decimation   was   carried   out   using   the   Douglas-Peucker   (DP)   line-reduction
   algorithm<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn47x20" id="fn47x20-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">47</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-227013f47"></a>.
   We   chose   the   cutoffs   so   that   each   subset   was   approximately   20%   the   size   of   the   next
   higher    resolution.    The    five    resolutions    are    called    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>ull,    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">h</span>igh,    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>ntermediate,    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span>ow,    and
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>rude;    they    are    accessed    in    <a 
href="../html/man/pscoast.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscoast</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-227014"></a>,    <a 
href="../html/man/gmtselect.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtselect</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-227015"></a>,    and    <a 
href="../html/man/grdlandmask.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdlandmask</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-227016"></a>   with    the    <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-D</span>
   option<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn48x20" id="fn48x20-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">48</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-227017f48"></a>.
   For  each  of  these  5  data  sets  (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">h</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span>,  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span>)  we  specified  an  equidistant  grid  (1<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,  2<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,  5<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,  10<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>,
   20<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>)   and   split   all   polygons   into   line-segments   that   each   fit   inside   one   of   the   many   boxes
   defined  by  these  grid  lines.  Thus,  to  paint  the  entire  continent  of  Australia  we  instead  paint
   many  smaller  polygons  made  up  of  these  line  segments  and  gridlines.  Some  book-keeping  has
   to  be  done  since  we  need  to  know  which  parent  polygon  these  smaller  pieces  came  from  in
   order  to  prescribe  the  correct  paint  or  ignore  if  the  feature  is  smaller  than  the  cutoff  specified
   by  the  user.  The  resulting  segment  coordinates  were  then  scaled  to  fit  in  short  integer  format
   to  preserve  precision  and  written  in  netCDF  format  for  ultimate  portability  across  hardware
   platforms<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn49x20" id="fn49x20-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">49</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-227018f49"></a>.
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-227021x7">While we are now back to a file of line-segments we are in a much better position to create smaller
   polygons for painting. Two problems must be overcome to correctly paint an area:
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">We must be able to join line segments and grid cell borders into meaningful polygons; how we do
      this will depend on whether we want to paint the land or the oceans.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">We want to nest the polygons so that no paint falls on areas that are &#8220;wet&#8221; (or &#8220;dry&#8221;); e.g., if a grid
      cell completely on land contains a lake with a small island, we do not want to paint the lake and
      then draw the island, but paint the annulus or &#8220;donut&#8221; that is represented by the land and lake, and
      then plot the island.
      </li></ul>
   <!--l. 195--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;uses a polygon-assembly routine that carries out these tasks on the fly. <a 
 id="dx1-227022"></a><a 
 id="dx1-227023"></a>
</p>
   </li></ol>
<!--l. 202--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-228000K.4"></a>The Five Resolutions</h3>
<!--l. 204--><p class="noindent" >We will demonstrate the power of the new database by starting with a regional hemisphere map centered near
Papua New Guinea and zoom in on a specified point. The map regions will be specified in projected km from the
projection center, e.g., we may want the map to go from -2000 km to +2000 km in the longitudinal and the
latitudinal direction. However, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs expects degrees in the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>option that specifies the desired region.
Given the chosen map projection we can automate this process by using a simple shell function that we call
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">getbox</span><a 
 id="dx1-228001"></a>:
</p><!--l. 215--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">getbox</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;()</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;{</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Expects</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Joption</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;distance</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;map</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;center</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">range=&#8216;(echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-$2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-$2;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mapproject</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R0/360/-90/90</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Fk</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">printf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R%f/%f/%f/%fr\n~</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$range</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">}</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 217--><p class="indent" >   Also, as we zoom in on the projection center we want to draw the outline of the next map region on the plot. To
do that we need the geographical coordinates of the four corners of the region rectangle. Again, we automate this
task by using our simple function <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">getrect</span><a 
 id="dx1-228002"></a>:
</p><!--l. 223--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">getrect</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;()</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;{</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Expects</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;xmin</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;xmax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ymin</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ymax</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;relative</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;map</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;center</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;are</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;set</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;by</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;preceding</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;commands</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">(echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-$1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-$1;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-$1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-$1)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mapproject</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Fk</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">}</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 225--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.4.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-229000K.4.1"></a>The crude resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Dc</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-229001"></a>
<!--l. 228--><p class="noindent" >We begin with an azimuthal equidistant map of the hemisphere centered on 130<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>21&#8217;E, 0<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>12&#8217;S, which is slightly west of
New Guinea, near the Strait of Dampier. The edges of the map are all 9000 km true distance from the projection center.
At this scale (and for global maps) the crude resolution data will usually be adequate to capture the main geographic
features. To avoid cluttering the map with insignificant detail we only plot features (i.e., polygons) that exceed 500
km<!--l. 235--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></math> in
area. Smaller features would only occupy a few pixels on the plot and make the map look &#8220;dirty&#8221;. We also add
national borders to the plot. The crude database is heavily decimated and simplified by the DP-routine: The total
file size of the coastlines, rivers, and borders database is only 283 kbytes. The plot is produced by the
script:
</p><!--l. 243--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;OBLIQUE_ANNOTATION</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;22</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_MIN_SPACING</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0.3</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8216;getbox</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JE130.35/-0.2/3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;9000&#8216;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/thinnest,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20g20WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_1.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">getrect</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_1.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-229002r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 245--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_K_1.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;K.1: </span><span  
class="content">Map using the crude resolution coastline data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-229002r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 247--><p class="indent" >   Here, we use the <span 
class="ptmb8t-">OBLIQUE_ANNOTATION </span>bit flags to achieve horizontal annotations and set
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">ANNOT_MIN_SPACING </span>to suppress some longitudinal annotations near the S pole that otherwise would
overprint. The box indicates the outline of the next map.
<a 
 id="dx1-229003"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.4.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-230000K.4.2"></a>The low resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Dl</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-230001"></a>
<!--l. 257--><p class="noindent" >We have now reduced the map area by zooming in on the map center. Now, the edges of the map are all 2000 km
true distance from the projection center. At this scale we choose the low resolution data that faithfully
reproduce the dominant geographic features in the region. We cut back on minor features less than 100
km<!--l. 261--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></math> in
area. We still add national borders to the plot. The low database is less decimated and simplified by the DP-routine:
The total file size of the coastlines, rivers, and borders combined grows to 907 kbytes; it is the default resolution in
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>. The plot is generated by the script:
</p><!--l. 268--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8216;getbox</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JE130.35/-0.2/3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2000&#8216;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/thinnest,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10g5WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_2.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">getrect</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_2.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-230002r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 270--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_K_2.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;K.2: </span><span  
class="content">Map using the low resolution coastline data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-230002r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-230003"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.4.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-231000K.4.3"></a>The intermediate resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Di</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-231001"></a>
<!--l. 277--><p class="noindent" >We continue to zoom in on the map center. In this map, the edges of the map are all 500 km true
distance from the projection center. We abandon the low resolution data set as it would look
too jagged at this scale and instead employ the intermediate resolution data that faithfully reproduce
the dominant geographic features in the region. This time, we ignore features less than 20
km<!--l. 283--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></math> in
area. Although the script still asks for national borders none exist within our region. The intermediate database is
moderately decimated and simplified by the DP-routine: The combined file size of the coastlines, rivers, and
borders now exceeds 3.35 Mbytes. The plot is generated by the script:
</p><!--l. 289--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8216;getbox</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JE130.35/-0.2/3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;500&#8216;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Di</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/thinnest,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B2g1WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_3.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;133</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc1.4i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_3.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psbasemap</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Tm133/2/1i::+45/10/5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--HEADER_FONT_SIZE=12p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--TICK_LENGTH=0.05i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_SECONDARY=8p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_3.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">getrect</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_3.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-231002r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 292--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_K_3.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;K.3: </span><span  
class="content">Map using the intermediate resolution coastline data. We have added a compass rose just
because we have the power to do so.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-231002r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-231003"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.4.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-232000K.4.4"></a>The high resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Dh</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-232001"></a>
<!--l. 299--><p class="noindent" >The relentless zooming continues! Now, the edges of the map are all 100 km true distance from the projection
center. We step up to the high resolution data set as it is needed to accurately portray the detailed
geographic features within the region. Because of the small scale we only ignore features less than 1
km<!--l. 304--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
></mrow><mrow 
><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></math> in
area. The high resolution database has undergone minor decimation and simplification by the DP-routine: The
combined file size of the coastlines, rivers, and borders now swells to 12.3 Mbytes. The map and the final outline
box are generated by these commands:
</p><!--l. 310--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8216;getbox</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JE130.35/-0.2/3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100&#8216;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dh</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/thinnest,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B30mg10mWSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_4.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">getrect</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;20</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthicker</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_4.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-232002r4"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 312--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_K_4.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;K.4: </span><span  
class="content">Map using the high resolution coastline data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-232002r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<a 
 id="dx1-232003"></a>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">K.4.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-233000K.4.5"></a>The full resolution (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Df</span>)</h4>
<a 
 id="dx1-233001"></a>
<!--l. 319--><p class="noindent" >We now arrive at our final plot, which shows a detailed view of the western side of the small island of Waigeo. The
map area is approximately 40 by 40 km. We call upon the full resolution data set to portray the richness of
geographic detail within this region; no features are ignored. The full resolution has undergone no decimation and
it shows: The combined file size of the coastlines, rivers, and borders totals a (once considered hefty) 55.9 Mbytes.
Our final map is reproduced by the single command:
</p><!--l. 328--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8216;getbox</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JE130.35/-0.2/3.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;20&#8216;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Df</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinnest</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/thinnest,-</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B10mg2mWSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_K_5.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-233002r5"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 330--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_K_5.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;K.5: </span><span  
class="content">Map using the full resolution coastline data.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-233002r5 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 332--><p class="indent" >   We hope you will study these examples to enable you to make efficient and wise use of this vast data set.
<a 
 id="dx1-233003"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-233004r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;L</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-234000L"></a><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;on non-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;platforms</h2>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">L.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-235000L.1"></a>Introduction</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-235001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-235002"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-235003"></a>
<!--l. 18--><p class="noindent" >While <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;can be ported to non-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;systems such as Windows, it is also true that one of the
strengths of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;lies its symbiotic relationship with <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>. We therefore recommend that <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;be
installed in a POSIX-compliant <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;environment such as traditional <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>-systems, Linux, or
Mac OS X. If abandoning your non-<span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;operating system is not an option, consider one of these
solutions:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">WINDOWS:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Choose among these four possibilities:
   <!--l. 29--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-235005x1">Install <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;under Cygwin (A GNU port to Windows).
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-235007x2">Install    <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;under    SFU    (Windows    Services    for    <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>);    a    free    download    from
      Microsoft<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn50x21" id="fn50x21-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">50</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-235008f50"></a>.
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-235010x3">Install <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;under DJGPP (another GNU port to Windows/DOS).
      </li>
      <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-235012x4">Install <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;in Windows using Microsoft C/C++ or other compilers. Unlike the first three, this
      option will not provide you with any <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;tools so you will be limited to what you can do with
      DOS batch files.
<a 
 id="dx1-235013"></a>
      </li></ol>
   </dd></dl>
<!--l. 49--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">L.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-236000L.2"></a>Cygwin and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-236001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-236002"></a>
<!--l. 53--><p class="noindent" >Because <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;works best in conjugation with <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;tools we suggest you install <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;using the Cygwin
product from Cygnus (now assimilated by Redhat, Inc.). This free version works on any Windows version and it
comes with both the Bourne Again shell <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">bash</span><a 
 id="dx1-236003"></a> and the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">tcsh</span><a 
 id="dx1-236004"></a>. You also have access to most standard GNU
development tools such as compilers and text processing tools (<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">awk</span><a 
 id="dx1-236005"></a>, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">grep</span><a 
 id="dx1-236006"></a>, <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">sed</span><a 
 id="dx1-236007"></a>, etc.). Note that executables
prepared for Windows will also run under Cygwin.
</p><!--l. 62--><p class="indent" >   Follow the instructions on the Cygwin page<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn51x21" id="fn51x21-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">51</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-236008f51"></a>
on how to install the package; note you must explicitly add all the development tool packages (e.g., <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gcc</span><a 
 id="dx1-236009"></a> etc) as the
basic installation does not include them by default. Once you are up and running under Cygwin, you may install
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;the same way you do under any other <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;platform by either running the automated install via
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">install_gmt4.sh</span><a 
 id="dx1-236010"></a> or manually running configure first, then type make all. If you install via the web form, make sure
you save the parameter file without DOS CR/LF endings. Use <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">dos2unix</span><a 
 id="dx1-236011"></a> to get rid of those if need
be.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 72--><p class="indent" >   Finally, from Cygwin&#8217;s User Guide: By default, no Cygwin program can allocate more than 384 MB of
memory (program and data). You should not need to change this default in most circumstances. However, if
you need to use more real or virtual memory in your machine you may add an entry in either the
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE </span>(to change the limit for all users) or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">HKEY_CURRENT_USER </span>(for
just the current user) section of the registry. Add the DWORD value <span 
class="ptmb8t-">heap_chunk_in_mb </span>and set it
to the desired memory limit in decimal Mb. It is preferred to do this in Cygwin using the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">regtool</span><a 
 id="dx1-236012"></a>
program included in the Cygwin package. (For more information about <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">regtool</span><a 
 id="dx1-236013"></a> or the other Cygwin
utilities, see the Section called Cygwin Utilities in Chapter 3 of the Cygwin&#8217;s User Guide or use the help
option of each utility.) You should always be careful when using <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">regtool</span><a 
 id="dx1-236014"></a> since damaging your system
registry can result in an unusable system. This example sets the local machine memory limit to 1024
Mb:
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-14">
regtool&#x00A0;-i&#x00A0;set&#x00A0;/HKLM/Software/Cygnus\&#x00A0;Solutions/Cygwin/heap_chunk_in_mb&#x00A0;1024
&#x00A0;<br />regtool&#x00A0;-v&#x00A0;list&#x00A0;/HKLM/Software/Cygnus\&#x00A0;Solutions/Cygwin
</div>
<!--l. 87--><p class="nopar" >For more installation details see the general README file.
<a 
 id="dx1-236015"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-236016"></a>
</p><!--l. 93--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">L.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-237000L.3"></a>SFU and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-237001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-237002"></a>
<!--l. 97--><p class="noindent" >SFU<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn52x21" id="fn52x21-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">52</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-237003f52"></a> is
also similar to Cygwin in that it provides precompiled <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;tools for DOS/WIN32, including the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">sh</span><a 
 id="dx1-237004"></a> and <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">csh</span><a 
 id="dx1-237005"></a>
shells. <a 
 id="dx1-237006"></a><a 
 id="dx1-237007"></a>
</p><!--l. 103--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">L.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-238000L.4"></a>DJGPP and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-238001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-238002"></a>
<!--l. 107--><p class="noindent" >DJGPP<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn53x21" id="fn53x21-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">53</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-238003f53"></a> is
similar to Cygwin in that it provides precompiled <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;tools for DOS/WIN32, including the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">bash</span><a 
 id="dx1-238004"></a> shell. At the
time of this writing we have not been successful in compiling netCDF in this environment. This is fully due to our
limited understanding of the innards of the netCDF installation whose configure script did not work
for us. As soon as this problem is overcome we expect a smooth install similar to that of Cygwin.
<a 
 id="dx1-238005"></a><a 
 id="dx1-238006"></a>
</p><!--l. 118--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">L.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-239000L.5"></a>WIN32 and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-239001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-239002"></a>
<!--l. 122--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will compile and install using the Microsoft Visual C/C++ compiler. We expect other WIN32 C compilers
to give similar results. Since <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">configure</span><a 
 id="dx1-239003"></a> cannot be run you must manually rename <span class="underline">gmt_notposix.h.in</span> to
<span class="underline">gmt_notposix.h</span>. The netCDF home page gives full information on how to compile and install netCDF;
precompiled libraries are also available. At present we simply have a lame <span class="underline">gmtinstall.bat</span> file that compiles the
entire <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;package, and <span class="underline">gmtsuppl.bat</span> which compiles most of the supplemental programs. If you just need to
run <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;and do not want to mess with compilations, get the precompiled binaries from the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;ftp
sites.
<a 
 id="dx1-239004"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-239005"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p><!--l. 137--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">L.6    </span> <a 
 id="x1-240000L.6"></a>OS/2 and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-240001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-240002"></a>
<!--l. 141--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;has been ported to OS/2 by <a 
href="mailto:ahc@lanl.gov" >Allen Cogbill</a>, Los Alamos National Laboratory. One must have <a 
href="ftp://ftp.geophysics.lanl.gov/pub/EES3/pub/gmt/emxrt.zip" >EMX</a> installed
in order to use the executables. All features that are present in the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">UNIX</span>&#x00A0;version of <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;are available in the OS/2
version. All executables may be obtained using links in the following <a 
href="ftp://ees.lanl.gov/pub/EES3/pub/gmt/gmt4os2.html" >document</a>, which provides more detail on the
port.
</p><!--l. 150--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">L.7    </span> <a 
 id="x1-241000L.7"></a>Mac OS and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a></h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-241001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-241002"></a>
<!--l. 154--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;will install directly under Mac OS X since it is fully Unix compliant.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-241003r279"></a>
</p>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;M</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-242000M"></a>Of colors and color legends</h2>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">M.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-243000M.1"></a>Built-in color palette tables</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-243001"></a>
<a 
 id="dx1-243002"></a>
<!--l. 16--><p class="noindent" >Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-243006r1">M.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_M_1 --></a> shows each of the 22 built-in color palettes, stored in so-called cpt tables. The programs <a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-243003"></a> and
<a 
href="../html/man/grd2cpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grd2cpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-243004"></a> are used to access these master cpt tables and translate/scale them to fit the user&#8217;s range of
<!--l. 19--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-values.
The top half of the color bars in the Figure shows the original color scale, which can be either discrete or
continuous, though some (like <span 
class="ptmb8t-">globe</span>) are a mix of the two. The bottom half the color bar are built by using
<a 
href="../html/man/makecpt.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">makecpt</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-243005"></a> <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-T-1/1/0.25</span>, thus splitting the color scale into 8 discrete colors.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-243006r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 27--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_M_1.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;M.1: </span><span  
class="content">The standard 22 cpt files supported by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-243006r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">M.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-244000M.2"></a>Labeled and non-equidistant color legends</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-244001"></a>
<!--l. 35--><p class="noindent" >The use of color legends has already been introduced in Chapter&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-1280007">7<!--tex4ht:ref: ch:7 --></a> (examples 2, 16, and 17). Things become a bit
more complicated when you want to label the legend with names for certain intervals (like geological time periods
in the example below). To accomplish that, one should add a semi-colon and the label name at the end of a line in
the cpt table and add the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option to the <a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-244002"></a> command that draws the color legend. This option
also makes all intervals in the legend of equal length, even it the numerical values are not equally
spaced.
</p><!--l. 37--><p class="indent" >   Normally, the name labels are plotted at the lower end of the intervals. But by adding a <span 
class="ptmri8t-">gap </span>amount (even when
zero) to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L </span>option, they are centered. The example below also shows how to annotate ranges using <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Li </span>(in
which case no name labels should appear in the cpt file), and how to switch the color bar around (by using a
negative length).
</p><!--l. 39--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=GMT_App_M_2.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;MEASURE_UNIT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Set</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;palette</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;with</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;named</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;annotations</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#COLOR_MODEL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RGB</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;197</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;23</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;197</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Neogene</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">23</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;81</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;66</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;81</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Paleogene</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">66</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;35</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;146</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;35</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Cretaceous</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">146</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;151</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;200</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;151</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Jurassic</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">200</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;244</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;251</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;244</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Triassic</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">251</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;127</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;299</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;127</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Permian</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">299</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;359</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;11</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Carboniferous</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">359</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;104</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;416</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;104</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Devonian</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">416</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;220</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;444</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;220</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Silurian</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">444</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;174</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;488</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;174</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Ordovician</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">488</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;58</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;542</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;255</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;58</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;;Cambrian</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">B</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;black</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">F</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;white</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">END</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Top</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;row,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;left</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;right.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;names.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D00/13/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D04/13/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D08/13/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D12/13/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D16/13/+8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D20/13/+8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Bottom</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;row,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;left</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;right.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Using</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;numbers.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">sed</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;s/;.*$//&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;years.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cyears.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D00/04/+8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cyears.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D04/04/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cyears.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D08/04/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L0.0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cyears.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D12/04/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-L0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cyears.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D16/04/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Li</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psscale</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Ef</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cyears.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-D20/04/-8/0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Li0.1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ages.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;years.cpt</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-244003r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 43--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_M_2.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;M.2: </span><span  
class="content">The many forms of color legends created by <a 
href="../html/man/psscale.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psscale</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-244004"></a>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-244003r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-244005r279"></a>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;N</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-245000N"></a>Custom Plot Symbols</h2>  <a 
 id="dx1-245001"></a>
<!--l. 14--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;comes with several custom plot symbols ready to go. They are used in <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-245002"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-245003"></a> using the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sk</span>
option. To make your own custom plot symbol, please follow the instructions given in the man pages of those two
programs. The following is a plot of each symbol. Note that we only show the symbol outline and not any fill. Be
aware that some symbols may have a hardwired fill or no-fill component. Also note that some symbols,
in particular the geometric ones, duplicate what is already available as standard built-in symbols.
<br 
class="newline" />
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-245004r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 22--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_N_1.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;N.1: </span><span  
class="content">Custom plot symbols supported by <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-245004r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-245005r279"></a>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;O</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-246000O"></a>Annotation of Contours and &#8220;Quoted Lines&#8221;</h2>
<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >The <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;programs <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-246001"></a> (for data given as 2-dimensional grids) and <a 
href="../html/man/pscontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pscontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-246002"></a> (for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y,z </span>tables) allow
for contouring of data sets, while <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-246003"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-246004"></a> can plot lines based on <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y</span>- and <span 
class="ptmri8t-">x,y,z</span>-tables, respectively.
In both cases it may be necessary to attach labels to these lines. Clever or optimal placements of
labels is a very difficult topic, and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;provides several algorithms for this placement as well as
complete freedom in specifying the attributes of the labels. Because of the richness of these choices we
present this Appendix which summarizes the various options and gives several examples of their
use.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-247000O.1"></a>Label Placement</h3>
<!--l. 26--><p class="noindent" >While the previous <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;versions 1&#8211;3 allowed for a single algorithm that determined where labels would be
placed, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4 allows for five different algorithms. Furthermore, a new &#8220;symbol&#8221; option (<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sq </span>for &#8220;quoted line&#8221;)
has been added to <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-247001"></a> and <a 
href="../html/man/psxyz.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxyz</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-247002"></a> and hence the new label placement mechanisms apply to those programs as
well. The contouring programs expect the algorithm to be specified as arguments to <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-G </span>while the line plotting
programs expect the same arguments to follow <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sq</span>. The information appended to these options is the same in both
cases and is of the form [<span 
class="ptmb8t-">code</span>]<span 
class="ptmri8t-">info</span>. The five algorithms correspond to the five codes below (some codes will appear
in both upper and lower case; they share the same algorithm but differ in some other ways). In what
follows, the phrase &#8220;line segment&#8221; is taken to mean either a contour or a line to be labeled. The codes
are:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">d:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Full syntax is <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dist</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 39--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 39--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 39--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>][/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">frac</span>].
   Place    labels    according    to    the    distance    measured    along    the    projected    line    on    the
   map.    Append    the    unit    you    want    to    measure    distances    in    [Default    is    taken    from
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MEASURE_UNIT</span>].   Starting   at   the   beginning   of   a   line,   place   labels   every   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dist   </span>increment
   of   distance   along   the   line.   To   ensure   that   closed   lines   whose   total   length   is   less   than
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dist   </span>get   annotated,   we   may   append   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">frac   </span>which   will   place   the   first   label   at   the   distance
   <!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>d</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo></math>
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dist </span><!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x00D7;</mo></math>
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">frac </span>from the start of a closed line (and every <span 
class="ptmri8t-">dist </span>thereafter). If not given, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">frac </span>defaults to 0.25.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">D:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Full syntax is <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">dist</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">e</span><!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">k</span><!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>][/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">frac</span>].
   This     option     is     similar     to     <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d     </span>except     the     original     data     must     be     referred     to
   geographic    coordinates    (and    a    map    projection    must    have    been    chosen)    and    actual
   Earth<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn54x24" id="fn54x24-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">54</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-247003f54"></a>
   surface distances along the lines are considered. Append the unit you want to measure distances in;
   choose among <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>egree, m<span 
class="ptmb8t-">e</span>ter [Default], <span 
class="ptmb8t-">k</span>ilometer, statute <span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span>iles, or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>autical miles. Other aspects are
   similar to code <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">f:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Full syntax is <span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">fix.d</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">slop</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 53--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 53--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 53--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>]].
   Here,  an  ASCII  file  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">fix.d  </span>is  given  which  must  contain  records  whose  first  two  columns  hold  the
   coordinates of points along the lines at which locations the labels should be placed. Labels will only
   be placed if the coordinates match the line coordinates to within a distance of <span 
class="ptmri8t-">slop </span>(append unit or we
   use <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MEASURE_UNIT</span>). The default <span 
class="ptmri8t-">slop </span>is zero, meaning only exact coordinate matches will do.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">l:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Full  syntax  is  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">line1</span>[,<span 
class="ptmri8t-">line2</span>[,  ...]].  One  or  more  straight  line  segments  are  specified  separated
   by   commas,   and   labels   will   be   placed   at   the   intersections   between   these   lines   and   our
   line   segments.   Each   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">line   </span>specification   implies   a   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">start   </span>and   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">stop   </span>point,   each   corresponding
   to   a   coordinate   pair.   These   pairs   can   be   regular   coordinate   pairs   (i.e.,   longitude/latitude
   separated   by   a   slash),   or   they   can   be   two-character   codes   that   refer   to   predetermined
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   points  relative  to  the  map  region.  These  codes  are  taken  from  the  <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-247004"></a>  justification  keys
   [<span 
class="ptmb8t-">L</span><!--l. 63--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">C</span><!--l. 63--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">R</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">B</span><!--l. 63--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">M</span><!--l. 63--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span>]
   so that the first character determines the <!--l. 64--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi></math>-coordinate
   and the second determines the <!--l. 64--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math>-coordinate.
   In <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-247005"></a>, you can also use the two codes <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Z+ </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Z- </span>as shorthands for the location of the grid&#8217;s
   global  maximum  and  minimum,  respectively.  For  example,  the  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">line  </span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">LT</span>/<span 
class="ptmb8t-">RB  </span>is  a  diagonal  from  the
   upper left to the lower right map corner, while <span 
class="ptmb8t-">Z-</span>/135W/15S is a line from the grid minimum to the
   point (135<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>W, 15<span 
class="ptmr8c-">°</span>S).
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">L:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Same as <span 
class="ptmb8t-">l </span>except we will treat the lines given as great circle start/stop coordinates and fill in the points
   between before looking for intersections.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">n:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Full syntax is <span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">number</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">minlength</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 71--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 71--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 71--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>]].
   Place <span 
class="ptmri8t-">number </span>of labels along each line regardless of total line length. The line is divided into <span 
class="ptmri8t-">number</span>
   segments  and  the  labels  are  placed  at  the  centers  of  these  segments.  Optionally,  you  may  give  a
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">minlength </span>distance to ensure that no labels are placed closer than this distance to its neighbors.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">N:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Full syntax is <span 
class="ptmb8t-">N</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">number</span>[/<span 
class="ptmri8t-">minlength</span>[<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 75--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 75--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 75--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>]].
   Similar   to   code   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">n   </span>but   here   labels   are   placed   at   the   ends   of   each   segment   (for   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">number</span>
   <!--l. 76--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2265;</mo> <mn>2</mn></math>).
   A special case arises for <span 
class="ptmri8t-">number </span><!--l. 77--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mn>1</mn></math>
   when      a      single      label      will      be      placed      according      to      the      sign      of      <span 
class="ptmri8t-">number</span>:
   <!--l. 78--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>1</mn></math>
   places one label justified at the start of the line, while <!--l. 78--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo><mn>1</mn></math>
   places one label justified at the end of the line.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">x:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Full syntax is <span 
class="ptmb8t-">x</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">cross.d</span>. Here, an ASCII file <span 
class="ptmri8t-">cross.d </span>is a multi-segment file whose lines will intersect our
   segment lines; labels will be placed at these intersections.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">X:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Same as <span 
class="ptmb8t-">x </span>except we treat the lines given as great circle start/stop coordinates and fill in the points
   between before looking for intersections.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 84--><p class="noindent" >Only one algorithm can be specified at any given time.
</p><!--l. 86--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-248000O.2"></a>Label Attributes</h3>
<!--l. 87--><p class="noindent" >Determining where to place labels is half the battle. The other half is to specify exactly what are the
attributes of the labels. It turns out that there are quite a few possible attributes that we may want to
control, hence understanding how to specify these attributes becomes important. In the contouring
programs, one or more attributes may be appended to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-A </span>option using the format +<span 
class="ptmri8t-">code</span>[<span 
class="ptmri8t-">args</span>]
for each attribute, whereas for the line plotting programs these attributes are appended to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sq</span>
option following a colon (:) that separates the label codes from the placement algorithm. Several of the
attributes do not apply to contours so we start off with listing those that apply universally. These codes
are:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+a:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Controls the angle of the label relative to the angle of the line. Append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">n </span>for normal to the line, give
   a fixed <span 
class="ptmri8t-">angle </span>measured counter-clockwise relative to the horizontal. or append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">p </span>for parallel to the line
   [Default]. If using <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-248001"></a> the latter option you may further append <span 
class="ptmb8t-">u </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d </span>to get annotations
   whose upper edge always face the next higher or lower contour line.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+c:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Surrounding each label is an imaginary label &#8220;textbox&#8221; which defines a region in which no segment
   lines  should  be  visible.  The  initial  box  provides  an  exact  fit  to  the  enclosed  text  but  clearance
   may  be  extended  in  both  the  horizontal  and  vertical  directions  (relative  to  the  label  baseline)
   by  the  given  amounts.  If  these  should  be  different  amounts  please  separate  them  by  a  slash;
   otherwise  the  single  value  applies  to  both  directions.  Append  the  distance  units  of  your  choice
   (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 106--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 106--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 106--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>),
   or give % to indicate that the clearance should be this fixed percentage of the label font size in use. The
   default is 15%.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+d:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Debug mode. This is useful when testing contour placement as it will draw the normally invisible
   helper lines and points in the label placement algorithms above.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+f:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Specifies the desired label font. See <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-248002"></a> for font names or numbers. The default font is given by
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">ANNOT_FONT_PRIMARY</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+g:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Selects opaque rather than the default transparent textboxes. You may optionally append the color you
   want to fill the label boxes; the default is the same as <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PAGE_COLOR</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+j:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Selects  the  justification  of  the  label  relative  to  the  placement  points  determined  above.  Normally
   this   is   center/mid   justified   (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">CM   </span>in   <a 
href="../html/man/pstext.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">pstext</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-248003"></a>   justification   parlance)   and   this   is   indeed   the
   default  setting.  Override  by  using  this  option  and  append  another  justification  key  code  from
   [<span 
class="ptmb8t-">L</span><!--l. 117--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">C</span><!--l. 117--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">R</span>][<span 
class="ptmb8t-">B</span><!--l. 117--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">M</span><!--l. 117--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">T</span>].
   Note for curved text (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+v</span>) only vertical justification will be affected.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+k:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Sets the color of the text labels, which otherwise defaults to that given by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">COLOR_BACKGROUND</span>.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+o:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Request a rounded, rectangular label box shape; the default is rectangular. This is only manifested if
   the box is filled or outlined, neither of which is implied by this option alone (see <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+g </span>and <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+p</span>). As this
   option only applies to straight text, it is ignored if <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+v </span>is given.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+p:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Selects the drawing of the label box outline; append your preferred <span 
class="ptmri8t-">pen </span>unless you want the default
   <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;pen [0.25p,black].
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+r:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Do    not    place    labels    at    points    along    the    line    whose    local    radius    of    curvature
   falls     below     the     given     threshold     value.     Append     the     radius     unit     of     your     choice
   (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 126--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 126--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 126--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>)
   [Default is 0].
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+s:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Change the font size of the labels, which by default is 9 points.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+u:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Append the chosen <span 
class="ptmri8t-">unit </span>to the label. Normally a space will separate the label and the unit. If you
   want  to  close  this  gap,  append  a  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">unit  </span>that  begins  with  a  hyphen  (&#8211;).  If  you  are  contouring  with
   <a 
href="../html/man/grdcontour.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">grdcontour</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-248004"></a> and you specify this option without appending a unit, the unit will be taken from the
   <!--l. 131--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>z</mi></math>-unit
   attribute of the grid header.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+v:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Place curved labels that follow the wiggles of the line segments. This is especially useful if the labels
   are long relative to the length-scale of the wiggles. The default places labels on an invisible straight line
   at the angle determined.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+w:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">The angle of the line at the point of straight label placement is calculated by a least-squares fit to the
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width </span>closest points. If not specified, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">width </span>defaults to 10.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+=:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Similar in most regards to <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+u </span>but applies instead to a label <span 
class="ptmri8t-">prefix </span>which you must append.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 140--><p class="noindent" >For contours, the label will be the value of the contour (possibly modified by <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+u </span>or <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+=</span>). However, for quoted lines
other options apply:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+l:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Append a fixed <span 
class="ptmri8t-">label </span>that will be placed at all label locations. If the label contains spaces you must
   place it inside matching quotes.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+L:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Append a code <span 
class="ptmri8t-">flag </span>that will determine the label. Available codes are:
      <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+Lh:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Take   the   label   from   the   current   multi-segment   header   (hence   it   is   assumed   that   the
      input  line  segments  are  given  in  the  multi-segment  file  format;  if  not  we  pick  the  single
      label  from  the  file&#8217;s  header  record).  We  first  scan  the  header  for  an  embedded  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-L</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-">label</span>
      option;   if   none   is   found   we   instead   use   the   first   word   following   the   segment   marker
      [<!--l. 150--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x003E;</mo></math>].
      </dd><dt class="description">
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+Ld:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Take     the     Cartesian     plot     distances     along     the     line     as     the     label;     append
      <span 
class="ptmb8t-">c</span><!--l. 151--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">i</span><!--l. 151--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 151--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">p</span>
      as  the  unit  [Default  is  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">MEASURE_UNIT</span>].  The  label  will  be  formatted  according  to  the
      <span 
class="ptmb8t-">D_FORMAT </span>string, <span 
class="ptmri8t-">unless </span>label placement was determined from map distances along the segment
      lines, in which case we determine the appropriate format from the distance value itself.
      </dd><dt class="description">
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+LD:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Calculate           actual           Earth           surface           distances           and           use           the
      distance        at        the        label        placement        point        as        the        label;        append
      <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span><!--l. 156--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">e</span><!--l. 156--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">k</span><!--l. 156--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">m</span><!--l. 156--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">n</span>
      to  specify  the  unit  [If  not  given  we  default  to  <span 
class="ptmb8t-">d</span>egrees,  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">unless  </span>label  placement  was  determined
      from map distances along the segment lines, in which case we use the same unit specified for that
      algorithm]. Requires a map projection to be used.
      </dd><dt class="description">
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+Lf:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Use  all  text  after  the  2nd  column  in  the  fixed  label  location  file  <span 
class="ptmri8t-">fix.d  </span>as  labels.  This  choice
      obviously requires the fixed label location algorithm (code <span 
class="ptmb8t-">f</span>) to be in effect.
      </dd><dt class="description">
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+Ln:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Use the running number of the current multi-segment as label.
      </dd><dt class="description">
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+LN:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">Use  a  slash-separated  combination  of  the  current  file  number  and  the  current  multi-segment
      number as label.
      </dd><dt class="description">
   <span 
class="ptmb8t-">+Lx:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">As    <span 
class="ptmb8t-">h    </span>but    use    the    multi-segment    headers    in    the    <span 
class="ptmri8t-">cross.d    </span>file    instead.    This
      choice      obviously      requires      the      crossing      segments      location      algorithm      (code
      <span 
class="ptmb8t-">x</span><!--l. 164--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></math><span 
class="ptmb8t-">X</span>)
      to be in effect.</dd></dl>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </dd></dl>
<!--l. 168--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-249000O.3"></a>Examples of Contour Label Placement</h3>
<!--l. 170--><p class="noindent" >We will demonstrate the use of these options with a few simple examples. First, we will contour a subset of the
global geoid data used in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;Example 01; the region selected encompasses the world&#8217;s strongest &#8220;geoid
dipole&#8221;: the Indian Low and the New Guinea High.
</p><!--l. 175--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.3.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-250000O.3.1"></a>Equidistant labels</h4>
<!--l. 177--><p class="noindent" >Our first example uses the default placement algorithm. Because of the size of the map we request contour labels
every 1.5 inches along the lines:
</p><!--l. 180--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R50/160/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_1.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gd1.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T:LH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_1.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 182--><p class="noindent" >As seen in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-250001r1">O.1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_1 --></a>, the contours are placed rather arbitrary. The string of contours for
<!--l. 184--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" > <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">-</mo><mn>4</mn><mn>0</mn></math> to
<!--l. 184--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mn>6</mn><mn>0</mn></math> align
well but that is a fortuitous consequence of reaching the 1.5 inch distance from the start at the bottom of the
map.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-250001r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 188--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_1.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.1:  </span><span  
class="content">Equidistant  contour  label  placement  with  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gd</span>,  the  only  algorithm  available  in  previous
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;versions.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-250001r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.3.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-251000O.3.2"></a>Fixed number of labels</h4>
<!--l. 192--><p class="noindent" >We now exercise the option for specifying exactly how many labels each contour line should have:
</p><!--l. 195--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R50/160/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_2.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gn1/1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T:LH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_2.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 197--><p class="noindent" >By selecting only one label per contour and requiring that labels only be placed on contour lines whose length
exceed 1 inch, we achieve the effect shown in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-251001r2">O.2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_2 --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-251001r2"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 202--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_2.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.2: </span><span  
class="content">Placing one label per contour that exceed 1 inch in length, centered on the segment with <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gn</span>.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-251001r2 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.3.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-252000O.3.3"></a>Prescribed label placements</h4>
<!--l. 206--><p class="noindent" >Here, we specify four points where we would like contour labels to be placed. Our points are not
exactly on the contour lines so we give a nonzero &#8220;slop&#8221; to be used in the distance calculations: The
point on the contour closest to our fixed points and within the given maximum distance will host the
label.
</p><!--l. 211--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EOF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fix.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">80</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-8.5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">55</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-7.5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">102</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">130</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;10.5</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">EOF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R50/160/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_3.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20+d+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gffix.d/0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T:LH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_3.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" >The angle of the label is evaluated from the contour line geometry, and the final result is shown in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-252001r3">O.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_3 --></a>.
</p><hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-252001r3"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 217--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_3.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.3: </span><span  
class="content">Four labels are positioned on the points along the contours that are closest to the locations
given in the file <span class="underline">fix.d</span> in the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gf </span>option.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-252001r3 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 218--><p class="indent" >   To aid in understanding the algorithm we chose to specify &#8220;debug&#8221; mode (<span 
class="ptmb8t-">+d</span>) which placed a small circle at
each of the fixed points.
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.3.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-253000O.3.4"></a>Label placement at simple line intersections</h4>
<!--l. 223--><p class="noindent" >Often, it will suffice to place contours at the imaginary intersections between the contour lines and a well-placed
straight line segment. The <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Gl </span>or <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-GL </span>algorithms work well in those cases:
</p><!--l. 227--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R50/160/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_4.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20+d+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-GLZ-/Z+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T:LH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_4.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 229--><p class="noindent" >The obvious choice in this example is to specify a great circle between the high and the low, thus placing all labels
between these extrema.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-253001r4"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 234--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_4.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.4: </span><span  
class="content">Labels are placed at the intersections between contours and the great circle specified in the
<span 
class="pcrb8t-">-GL </span>option.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-253001r4 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 235--><p class="noindent" >The thin debug line in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-253001r4">O.4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_4 --></a> shows the great circle and the intersections where labels are plotted. Note that
any number of such lines could be specified; here we are content with just one.
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.3.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-254000O.3.5"></a>Label placement at general line intersections</h4>
<!--l. 242--><p class="noindent" >If (1) the number of intersecting straight line segments needed to pick the desired label positions becomes too large
to be given conveniently on the command line, or (2) we have another data set or lines whose intersections we wish
to use, the general crossing algorithm makes more sense:
</p><!--l. 247--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R50/160/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_5.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20+d+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-GXcross.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T:LH</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_5.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-254001r5"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 250--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_5.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.5: </span><span  
class="content">Labels are placed at the intersections between contours and the multi-segment lines specified
in the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-GX </span>option.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-254001r5 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 252--><p class="noindent" >In this case, we have created three strands of lines whose intersections with the contours define the label
placements, presented in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-254001r5">O.5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_5 --></a>.
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.4    </span> <a 
 id="x1-255000O.4"></a>Examples of Label Attributes</h3>
<!--l. 258--><p class="noindent" >We will now demonstrate some of the ways to play with the label attributes. To do so we will use <a 
href="../html/man/psxy.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">psxy</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-255001"></a> on a
great-circle line connecting the geoid extrema, along which we have sampled the ETOPO5 relief data set. The file
<span class="underline">transect.d</span> thus contains <span 
class="ptmri8t-">lon, lat, dist, geoid, relief</span>, with distances in km.
</p><!--l. 263--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.4.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-256000O.4.1"></a>Label placement by along-track distances, 1</h4>
<!--l. 265--><p class="noindent" >This example will change the orientation of labels from along-track to across-track, and surrounds the labels
with an opaque, outlined textbox so that the label is more readable. We choose the place the labels
every 1000 km along the line and use that distance as the label. The labels are placed normal to the
line:
</p><!--l. 270--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R50/160/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_6.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20+d+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gl50/10S/160/10S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T:&#8217;-+&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_6.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-SqD1000k:+g+LD+an+p</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;transect.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_6.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-256001r6"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 272--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_6.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.6: </span><span  
class="content">Labels attributes are controlled with the arguments to the <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-Sq </span>option.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-256001r6 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 274--><p class="noindent" >The composite illustration in Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-256001r6">O.6<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_6 --></a> shows the new effects. Note that the line connecting the extrema does not
end exactly at the &#8216;-&#8217; and &#8216;+&#8217; symbols. This is because the placements of those symbols are based on the mean
coordinates of the contour and not the locations of the (local or global) extrema.
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.4.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-257000O.4.2"></a>Label placement by along-track distances, 2</h4>
<!--l. 282--><p class="noindent" >A small variation on this theme is to place the labels parallel to the line, use spherical degrees for placement,
append the degree symbol as a unit for the labels, choose a rounded rectangular textbox, and inverse-video the
label:
</p><!--l. 286--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R50/160/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_7.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20+d+um+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gl50/10S/160/10S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T:-+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_7.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-SqD15d:+gblack+kwhite+Ld+o+u-\\260</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;transect.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_7.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 288--><p class="noindent" >The output is presented as Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-257001r7">O.7<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_7 --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-257001r7"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 291--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_7.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.7: </span><span  
class="content">Another label attribute example.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-257001r7 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.4.3    </span> <a 
 id="x1-258000O.4.3"></a>Using a different data set for labels</h4>
<!--l. 295--><p class="noindent" >In the next example we will use the bathymetry values along the transect as our label, with placement determined
by the distance along track. We choose to place labels every 1500 km. To do this we need to pull out those records
whose distances are multiples of 1500 km and create a &#8220;fixed points&#8221; file that can be used to place labels and
specify the labels. This is done with <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">awk</span><a 
 id="dx1-258001"></a>.
</p><!--l. 302--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">awk</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#8217;{if</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;(NR</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&amp;&amp;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;($3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;%</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1500)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;==</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0)</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;print</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$1,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$2,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;int($5)}&#8217;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;transect.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;fix2.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R50/160/-15/15</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_8.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;geoid.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f10WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A20+d+um+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gl50/10S/160/10S</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T:-+</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_8.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sqffix2.d:+g+an+p+Lf+um+s8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;transect.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_8.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 304--><p class="noindent" >The output is presented as Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-258002r8">O.8<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_8 --></a>.
</p>
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-258002r8"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 308--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_8.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.8: </span><span  
class="content">Labels based on another data set (here bathymetry) while the placement is based on distances.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-258002r8 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">O.5    </span> <a 
 id="x1-259000O.5"></a>Putting it all together</h3>
<!--l. 312--><p class="noindent" >Finally, we will make a more complex composite illustration that uses several of the label
placement and label attribute settings discussed in the previous sections. We make a map showing
the tsunami travel times (in hours) from a hypothetical catastrophic landslide in the Canary
Islands<span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn55x24" id="fn55x24-bk"><sup class="textsuperscript">55</sup></a></span><a 
 id="x1-259001f55"></a>.
We lay down a color map based on the travel times and the shape of the seafloor, and travel time contours with
curved labels as well as a few quoted lines. The final script is
</p><!--l. 322--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">R=-R-85/5/10/55</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdgradient</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;topo5.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Nt1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A45</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gtopo5_int.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;PLOT_DEGREE_FORMAT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ddd:mm:ssF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;+9p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">project</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E74W/41N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C17W/28N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G10</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great_NY_Canaries.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">project</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E74W/41N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C2.33/48.87N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Q</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great_NY_Paris.d</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">km=&#8216;echo</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17W</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;28N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mapproject</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-G74W/41N/k</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-fg</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;--D_FORMAT=%.0f</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;cut</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-f3&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EOF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ttt.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lightred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lightred</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">3</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lightyellow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lightyellow</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">6</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lightgreen</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;100</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;lightgreen</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">EOF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc/1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ttt_atl.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Itopo5_int.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Cttt.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JM5.3i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdcontour</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ttt_atl.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C0.5</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A1+u~hour~+v+s8+f17</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-GL80W/31N/17W/26N,17W/28N/17W/50N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-S2</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wfatter,white</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great_NY_Canaries.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B20f5:.~Tsunami</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;travel</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;times</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;from</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Canaries~:WSne</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-N1/thick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Glightgray</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wfaint</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A500</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtconvert</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great_NY_*.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-E</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sa0.15i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gred</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthin</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthick</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great_NY_Canaries.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;\</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sqn1:+f6+s8+l~Distance</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Canaries</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;New</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;York</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$km</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;km~+ap+v</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great_NY_Paris.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sc0.08c</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gblack</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wthinner</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;great_NY_Paris.d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-SqD1000k:+an+o+gblue+kwhite+LDk+s7+f1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">cat</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003C;&#x003C;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;EOF</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;|</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pstext</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Wwhite,Othin</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dj0.1i/0.1i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">74W</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;41N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;RT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;New</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;York</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">2.33E</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;48.87N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Paris</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">17W</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;28N</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;8</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;0</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;17</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;CT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Canaries</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">EOF</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">psxy</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;/dev/null</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_App_O_9.ps</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<!--l. 324--><p class="noindent" >with the complete illustration presented as Figure&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-259003r9">O.9<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:GMT_App_O_9 --></a>. </p><hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-259003r9"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 329--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_O_9.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;O.9: </span><span  
class="content">Tsunami travel times from the Canary Islands to places in the Atlantic, in particular New
York. Should a catastrophic landslide occur it is possible that New York will experience a large tsunami
about 8 hours after the event.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-259003r9 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-259004r279"></a>
   <h2 class="appendixHead"><span class="titlemark">Appendix&#x00A0;P</span><br /><a 
 id="x1-260000P"></a>Special Operations</h2>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">P.1    </span> <a 
 id="x1-261000P.1"></a>Running <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;in <span 
class="ptmri8t-">isolation mode</span></h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-261001"></a>
<!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" >In Chapter&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-380004">4<!--tex4ht:ref: ch:4 --></a> it is described how <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;creates several (temporary) files to communicate between the different
commands that make up the script that finally creates a plot. Among those files are:
   </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span class="underline"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">.gmtdefaults4</span></span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">This file covers about 100 different settings that influence the layout of your plot, from font
   sizes to tick lengths and date formats (See Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-400004.2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:gmtdefaults --></a>). Those settings can be altered by editing the file,
   or by running the <a 
href="../html/man/gmtset.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmtset</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-261002"></a> command. A problem may arise when those settings are changed half-way
   through the script: the next time you run the script it will start with the modified settings and hence
   might alter your scripts results. It is therefore often necessary to revert to the original <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> file.
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">Isolation mode </span>avoids that issue.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span class="underline"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">.gmtcommands4</span></span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">This  file  is  created  to  communicate  the  command  line  history  from  one  command
   to  the  next  (Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-650004.5">4.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:gmtcommands --></a>)  so  that  shorthands  like  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-R </span>or  <span 
class="pcrb8t-">-J </span>can  be  used  once  it  has  been  set  in  a
   previous  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;command.  The  existence  of  this  file  makes  if  impossible  to  run  two  <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;scripts
   simultaneously in the same directory, since those <span class="underline">.gmtcommand4</span> files may clash (contain different
   histories) and adversely affect the results of both scripts.
   </dd><dt class="description">
<span class="underline"><span 
class="ptmb8t-">.gmt_bb_info</span></span><span 
class="ptmb8t-">.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">This   file   contains   the   information   about   the   BoundingBox   (Section&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x1-196000C.1">C.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:eps --></a>)   of   the
   <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;output. This information too has to be transferred from one <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;command to the next in a
   script. Again, running two commands simultaneously in the same directory may have disastrous effects
   on that file.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 25--><p class="indent" >   A cure to all these woes is the <span 
class="ptmri8t-">isolation mode </span>introduced in <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;version 4.2.2. This mode allows you to run a
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;script without leaving any traces other than the resulting <span 
class="ptmri8t-">PostScript</span>&#x00A0;or data files, and not altering the
<span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> or <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span> files. Those files will be placed in a temporary directory instead. And if properly
set up, this temporary directory will only be used by a single script, even if another <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;script is running
simultaneously. This also provides the opportunity to create any other temporary files that the script might create in
the same directory.
</p><!--l. 27--><p class="indent" >   The example below shows how <span 
class="ptmri8t-">isolation mode </span>works.
</p><!--l. 29--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Appendix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;P,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;1</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;isolation</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mode</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Unix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mktemp,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rm</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=GMT_App_P_1.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Create</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;directory.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;will</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;be</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;set</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;its</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pathname.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;XXXXXX</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;is</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;replaced</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;by</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;unique</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;random</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;combination</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;characters.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">export</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT_TMPDIR=&#8216;mktemp</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-d</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;/tmp/gmt.XXXXXX&#8216;</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;These</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;settings</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;will</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;be</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;local</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;this</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;script</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;only</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;since</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;it</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;writes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/.gmtdefaults4</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;COLOR_MODEL</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;rgb</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;map</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;directory</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/lat.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T-90/90/60</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/lat.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;command</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;creates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;history</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/.gmtcommands4</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/lat.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JK6.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C$GMT_TMPDIR/lat.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B60g30/30g30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;all</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;files</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;directory</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">rm</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-rf</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
   <hr class="figure" /><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
<a 
 id="x1-261003r1"></a>
                                                                                 

                                                                                 

<!--l. 33--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="images/GMT_App_P_2.png" alt="PIC"  
 />
<br /> </p><div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;P.1: </span><span  
class="content">Example created in isolation mode</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-261003r1 -->
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </div><hr class="endfigure" />
<!--l. 38--><p class="indent" >   The files <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> and <span class="underline">.gmtcommands4</span> are automatically created in the temporary directory
<span class="underline">$GMT_TMPDIR</span>. The script is also adjusted such that the temporary grid file <span class="underline">lat.nc</span> and colormap <span class="underline">lat.cpt</span> are
created in that directory as well. To make things even more easy, <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;now provides a set of handy shell functions
in <a 
href="../html/man/gmt_shell_functions.sh.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-">gmt_shell_functions.sh</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-261004"></a>: simply include that file in the script and the creation and the removal of the
temporary directory is reduced to a single command.
</p><!--l. 40--><p class="noindent" >_________________________________________________________________________________</p><div class="verbatiminput">
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Appendix</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;P,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;example</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;2</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Purpose:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Illustrates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;use</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;of</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;isolation</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;mode</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;progs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmtset,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdmath,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;makecpt,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pscoast</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;funcs:</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmt_init_tmpdir,</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;gmt_remove_tmpdir</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">ps=GMT_App_P_2.ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;GMT</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;shell</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;functions</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;accessible</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;script</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Create</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;a</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;directory.</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;will</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;be</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;set</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;its</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;pathname.</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmt_init_tmpdir</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;These</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;settings</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;will</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;be</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;local</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;this</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;script</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;only</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;since</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;it</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;writes</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;to</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/.gmtdefaults4</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmtset</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;14p</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Make</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grid</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;color</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;map</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;in</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;directory</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdmath</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Rd</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-I1</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Y</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;=</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/lat.nc</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">makecpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Crainbow</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-T-90/90/60</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Z</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/lat.cpt</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;The</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;command</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;creates</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;history</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;file</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/.gmtcommands4</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">grdimage</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$GMT_TMPDIR/lat.nc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Sl</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-JK6.5i</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-C$GMT_TMPDIR/lat.cpt</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-P</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-K</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">pscoast</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-R</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-J</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-O</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Dc</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-A5000</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-Gwhite</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;-B60g30/30g30</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;&#x003E;&#x003E;</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;$ps</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br />
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">#</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;Clean</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;up</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;all</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;files</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;and</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;the</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;temporary</span><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;directory</span>
<span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">&#x00A0;</span><br /><span 
class="pcrr8t-x-x-70">gmt_remove_tmpdir</span>
   </div>__________________________________________________________________________________________________
<a 
 id="dx1-261005"></a>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">P.2    </span> <a 
 id="x1-262000P.2"></a>Using both <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;3 and 4</h3>
<a 
 id="dx1-262001"></a>
<!--l. 46--><p class="noindent" >We encourage all <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;users to start using version 4 immediately; it has been tested extensively by the
<a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;team and has benefitted from bug reports for the 3.4.x versions. Users who still worry about the new version
breaking things may install <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;3.4.x versions and 4.x and use our utility <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262002"></a> to select their current
version should the need to switch arises. You will find <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262003"></a> in the top-level <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>4.x directory; install as
explained below.
</p><!--l. 52--><p class="indent" >   Because <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.x is backwards compatible with the 3.4.x series yet maintains its parameters and history in
separate hidden files (e.g., <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults4</span> versus <span class="underline">.gmtdefaults</span>) it is possible to install and use both versions on the
same workstation. To simplify such setups we supply the utility <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262004"></a> which simplifies switching back and
forth between any number of installed <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;3-versions and <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;4.x. Place the <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262005"></a> Bourne
shell script in your general executable path (not in one of the <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;bin directories) and run it after
you have finished installing all <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;versions of interest. The first time you run <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262006"></a> it will
try to find all the available versions installed on your file system. The versions found will be listed
in the file <span class="underline">.gmtversions</span> in your home directory; each line is the full path to a <a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-">GMT</span></a>&#x00A0;root directory
(e.g., /usr/local/GMT3.4.2). You may manually add or remove entries there at any time. You are then
instructed to make two changes to your environment (the details are shell-dependent but explained by
<span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262007"></a>):
   </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-262009x1"><span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262010"></a> creates and maintains a symbolic link <span class="underline">this_gmt</span> in your home directory that will point to a
   directory with one of the installed GMT versions.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
   </li>
   <li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-262012x2">Make sure <span 
class="ptmb8t-">$HOME</span>/this_gmt/bin is in your executable <span 
class="ptmb8t-">PATH</span>.</li></ol>
<!--l. 70--><p class="noindent" >Make those edits, logout, and log and back in again. The next time you run <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262013"></a> you will be able to switch
between versions. Typing <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262014"></a> with no argument will list the available versions in a numerical menu and
prompt you to choose one, whereas <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">gmtswitch</span><a 
 id="dx1-262015"></a> <span 
class="ptmri8t-">version </span>will immediately switch to that version (<span 
class="ptmri8t-">version </span>must be a
piece of unique text making up the full path to a version, e.g., 3.4.2). If you use <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">tcsh</span><a 
 id="dx1-262016"></a> or <span 
class="ptmbo8t-">csh</span><a 
 id="dx1-262017"></a> you may have to type
&#8220;rehash&#8221; to initiate the path changes.
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
                                                                                 

                                                                                 
</p>
   <div class="footnotes"><!--l. 14--><p class="indent" >      <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn1x1-bk" id="fn1x1"><sup class="textsuperscript">1</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Version 1.0 was then informally released at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.</span></p>
<!--l. 1851--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn2x1-bk" id="fn2x1"><sup class="textsuperscript">2</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Use  standard  </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">UNIX</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;tools  such  as  </span><span 
class="ptmbo8t-x-x-80">awk</span><a 
 id="dx1-32002"></a>  <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">or  </span><span 
class="ptmbo8t-x-x-80">perl</span><a 
 id="dx1-32003"></a>  <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">to  reformat  files  should  your  </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">date  </span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">and  </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">clock  </span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">components  reside  in  separate</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">columns.</span></p>
<!--l. 1886--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn3x1-bk" id="fn3x1"><sup class="textsuperscript">3</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Used to color the background, foreground, and Not-a-Number areas.</span></p>
<!--l. 24--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn4x2-bk" id="fn4x2"><sup class="textsuperscript">4</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">See GNU General Public License (www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html) for terms on redistribution and modifications.</span></p>
<!--l. 37--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn5x2-bk" id="fn5x2"><sup class="textsuperscript">5</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">The tools can also be installed on other platforms (see Appendix</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;</span><a 
href="#x1-234000L"><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">L</span><!--tex4ht:ref: app:L --></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">).</span></p>
<!--l. 106--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn6x2-bk" id="fn6x2"><sup class="textsuperscript">6</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">One public-domain RIP is </span><span 
class="ptmbo8t-x-x-80">ghostscript</span><a 
 id="dx1-33016"></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">, available from www.gnu.org.</span></p>
<!--l. 141--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn7x2-bk" id="fn7x2"><sup class="textsuperscript">7</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Programs now also allow for fast, binary multicolumn file i/o.</span></p>
<!--l. 154--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn8x2-bk" id="fn8x2"><sup class="textsuperscript">8</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">While the netCDF format is the default, other formats are also possible, including user-defined formats.</span></p>
<!--l. 26--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn9x4-bk" id="fn9x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">9</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">PostScript</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;definition. In the typesetting industry a slightly different definition of point (1/72.27 inch) is used.</span></p>
<!--l. 60--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn10x4-bk" id="fn10x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">10</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Choose between SI and US default units by modifying </span><span class="underline"><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">gmt_setup.conf</span></span> <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">in the </span><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-80">GMT</span></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;share directory.</span></p>
<!--l. 64--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn11x4-bk" id="fn11x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">11</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">To remain backwards compatible with </span><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-80">GMT</span></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;3.4.x we will also look for </span><span class="underline"><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">.gmtdefaults</span></span> <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">but only if </span><span class="underline"><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">.gmtdefaults4</span></span> <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">cannot be</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">found.</span></p>
<!--l. 308--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn12x4-bk" id="fn12x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">12</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">The Gregorian Calendar is a revision of the Julian Calendar which was instituted in a papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. The reason</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">for the calendar change was to correct for drift in the dates of significant religious observations (primarily Easter) and to prevent further drift in</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">the dates. The important effects of the change were (a) Drop 10 days from October 1582 to realign the Vernal Equinox with 21</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">March, (b) change leap year selection so that not all years ending in &#8220;00&#8221; are leap years, and (c) change the beginning of the</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">year to 1 January from 25 March. Adoption of the new calendar was essentially immediate within Catholic countries. In the</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Protestant countries, where papal authority was neither recognized not appreciated, adoption came more slowly. England</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">finally adopted the new calendar in 1752, with eleven days removed from September. The additional day came because the</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">old and new calendars disagreed on whether 1700 was a leap year, so the Julian calendar had to be adjusted by one more</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">day.</span></p>
<!--l. 325--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn13x4-bk" id="fn13x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">13</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">While UTM coordinates clearly refer to points on the Earth, in this context they are considered &#8220;other&#8221;. Thus, when we refer to</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#8220;geographical&#8221; coordinates herein we imply longitude, latitude.</span></p>
<!--l. 388--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn14x4-bk" id="fn14x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">14</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">However, it is suppressed when a 3-D view is selected.</span></p>
<!--l. 472--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn15x4-bk" id="fn15x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">15</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Please consult the man page for </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">printf  </span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">or any book on C .</span></p>
<!--l. 629--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn16x4-bk" id="fn16x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">16</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">For historical reasons, the </span><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-80">GMT</span></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;Default is Landscape, see </span><a 
href="../html/man/gmtdefaults.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-x-x-80">gmtdefaults</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-54010"></a> <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">to change this.</span></p>
<!--l. 698--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn17x4-bk" id="fn17x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">17</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Ensures that boundary annotations do not fall off the page.</span></p>
<!--l. 1092--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn18x4-bk" id="fn18x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">18</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">For an overview of color systems such as HSV, see Appendix</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;</span><a 
href="#x1-215000I"><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">I</span><!--tex4ht:ref: app:I --></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">.</span></p>
<!--l. 1176--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn19x4-bk" id="fn19x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">19</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Convert other graphics formats to Sun ras format using ImageMagick&#8217;s </span><span 
class="ptmbo8t-x-x-80">convert</span><a 
 id="dx1-74010"></a> <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">program.</span></p>
<!--l. 1283--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn20x4-bk" id="fn20x4"><sup class="textsuperscript">20</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">For CMYK the format obviously involves two extra columns.</span></p>
<!--l. 16--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn21x6-bk" id="fn21x6"><sup class="textsuperscript">21</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Snyder, J. P., 1987, Map Projections  A Working Manual, U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1395.</span></p>
<!--l. 527--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn22x6-bk" id="fn22x6"><sup class="textsuperscript">22</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">This is, however, not the shortest distance. It is given by the great circle connecting the two points.</span></p>
<!--l. 1077--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn23x6-bk" id="fn23x6"><sup class="textsuperscript">23</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Robinson provided a table of </span><!--l. 1077--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"  
display="inline" ><mi 
>y</mi></math><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">-coordinates</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">for latitudes every 5</span><span 
class="ptmr8c-x-x-80">°</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">. To project values for intermediate latitudes one must interpolate the table. Different interpolants may</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">result in slightly different maps. </span><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-80">GMT</span></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;uses the interpolant selected by the parameter </span><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-80">INTERPOLANT </span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">in the </span><span class="underline"><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">.gmtdefaults4</span></span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">file.</span></p>
<!--l. 197--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn24x7-bk" id="fn24x7"><sup class="textsuperscript">24</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">These data are available on CD-ROM from NGDC (www.ngdc.noaa.gov).</span></p>
<!--l. 304--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn25x7-bk" id="fn25x7"><sup class="textsuperscript">25</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">These data are available on CD-ROM from NGDC (www.ngdc.noaa.gov).</span></p>
<!--l. 625--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn26x7-bk" id="fn26x7"><sup class="textsuperscript">26</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">See http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_grav/mar_grav.html.</span></p>
<!--l. 797--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn27x7-bk" id="fn27x7"><sup class="textsuperscript">27</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">You can also use the utility </span><span 
class="ptmbo8t-x-x-80">curl</span><a 
 id="dx1-150004"></a></p>
<!--l. 825--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn28x7-bk" id="fn28x7"><sup class="textsuperscript">28</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Pedants who wish to argue about the &#8220;other&#8221; arc going the long way should consider using it.</span></p>
<!--l. 942--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn29x7-bk" id="fn29x7"><sup class="textsuperscript">29</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">You could also use </span><a 
href="../html/man/img2mercgrd.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-x-x-80">img2mercgrd</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-155005"></a> <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">directly &#8211; your only option under DOS</span></p>
<!--l. 97--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn30x8-bk" id="fn30x8"><sup class="textsuperscript">30</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">While QuickTime is free you must upgrade to QuickTime Pro (USD 30) to use the authoring functions.</span></p>
<!--l. 188--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn31x8-bk" id="fn31x8"><sup class="textsuperscript">31</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">QuickTime Pro can do this, as can most video-editing programs.</span></p>
<!--l. 51--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn32x10-bk" id="fn32x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">32</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Simon.Cox@csiro.au</span></p>
<!--l. 59--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn33x10-bk" id="fn33x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">33</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">For data bases, see http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_grav/mar_grav.html.</span></p>
<!--l. 60--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn34x10-bk" id="fn34x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">34</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Walter.HF.Smith@noaa.gov</span></p>
<!--l. 69--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn35x10-bk" id="fn35x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">35</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Kurt.Feigl@cnes.fr</span></p>
<!--l. 70--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn36x10-bk" id="fn36x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">36</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">patau@ipgp.jussieu.fr</span></p>
<!--l. 86--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn37x10-bk" id="fn37x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">37</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">The ASCII MGD77 data are available on CD-ROM from NGDC (www.ngdc.noaa.gov).</span></p>
<!--l. 96--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn38x10-bk" id="fn38x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">38</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">These data are available on CD-ROM from NGDC (www.ngdc.noaa.gov).</span></p>
<!--l. 124--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn39x10-bk" id="fn39x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">39</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Timothy.J.Henstock@soc.soton.ac.uk</span></p>
<!--l. 179--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn40x10-bk" id="fn40x10"><sup class="textsuperscript">40</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">lloyd@must-have-coffee.gen.nz</span></p>
<!--l. 33--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn41x12-bk" id="fn41x12"><sup class="textsuperscript">41</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">In contrast, regular </span><a 
href="http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu" ><span 
class="ptmb8t-x-x-80">GMT</span></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;</span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">PostScript</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;files simply have a %%BoundingBox that equal the size of the chosen paper.</span></p>
<!--l. 26--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn42x13-bk" id="fn42x13"><sup class="textsuperscript">42</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">http://www.bzip.org</span></p>
<!--l. 21--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn43x15-bk" id="fn43x15"><sup class="textsuperscript">43</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">If you chose SI units during the installation then the default encoding is ISOLatin1+, otherwise it is Standard+.</span></p>
<!--l. 16--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn44x17-bk" id="fn44x17"><sup class="textsuperscript">44</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Note, however, that the </span><span 
class="pcrb8t-x-x-80">-Q </span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">option in </span><a 
href="../html/man/grdimage.html" ><span 
class="phvb8t-x-x-80">grdimage</span></a><a 
 id="dx1-210002"></a> <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">will exercise a </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">PostScript</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;Level 3 feature called colormasking.</span></p>
<!--l. 70--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn45x19-bk" id="fn45x19"><sup class="textsuperscript">45</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">R. Bracewell, </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">The Fourier Transform and its Applications</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">, McGraw-Hill, London, 444p., 1965.</span></p>
<!--l. 42--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn46x20-bk" id="fn46x20"><sup class="textsuperscript">46</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">www.ngdc.noaa.gov</span></p>
<!--l. 151--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn47x20-bk" id="fn47x20"><sup class="textsuperscript">47</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Douglas, D.H., and T. K. Peucker, 1973, Algorithms for the reduction of the number of points required to represent a digitized</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">line or its caricature, </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">Canadian Cartographer</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">, 10, 112&#8211;122.</span></p>
<!--l. 159--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn48x20-bk" id="fn48x20"><sup class="textsuperscript">48</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">The  full  and  high  resolution  files  are  in  separate  archives  because  of  their  size.  Not  all  users  may  need  these  files  as  the</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">intermediate data set is better than the data provided with version 2.1.4.</span></p>
<!--l. 175--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn49x20-bk" id="fn49x20"><sup class="textsuperscript">49</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">If you need complete polygons in a simpler format, see the article on GSHHS</span><a 
 id="dx1-227019"></a> <span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">(Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, 1996, A Global,</span>
<span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database, </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">J. Geophys. Res. 101</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">, 8741&#8211;8743).</span></p>
<!--l. 34--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn50x21-bk" id="fn50x21"><sup class="textsuperscript">50</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Microsoft Services for </span><span 
class="ptmri8t-x-x-80">UNIX</span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">&#x00A0;is formerly known as Interix, in the distant past known as OpenNT.</span></p>
<!--l. 62--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn51x21-bk" id="fn51x21"><sup class="textsuperscript">51</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">cygwin.com</span></p>
<!--l. 97--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn52x21-bk" id="fn52x21"><sup class="textsuperscript">52</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">See www.microsoft.com/technet/interopmigration/unix/sfu for details.</span></p>
<!--l. 107--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn53x21-bk" id="fn53x21"><sup class="textsuperscript">53</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">See www.gnu.org for details.</span></p>
<!--l. 50--><p class="noindent" ><span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn54x24-bk" id="fn54x24"><sup class="textsuperscript">54</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">or whatever planet we are dealing with.</span></p>
<!--l. 317--><p class="indent" >        <span class="footnote-mark"><a 
href="#fn55x24-bk" id="fn55x24"><sup class="textsuperscript">55</sup></a></span><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">Travel times were calculated using Geoware&#8217;s travel time calculator, </span><span 
class="ptmbo8t-x-x-80">ttt</span><a 
 id="dx1-259002"></a><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">; see </span><a 
href="(http://www.geoware-online.com)" ><span 
class="ptmr8t-x-x-80">(http://www.geoware-online.com)</span></a></p>                     </div>
 
</body></html>
gmt-doc 4.5.11-1build1 / usr / share / doc / gmt / html / GMT_Docs.html
