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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ascii"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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  <title>Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj</title>
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      <span class="breadcrumbs">
        <a href="Crypto-module.html">Package&nbsp;Crypto</a> ::
        <a href="Crypto.PublicKey-module.html">Package&nbsp;PublicKey</a> ::
        <a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal-module.html">Module&nbsp;ElGamal</a> ::
        Class&nbsp;ElGamalobj
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<!-- ==================== CLASS DESCRIPTION ==================== -->
<h1 class="epydoc">Class ElGamalobj</h1><p class="nomargin-top"></p>
<pre class="base-tree">
pubkey.pubkey --+
                |
               <strong class="uidshort">ElGamalobj</strong>
</pre>

<hr />
Class defining an ElGamal key.

<!-- ==================== INSTANCE METHODS ==================== -->
<a name="section-InstanceMethods"></a>
<table class="summary" border="1" cellpadding="3"
       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr bgcolor="#70b0f0" class="table-header">
  <td align="left" colspan="2" class="table-header">
    <span class="table-header">Instance Methods</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td width="15%" align="right" valign="top" class="summary">
      <span class="summary-type">&nbsp;</span>
    </td><td class="summary">
      <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
        <tr>
          <td><span class="summary-sig"><a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#encrypt" class="summary-sig-name">encrypt</a>(<span class="summary-sig-arg">self</span>,
        <span class="summary-sig-arg">plaintext</span>,
        <span class="summary-sig-arg">K</span>)</span><br />
      Encrypt a piece of data with ElGamal.</td>
          <td align="right" valign="top">
            
            
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
      
    </td>
  </tr>
<tr>
    <td width="15%" align="right" valign="top" class="summary">
      <span class="summary-type">&nbsp;</span>
    </td><td class="summary">
      <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
        <tr>
          <td><span class="summary-sig"><a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#decrypt" class="summary-sig-name">decrypt</a>(<span class="summary-sig-arg">self</span>,
        <span class="summary-sig-arg">ciphertext</span>)</span><br />
      Decrypt a piece of data with ElGamal.</td>
          <td align="right" valign="top">
            
            
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
      
    </td>
  </tr>
<tr>
    <td width="15%" align="right" valign="top" class="summary">
      <span class="summary-type">&nbsp;</span>
    </td><td class="summary">
      <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
        <tr>
          <td><span class="summary-sig"><a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#sign" class="summary-sig-name">sign</a>(<span class="summary-sig-arg">self</span>,
        <span class="summary-sig-arg">M</span>,
        <span class="summary-sig-arg">K</span>)</span><br />
      Sign a piece of data with ElGamal.</td>
          <td align="right" valign="top">
            
            
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
      
    </td>
  </tr>
<tr>
    <td width="15%" align="right" valign="top" class="summary">
      <span class="summary-type">&nbsp;</span>
    </td><td class="summary">
      <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
        <tr>
          <td><span class="summary-sig"><a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#verify" class="summary-sig-name">verify</a>(<span class="summary-sig-arg">self</span>,
        <span class="summary-sig-arg">M</span>,
        <span class="summary-sig-arg">signature</span>)</span><br />
      Verify the validity of an ElGamal signature.</td>
          <td align="right" valign="top">
            
            
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
      
    </td>
  </tr>
<tr>
    <td width="15%" align="right" valign="top" class="summary">
      <span class="summary-type">&nbsp;</span>
    </td><td class="summary">
      <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
        <tr>
          <td><span class="summary-sig"><a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#size" class="summary-sig-name">size</a>(<span class="summary-sig-arg">self</span>)</span><br />
      Tell the maximum number of bits that can be handled by this key.</td>
          <td align="right" valign="top">
            
            
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
      
    </td>
  </tr>
<tr>
    <td width="15%" align="right" valign="top" class="summary">
      <span class="summary-type">&nbsp;</span>
    </td><td class="summary">
      <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
        <tr>
          <td><span class="summary-sig"><a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#has_private" class="summary-sig-name">has_private</a>(<span class="summary-sig-arg">self</span>)</span><br />
      Tell if the key object contains private components.</td>
          <td align="right" valign="top">
            
            
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
      
    </td>
  </tr>
<tr>
    <td width="15%" align="right" valign="top" class="summary">
      <span class="summary-type">&nbsp;</span>
    </td><td class="summary">
      <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
        <tr>
          <td><span class="summary-sig"><a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#publickey" class="summary-sig-name">publickey</a>(<span class="summary-sig-arg">self</span>)</span><br />
      Construct a new key carrying only the public information.</td>
          <td align="right" valign="top">
            
            
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
      
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2" class="summary">
    <p class="indent-wrapped-lines"><b>Inherited from <code>pubkey.pubkey</code></b>:
      <code>__init__</code>,
      <code>blind</code>,
      <code>can_blind</code>,
      <code>can_encrypt</code>,
      <code>can_sign</code>,
      <code>unblind</code>
      </p>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>
<!-- ==================== CLASS VARIABLES ==================== -->
<a name="section-ClassVariables"></a>
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       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr bgcolor="#70b0f0" class="table-header">
  <td align="left" colspan="2" class="table-header">
    <span class="table-header">Class Variables</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td width="15%" align="right" valign="top" class="summary">
      <span class="summary-type">&nbsp;</span>
    </td><td class="summary">
        <a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#keydata" class="summary-name">keydata</a> = <code title="['p', 'g', 'y', 'x']"><code class="variable-group">[</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-string">p</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-op">, </code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-string">g</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-op">, </code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-string">y</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-op">, </code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-string">x</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-group">]</code></code><br />
      Dictionary of ElGamal parameters.
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>
<!-- ==================== METHOD DETAILS ==================== -->
<a name="section-MethodDetails"></a>
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3"
       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr bgcolor="#70b0f0" class="table-header">
  <td align="left" colspan="2" class="table-header">
    <span class="table-header">Method Details</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<a name="encrypt"></a>
<div>
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3"
       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr><td>
  <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
  <tr valign="top"><td>
  <h3 class="epydoc"><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">encrypt</span>(<span class="sig-arg">self</span>,
        <span class="sig-arg">plaintext</span>,
        <span class="sig-arg">K</span>)</span>
  </h3>
  </td><td align="right" valign="top"
    >&nbsp;
    </td>
  </tr></table>
  
  Encrypt a piece of data with ElGamal.
  <dl class="fields">
    <dt>Parameters:</dt>
    <dd><ul class="nomargin-top">
        <li><strong class="pname"><code>plaintext</code></strong> (byte string or long) - The piece of data to encrypt with ElGamal.
It must be numerically smaller than the module (<em>p</em>).</li>
        <li><strong class="pname"><code>K</code></strong> (long (recommended) or byte string (not recommended)) - A secret number, chosen randomly in the closed
range <em>[1,p-2]</em>.</li>
    </ul></dd>
    <dt>Returns:</dt>
        <dd>A tuple with two items. Each item is of the same type as the
plaintext (string or long).</dd>
    <dt>Overrides:
        pubkey.pubkey.encrypt
    </dt>
  </dl>
<div class="fields">      <strong>Attention:</strong>
      <ul class="nomargin-top">
        <li>
        selection of <em>K</em> is crucial for security. Generating a
random number larger than <em>p-1</em> and taking the modulus by <em>p-1</em> is
<strong>not</strong> secure, since smaller values will occur more frequently.
Generating a random number systematically smaller than <em>p-1</em>
(e.g. <em>floor((p-1)/8)</em> random bytes) is also <strong>not</strong> secure.
In general, it shall not be possible for an attacker to know
the value of any bit of K.
        </li>
        <li>
        The number <em>K</em> shall not be reused for any other
operation and shall be discarded immediately.
        </li>
      </ul>
</div></td></tr></table>
</div>
<a name="decrypt"></a>
<div>
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3"
       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr><td>
  <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
  <tr valign="top"><td>
  <h3 class="epydoc"><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">decrypt</span>(<span class="sig-arg">self</span>,
        <span class="sig-arg">ciphertext</span>)</span>
  </h3>
  </td><td align="right" valign="top"
    >&nbsp;
    </td>
  </tr></table>
  
  Decrypt a piece of data with ElGamal.
  <dl class="fields">
    <dt>Parameters:</dt>
    <dd><ul class="nomargin-top">
        <li><strong class="pname"><code>ciphertext</code></strong> (byte string, long or a 2-item tuple as returned
by <a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#encrypt" class="link">encrypt</a>) - The piece of data to decrypt with ElGamal.</li>
    </ul></dd>
    <dt>Returns:</dt>
        <dd>A byte string if ciphertext was a byte string or a tuple
of byte strings. A long otherwise.</dd>
    <dt>Overrides:
        pubkey.pubkey.decrypt
    </dt>
  </dl>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<a name="sign"></a>
<div>
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3"
       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr><td>
  <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
  <tr valign="top"><td>
  <h3 class="epydoc"><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">sign</span>(<span class="sig-arg">self</span>,
        <span class="sig-arg">M</span>,
        <span class="sig-arg">K</span>)</span>
  </h3>
  </td><td align="right" valign="top"
    >&nbsp;
    </td>
  </tr></table>
  
  Sign a piece of data with ElGamal.
  <dl class="fields">
    <dt>Parameters:</dt>
    <dd><ul class="nomargin-top">
        <li><strong class="pname"><code>M</code></strong> (byte string or long) - The piece of data to sign with ElGamal. It may
not be longer in bit size than <em>p-1</em>.</li>
        <li><strong class="pname"><code>K</code></strong> (long (recommended) or byte string (not recommended)) - A secret number, chosen randomly in the closed
range <em>[1,p-2]</em> and such that <em>gcd(k,p-1)=1</em>.</li>
    </ul></dd>
    <dt>Returns:</dt>
        <dd>A tuple with 2 longs.</dd>
    <dt>Overrides:
        pubkey.pubkey.sign
    </dt>
  </dl>
<div class="fields">      <strong>Attention:</strong>
      <ul class="nomargin-top">
        <li>
        selection of <em>K</em> is crucial for security. Generating a
random number larger than <em>p-1</em> and taking the modulus by <em>p-1</em> is
<strong>not</strong> secure, since smaller values will occur more frequently.
Generating a random number systematically smaller than <em>p-1</em>
(e.g. <em>floor((p-1)/8)</em> random bytes) is also <strong>not</strong> secure.
In general, it shall not be possible for an attacker to know
the value of any bit of K.
        </li>
        <li>
        The number <em>K</em> shall not be reused for any other
operation and shall be discarded immediately.
        </li>
        <li>
        M must be be a cryptographic hash, otherwise an
attacker may mount an existential forgery attack.
        </li>
      </ul>
</div></td></tr></table>
</div>
<a name="verify"></a>
<div>
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3"
       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr><td>
  <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
  <tr valign="top"><td>
  <h3 class="epydoc"><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">verify</span>(<span class="sig-arg">self</span>,
        <span class="sig-arg">M</span>,
        <span class="sig-arg">signature</span>)</span>
  </h3>
  </td><td align="right" valign="top"
    >&nbsp;
    </td>
  </tr></table>
  
  Verify the validity of an ElGamal signature.
  <dl class="fields">
    <dt>Parameters:</dt>
    <dd><ul class="nomargin-top">
        <li><strong class="pname"><code>M</code></strong> (byte string or long) - The expected message.</li>
        <li><strong class="pname"><code>signature</code></strong> (A tuple with 2 longs as return by <a href="Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal.ElGamalobj-class.html#sign" class="link">sign</a>) - The ElGamal signature to verify.</li>
    </ul></dd>
    <dt>Returns:</dt>
        <dd>True if the signature is correct, False otherwise.</dd>
    <dt>Overrides:
        pubkey.pubkey.verify
    </dt>
  </dl>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<a name="size"></a>
<div>
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3"
       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr><td>
  <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
  <tr valign="top"><td>
  <h3 class="epydoc"><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">size</span>(<span class="sig-arg">self</span>)</span>
  </h3>
  </td><td align="right" valign="top"
    >&nbsp;
    </td>
  </tr></table>
  
  Tell the maximum number of bits that can be handled by this key.
  <dl class="fields">
    <dt>Returns:</dt>
        <dd>int</dd>
    <dt>Overrides:
        pubkey.pubkey.size
        <dd><em class="note">(inherited documentation)</em></dd>
    </dt>
  </dl>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<a name="has_private"></a>
<div>
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3"
       cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr><td>
  <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0">
  <tr valign="top"><td>
  <h3 class="epydoc"><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">has_private</span>(<span class="sig-arg">self</span>)</span>
  </h3>
  </td><td align="right" valign="top"
    >&nbsp;
    </td>
  </tr></table>
  
  Tell if the key object contains private components.
  <dl class="fields">
    <dt>Returns:</dt>
        <dd>bool</dd>
    <dt>Overrides:
        pubkey.pubkey.has_private
        <dd><em class="note">(inherited documentation)</em></dd>
    </dt>
  </dl>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<a name="publickey"></a>
<div>
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  <h3 class="epydoc"><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">publickey</span>(<span class="sig-arg">self</span>)</span>
  </h3>
  </td><td align="right" valign="top"
    >&nbsp;
    </td>
  </tr></table>
  
  Construct a new key carrying only the public information.
  <dl class="fields">
    <dt>Returns:</dt>
        <dd>A new pubkey object.</dd>
    <dt>Overrides:
        pubkey.pubkey.publickey
        <dd><em class="note">(inherited documentation)</em></dd>
    </dt>
  </dl>
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<a name="keydata"></a>
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  <h3 class="epydoc">keydata</h3>
  <p>Dictionary of ElGamal parameters.</p>
<p>A public key will only have the following entries:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="rst-simple">
<li><strong>y</strong>, the public key.</li>
<li><strong>g</strong>, the generator.</li>
<li><strong>p</strong>, the modulus.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>A private key will also have:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="rst-simple">
<li><strong>x</strong>, the private key.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
  <dl class="fields">
  </dl>
  <dl class="fields">
    <dt>Value:</dt>
      <dd><table><tr><td><pre class="variable">
<code class="variable-group">[</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-string">p</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-op">, </code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-string">g</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-op">, </code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-string">y</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-op">, </code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-string">x</code><code class="variable-quote">'</code><code class="variable-group">]</code>
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