/usr/share/tomcat7-docs/docs/realm-howto.html is in tomcat7-docs 7.0.52-1ubuntu0.16.
This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.
The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 | <html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Apache Tomcat 7 (7.0.52) - Realm Configuration HOW-TO</title><meta name="author" content="Craig R. McClanahan"><meta name="author" content="Yoav Shapira"><meta name="author" content="Andrew R. Jaquith"><style type="text/css" media="print">
.noPrint {display: none;}
td#mainBody {width: 100%;}
</style><style type="text/css">
code {background-color:rgb(224,255,255);padding:0 0.1em;}
code.attributeName, code.propertyName {background-color:transparent;}
</style><style type="text/css">
.wrapped-source code { display: block; background-color: transparent; }
.wrapped-source div { margin: 0 0 0 1.25em; }
.wrapped-source p { margin: 0 0 0 1.25em; text-indent: -1.25em; }
</style><style type="text/css">
p.notice {
border: 1px solid rgb(255, 0, 0);
background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);
color: rgb(0, 51, 102);
padding: 0.5em;
margin: 1em 2em 1em 1em;
}
</style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#525D76" alink="#525D76" vlink="#525D76"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img src="./images/tomcat.gif" align="right" alt="
The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
" border="0"></a></td><td><h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Apache Tomcat 7</font></h1><font face="arial,helvetica,sanserif">Version 7.0.52, Oct 10 2018</font></td><td><!--APACHE LOGO--><a href="http://www.apache.org/"><img src="./images/asf-logo.gif" align="right" alt="Apache Logo" border="0"></a></td></tr></table><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="4"><!--HEADER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade size="1"></td></tr><tr><!--LEFT SIDE NAVIGATION--><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"><p><strong>Links</strong></p><ul><li><a href="index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul><p><strong>User Guide</strong></p><ul><li><a href="introduction.html">1) Introduction</a></li><li><a href="setup.html">2) Setup</a></li><li><a href="appdev/index.html">3) First webapp</a></li><li><a href="deployer-howto.html">4) Deployer</a></li><li><a href="manager-howto.html">5) Manager</a></li><li><a href="realm-howto.html">6) Realms and AAA</a></li><li><a href="security-manager-howto.html">7) Security Manager</a></li><li><a href="jndi-resources-howto.html">8) JNDI Resources</a></li><li><a href="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">9) JDBC DataSources</a></li><li><a href="class-loader-howto.html">10) Classloading</a></li><li><a href="jasper-howto.html">11) JSPs</a></li><li><a href="ssl-howto.html">12) SSL</a></li><li><a href="ssi-howto.html">13) SSI</a></li><li><a href="cgi-howto.html">14) CGI</a></li><li><a href="proxy-howto.html">15) Proxy Support</a></li><li><a href="mbeans-descriptor-howto.html">16) MBean Descriptor</a></li><li><a href="default-servlet.html">17) Default Servlet</a></li><li><a href="cluster-howto.html">18) Clustering</a></li><li><a href="balancer-howto.html">19) Load Balancer</a></li><li><a href="connectors.html">20) Connectors</a></li><li><a href="monitoring.html">21) Monitoring and Management</a></li><li><a href="logging.html">22) Logging</a></li><li><a href="apr.html">23) APR/Native</a></li><li><a href="virtual-hosting-howto.html">24) Virtual Hosting</a></li><li><a href="aio.html">25) Advanced IO</a></li><li><a href="extras.html">26) Additional Components</a></li><li><a href="maven-jars.html">27) Mavenized</a></li><li><a href="security-howto.html">28) Security Considerations</a></li><li><a href="windows-service-howto.html">29) Windows Service</a></li><li><a href="windows-auth-howto.html">30) Windows Authentication</a></li><li><a href="jdbc-pool.html">31) Tomcat's JDBC Pool</a></li><li><a href="web-socket-howto.html">32) WebSocket</a></li></ul><p><strong>Reference</strong></p><ul><li><a href="RELEASE-NOTES.txt">Release Notes</a></li><li><a href="config/index.html">Configuration</a></li><li><a href="api/index.html">Tomcat Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="servletapi/index.html">Servlet Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="jspapi/index.html">JSP 2.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="elapi/index.html">EL 2.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="websocketapi/index.html">WebSocket 1.0 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/">JK 1.2 Documentation</a></li></ul><p><strong>Apache Tomcat Development</strong></p><ul><li><a href="building.html">Building</a></li><li><a href="changelog.html">Changelog</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/TomcatVersions">Status</a></li><li><a href="developers.html">Developers</a></li><li><a href="architecture/index.html">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="funcspecs/index.html">Functional Specs.</a></li><li><a href="tribes/introduction.html">Tribes</a></li></ul></td><!--RIGHT SIDE MAIN BODY--><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left" id="mainBody"><h1>Realm Configuration HOW-TO</h1><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Table of Contents"><!--()--></a><a name="Table_of_Contents"><strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<ul><li><a href="#Quick_Start">Quick Start</a></li><li><a href="#Overview">Overview</a><ol><li><a href="#What_is_a_Realm?">What is a Realm?</a></li><li><a href="#Configuring_a_Realm">Configuring a Realm</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Common_Features">Common Features</a><ol><li><a href="#Digested_Passwords">Digested Passwords</a></li><li><a href="#Example_Application">Example Application</a></li><li><a href="#Manager_Application">Manager Application</a></li><li><a href="#Realm_Logging">Realm Logging</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Standard_Realm_Implementations">Standard Realm Implementations</a><ol><li><a href="#JDBCRealm">JDBCRealm</a></li><li><a href="#DataSourceRealm">DataSourceRealm</a></li><li><a href="#JNDIRealm">JNDIRealm</a></li><li><a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a></li><li><a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a></li><li><a href="#JAASRealm">JAASRealm</a></li><li><a href="#CombinedRealm">CombinedRealm</a></li><li><a href="#LockOutRealm">LockOutRealm</a></li></ol></li></ul>
</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Quick Start"><!--()--></a><a name="Quick_Start"><strong>Quick Start</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<p>This document describes how to configure Tomcat to support <em>container
managed security</em>, by connecting to an existing "database" of usernames,
passwords, and user roles. You only need to care about this if you are using
a web application that includes one or more
<code><security-constraint></code> elements, and a
<code><login-config></code> element defining how users are required
to authenticate themselves. If you are not utilizing these features, you can
safely skip this document.</p>
<p>For fundamental background information about container managed security,
see the <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Specifications">Servlet
Specification (Version 2.4)</a>, Section 12.</p>
<p>For information about utilizing the <em>Single Sign On</em> feature of
Tomcat (allowing a user to authenticate themselves once across the entire
set of web applications associated with a virtual host), see
<a href="config/host.html#Single Sign On">here</a>.</p>
</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Overview"><strong>Overview</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="What is a Realm?"><!--()--></a><a name="What_is_a_Realm?"><strong>What is a Realm?</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<p>A <strong>Realm</strong> is a "database" of usernames and passwords that
identify valid users of a web application (or set of web applications), plus
an enumeration of the list of <em>roles</em> associated with each valid user.
You can think of roles as similar to <em>groups</em> in Unix-like operating
systems, because access to specific web application resources is granted to
all users possessing a particular role (rather than enumerating the list of
associated usernames). A particular user can have any number of roles
associated with their username.</p>
<p>Although the Servlet Specification describes a portable mechanism for
applications to <em>declare</em> their security requirements (in the
<code>web.xml</code> deployment descriptor), there is no portable API
defining the interface between a servlet container and the associated user
and role information. In many cases, however, it is desirable to "connect"
a servlet container to some existing authentication database or mechanism
that already exists in the production environment. Therefore, Tomcat
defines a Java interface (<code>org.apache.catalina.Realm</code>) that
can be implemented by "plug in" components to establish this connection.
Six standard plug-ins are provided, supporting connections to various
sources of authentication information:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#JDBCRealm">JDBCRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
stored in a relational database, accessed via a JDBC driver.</li>
<li><a href="#DataSourceRealm">DataSourceRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
information stored in a relational database, accessed via a named JNDI
JDBC DataSource.</li>
<li><a href="#JNDIRealm">JNDIRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
stored in an LDAP based directory server, accessed via a JNDI provider.
</li>
<li><a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
information stored in an UserDatabase JNDI resource, which is typically
backed by an XML document (<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>).</li>
<li><a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
information stored in an in-memory object collection, which is initialized
from an XML document (<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>).</li>
<li><a href="#JAASRealm">JAASRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
through the Java Authentication & Authorization Service (JAAS)
framework.</li>
</ul>
<p>It is also possible to write your own <code>Realm</code> implementation,
and integrate it with Tomcat. To do so, you need to:
<ul>
<li>Implement <code>org.apache.catalina.Realm</code>,</li>
<li>Place your compiled realm in $CATALINA_HOME/lib,</li>
<li>Declare your realm as described in the "Configuring a Realm" section below,</li>
<li>Declare your realm to the <a href="mbeans-descriptor-howto.html">MBeans Descriptor</a>.</li>
</ul>
</p>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Configuring a Realm"><!--()--></a><a name="Configuring_a_Realm"><strong>Configuring a Realm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<p>Before getting into the details of the standard Realm implementations, it is
important to understand, in general terms, how a Realm is configured. In
general, you will be adding an XML element to your <code>conf/server.xml</code>
configuration file, that looks something like this:</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="... class name for this implementation"
... other attributes for this implementation .../>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>The <code><Realm></code> element can be nested inside any one of
of the following <code>Container</code> elements. The location of the
Realm element has a direct impact on the "scope" of that Realm
(i.e. which web applications will share the same authentication information):
</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Inside an <Engine> element</em> - This Realm will be shared
across ALL web applications on ALL virtual hosts, UNLESS it is overridden
by a Realm element nested inside a subordinate <code><Host></code>
or <code><Context></code> element.</li>
<li><em>Inside a <Host> element</em> - This Realm will be shared across
ALL web applications for THIS virtual host, UNLESS it is overridden
by a Realm element nested inside a subordinate <code><Context></code>
element.</li>
<li><em>Inside a <Context> element</em> - This Realm will be used ONLY
for THIS web application.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Common Features"><!--()--></a><a name="Common_Features"><strong>Common Features</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Digested Passwords"><!--()--></a><a name="Digested_Passwords"><strong>Digested Passwords</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<p>For each of the standard <code>Realm</code> implementations, the
user's password (by default) is stored in clear text. In many
environments, this is undesirable because casual observers of the
authentication data can collect enough information to log on
successfully, and impersonate other users. To avoid this problem, the
standard implementations support the concept of <em>digesting</em>
user passwords. This allows the stored version of the passwords to be
encoded (in a form that is not easily reversible), but that the
<code>Realm</code> implementation can still utilize for
authentication.</p>
<p>When a standard realm authenticates by retrieving the stored
password and comparing it with the value presented by the user, you
can select digested passwords by specifying the <code>digest</code>
attribute on your <code><Realm></code> element. The value for
this attribute must be one of the digest algorithms supported by the
<code>java.security.MessageDigest</code> class (SHA, MD2, or MD5).
When you select this option, the contents of the password that is
stored in the <code>Realm</code> must be the cleartext version of the
password, as digested by the specified algorithm.</p>
<p>When the <code>authenticate()</code> method of the Realm is called, the
(cleartext) password specified by the user is itself digested by the same
algorithm, and the result is compared with the value returned by the
<code>Realm</code>. An equal match implies that the cleartext version of the
original password is the same as the one presented by the user, so that this
user should be authorized.</p>
<p>To calculate the digested value of a cleartext password, two convenience
techniques are supported:</p>
<ul>
<li>If you are writing an application that needs to calculate digested
passwords dynamically, call the static <code>Digest()</code> method of the
<code>org.apache.catalina.realm.RealmBase</code> class, passing the
cleartext password and the digest algorithm name as arguments. This
method will return the digested password.</li>
<li>If you want to execute a command line utility to calculate the digested
password, simply execute
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>CATALINA_HOME/bin/digest.[bat|sh] -a {algorithm} {cleartext-password}
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
and the digested version of this cleartext password will be returned to
standard output.</li>
</ul>
<p>If using digested passwords with DIGEST authentication, the cleartext used
to generate the digest is different and the digest must use the MD5
algorithm. In the examples above <code>{cleartext-password}</code> must be
replaced with <code>{username}:{realm}:{cleartext-password}</code>. For
example, in a development environment this might take the form
<code>testUser:Authentication required:testPassword</code>. The value for
<code>{realm}</code> is taken from the <code><realm-name></code>
element of the web application's <code><login-config></code>. If
not specified in web.xml, the default value of <code>Authentication
required</code> is used.</p>
<p>Non-ASCII usernames and/or passwords are supported using
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>CATALINA_HOME/bin/digest.[bat|sh] -a {algorithm} -e {encoding} {input}
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
but care is required to ensure that the non-ASCII input is
correctly passed to the digester.
The digester returns <code>{input}:{digest}</code>. If the input appears
corrupted in the return, the digest will be invalid.</p>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Example Application"><!--()--></a><a name="Example_Application"><strong>Example Application</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<p>The example application shipped with Tomcat includes an area that is
protected by a security constraint, utilizing form-based login. To access it,
point your browser at
<a href="http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/security/protected/">http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/security/protected/</a>
and log on with one of the usernames and passwords described for the default
<a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a>.</p>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Manager Application"><!--()--></a><a name="Manager_Application"><strong>Manager Application</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<p>If you wish to use the <a href="manager-howto.html">Manager Application</a>
to deploy and undeploy applications in a running Tomcat installation, you
MUST add the "manager-gui" role to at least one username in your selected
Realm implementation. This is because the manager web application itself uses a
security constraint that requires role "manager-gui" to access ANY request URI
within the HTML interface of that application.</p>
<p>For security reasons, no username in the default Realm (i.e. using
<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> is assigned the "manager-gui" role.
Therefore, no one will be able to utilize the features of this application
until the Tomcat administrator specifically assigns this role to one or more
users.</p>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Realm Logging"><!--()--></a><a name="Realm_Logging"><strong>Realm Logging</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<p>Debugging and exception messages logged by a <code>Realm</code> will
be recorded by the logging configuration associated with the container
for the realm: its surrounding <a href="config/context.html">Context</a>,
<a href="config/host.html">Host</a>, or
<a href="config/engine.html">Engine</a>.</p>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
</blockquote></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="Standard Realm Implementations"><!--()--></a><a name="Standard_Realm_Implementations"><strong>Standard Realm Implementations</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="JDBCRealm"><strong>JDBCRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p><strong>JDBCRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in a relational database
accessed via a JDBC driver. There is substantial configuration flexibility
that lets you adapt to existing table and column names, as long as your
database structure conforms to the following requirements:</p>
<ul>
<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>users</em> table,
that contains one row for every valid user that this <code>Realm</code>
should recognize.</li>
<li>The <em>users</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
contain more if your existing applications required it):
<ul>
<li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.</li>
<li>Password to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.
This value may in cleartext or digested - see below for more
information.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>user roles</em> table,
that contains one row for every valid role that is assigned to a
particular user. It is legal for a user to have zero, one, or more than
one valid role.</li>
<li>The <em>user roles</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
contain more if your existing applications required it):
<ul>
<li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat (same value as is specified
in the <em>users</em> table).</li>
<li>Role name of a valid role associated with this user.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3>Quick Start</h3>
<p>To set up Tomcat to use JDBCRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>If you have not yet done so, create tables and columns in your database
that conform to the requirements described above.</li>
<li>Configure a database username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
at least read only access to the tables described above. (Tomcat will
never attempt to write to these tables.)</li>
<li>Place a copy of the JDBC driver you will be using inside the
<code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code> directory.
Note that <strong>only</strong> JAR files are recognized!</li>
<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
<li>Restart Tomcat if it is already running.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
<p>To configure JDBCRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
JDBCRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a> configuration
documentation.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>An example SQL script to create the needed tables might look something
like this (adapt the syntax as required for your particular database):</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
create table users (
user_name varchar(15) not null primary key,
user_pass varchar(15) not null
);
create table user_roles (
user_name varchar(15) not null,
role_name varchar(15) not null,
primary key (user_name, role_name)
);
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Example <code>Realm</code> elements are included (commented out) in the
default <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file. Here's an example
for using a MySQL database called "authority", configured with the tables
described above, and accessed with username "dbuser" and password "dbpass":</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JDBCRealm"
driverName="org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver"
connectionURL="jdbc:mysql://localhost/authority?user=dbuser&amp;password=dbpass"
userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
<p>JDBCRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
<ul>
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
<code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the database
directly (new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
reflected.</li>
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the database
information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
<li>Administering the information in the <em>users</em> and <em>user roles</em>
table is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="DataSourceRealm"><strong>DataSourceRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p><strong>DataSourceRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in a relational database
accessed via a JNDI named JDBC DataSource. There is substantial configuration
flexibility that lets you adapt to existing table and column names, as long
as your database structure conforms to the following requirements:</p>
<ul>
<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>users</em> table,
that contains one row for every valid user that this <code>Realm</code>
should recognize.</li>
<li>The <em>users</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
contain more if your existing applications required it):
<ul>
<li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.</li>
<li>Password to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.
This value may in cleartext or digested - see below for more
information.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>user roles</em> table,
that contains one row for every valid role that is assigned to a
particular user. It is legal for a user to have zero, one, or more than
one valid role.</li>
<li>The <em>user roles</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
contain more if your existing applications required it):
<ul>
<li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat (same value as is specified
in the <em>users</em> table).</li>
<li>Role name of a valid role associated with this user.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3>Quick Start</h3>
<p>To set up Tomcat to use DataSourceRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>If you have not yet done so, create tables and columns in your database
that conform to the requirements described above.</li>
<li>Configure a database username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
at least read only access to the tables described above. (Tomcat will
never attempt to write to these tables.)</li>
<li>Configure a JNDI named JDBC DataSource for your database. Refer to the
<a href="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">JNDI DataSource Example HOW-TO</a>
for information on how to configure a JNDI named JDBC DataSource.</li>
<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
<li>Restart Tomcat if it is already running.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
<p>To configure DataSourceRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
DataSourceRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
configuration documentation.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>An example SQL script to create the needed tables might look something
like this (adapt the syntax as required for your particular database):</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
create table users (
user_name varchar(15) not null primary key,
user_pass varchar(15) not null
);
create table user_roles (
user_name varchar(15) not null,
role_name varchar(15) not null,
primary key (user_name, role_name)
);
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Here is an example for using a MySQL database called "authority", configured
with the tables described above, and accessed with the JNDI JDBC DataSource with
name "java:/comp/env/jdbc/authority".</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.DataSourceRealm"
dataSourceName="jdbc/authority"
userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
<p>DataSourceRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
<ul>
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
<code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the database
directly (new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
reflected.</li>
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the database
information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
<li>Administering the information in the <em>users</em> and <em>user roles</em>
table is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="JNDIRealm"><strong>JNDIRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p><strong>JNDIRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in an LDAP directory
server accessed by a JNDI provider (typically, the standard LDAP
provider that is available with the JNDI API classes). The realm
supports a variety of approaches to using a directory for
authentication.</p>
<h4>Connecting to the directory</h4>
<p>The realm's connection to the directory is defined by the
<strong>connectionURL</strong> configuration attribute. This is a URL
whose format is defined by the JNDI provider. It is usually an LDAP
URL that specifies the domain name of the directory server to connect
to, and optionally the port number and distinguished name (DN) of the
required root naming context.</p>
<p>If you have more than one provider you can configure an
<strong>alternateURL</strong>. If a socket connection can not be
made to the provider at the <strong>connectionURL</strong> an
attempt will be made to use the <strong>alternateURL</strong>.</p>
<p>When making a connection in order to search the directory and
retrieve user and role information, the realm authenticates itself to
the directory with the username and password specified by the
<strong>connectionName</strong> and
<strong>connectionPassword</strong> properties. If these properties
are not specified the connection is anonymous. This is sufficient in
many cases.
</p>
<h4>Selecting the user's directory entry</h4>
<p>Each user that can be authenticated must be represented in the
directory by an individual entry that corresponds to an element in the
initial <code>DirContext</code> defined by the
<strong>connectionURL</strong> attribute. This user entry must have an
attribute containing the username that is presented for
authentication.</p>
<p>Often the distinguished name of the user's entry contains the
username presented for authentication but is otherwise the same for
all users. In this case the <strong>userPattern</strong> attribute may
be used to specify the DN, with "{0}" marking where
the username should be substituted.</p>
<p>Otherwise the realm must search the directory to find a unique entry
containing the username. The following attributes configure this
search:
<ul>
<li><strong>userBase</strong> - the entry that is the base of
the subtree containing users. If not specified, the search
base is the top-level context.</li>
<li><strong>userSubtree</strong> - the search scope. Set to
<code>true</code> if you wish to search the entire subtree
rooted at the <strong>userBase</strong> entry. The default value
of <code>false</code> requests a single-level search
including only the top level.</li>
<li><strong>userSearch</strong> - pattern specifying the LDAP
search filter to use after substitution of the username.</li>
</ul>
</p>
<h4>Authenticating the user</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p><b>Bind mode</b></p>
<p>By default the realm authenticates a user by binding to
the directory with the DN of the entry for that user and the password
presented by the user. If this simple bind succeeds the user is considered to
be authenticated.</p>
<p>For security reasons a directory may store a digest of the user's
password rather than the clear text version (see <a href="#Digested Passwords">Digested Passwords</a> for more information). In that case,
as part of the simple bind operation the directory automatically
computes the correct digest of the plaintext password presented by the
user before validating it against the stored value. In bind mode,
therefore, the realm is not involved in digest processing. The
<strong>digest</strong> attribute is not used, and will be ignored if
set.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><b>Comparison mode</b></p>
<p>Alternatively, the realm may retrieve the stored
password from the directory and compare it explicitly with the value
presented by the user. This mode is configured by setting the
<strong>userPassword</strong> attribute to the name of a directory
attribute in the user's entry that contains the password.</p>
<p>Comparison mode has some disadvantages. First, the
<strong>connectionName</strong> and
<strong>connectionPassword</strong> attributes must be configured to
allow the realm to read users' passwords in the directory. For
security reasons this is generally undesirable; indeed many directory
implementations will not allow even the directory manager to read
these passwords. In addition, the realm must handle password digests
itself, including variations in the algorithms used and ways of
representing password hashes in the directory. However, the realm may
sometimes need access to the stored password, for example to support
HTTP Digest Access Authentication (RFC 2069). (Note that HTTP digest
authentication is different from the storage of password digests in
the repository for user information as discussed above).
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Assigning roles to the user</h4>
<p>The directory realm supports two approaches to the representation
of roles in the directory:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><b>Roles as explicit directory entries</b></p>
<p>Roles may be represented by explicit directory entries. A role
entry is usually an LDAP group entry with one attribute
containing the name of the role and another whose values are the
distinguished names or usernames of the users in that role. The
following attributes configure a directory search to
find the names of roles associated with the authenticated user:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>roleBase</strong> - the base entry for the role search.
If not specified, the search base is the top-level directory
context.</li>
<li><strong>roleSubtree</strong> - the search
scope. Set to <code>true</code> if you wish to search the entire
subtree rooted at the <code>roleBase</code> entry. The default
value of <code>false</code> requests a single-level search
including the top level only.</li>
<li><strong>roleSearch</strong> - the LDAP search filter for
selecting role entries. It optionally includes pattern
replacements "{0}" for the distinguished name and/or "{1}" for the
username and/or "{2}" for an attribute from user's directory entry,
of the authenticated user. Use <strong>userRoleAttribute</strong> to
specify the name of the attribute that provides the value for "{2}".</li>
<li><strong>roleName</strong> - the attribute in a role entry
containing the name of that role.</li>
<li><strong>roleNested</strong> - enable nested roles. Set to
<code>true</code> if you want to nest roles in roles. If configured, then
every newly found roleName and distinguished
Name will be recursively tried for a new role search.
The default value is <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p><b>Roles as an attribute of the user entry</b></p>
<p>Role names may also be held as the values of an attribute in the
user's directory entry. Use <strong>userRoleName</strong> to specify
the name of this attribute.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>A combination of both approaches to role representation may be used.</p>
<h3>Quick Start</h3>
<p>To set up Tomcat to use JNDIRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>Make sure your directory server is configured with a schema that matches
the requirements listed above.</li>
<li>If required, configure a username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
read only access to the information described above. (Tomcat will
never attempt to modify this information.)</li>
<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
<li>Restart Tomcat if it is already running.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
<p>To configure JNDIRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
JNDIRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a> configuration
documentation.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Creation of the appropriate schema in your directory server is beyond the
scope of this document, because it is unique to each directory server
implementation. In the examples below, we will assume that you are using a
distribution of the OpenLDAP directory server (version 2.0.11 or later), which
can be downloaded from
<a href="http://www.openldap.org">http://www.openldap.org</a>. Assume that
your <code>slapd.conf</code> file contains the following settings
(among others):</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
database ldbm
suffix dc="mycompany",dc="com"
rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
rootpw secret
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>We will assume for <code>connectionURL</code> that the directory
server runs on the same machine as Tomcat. See <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/jndi/docs.html">http://java.sun.com/products/jndi/docs.html</a>
for more information about configuring and using the JNDI LDAP
provider.</p>
<p>Next, assume that this directory server has been populated with elements
as shown below (in LDIF format):</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
# Define top-level entry
dn: dc=mycompany,dc=com
objectClass: dcObject
dc:mycompany
# Define an entry to contain people
# searches for users are based on this entry
dn: ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: people
# Define a user entry for Janet Jones
dn: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
uid: jjones
sn: jones
cn: janet jones
mail: j.jones@mycompany.com
userPassword: janet
# Define a user entry for Fred Bloggs
dn: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
uid: fbloggs
sn: bloggs
cn: fred bloggs
mail: f.bloggs@mycompany.com
userPassword: fred
# Define an entry to contain LDAP groups
# searches for roles are based on this entry
dn: ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: groups
# Define an entry for the "tomcat" role
dn: cn=tomcat,ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
objectClass: groupOfUniqueNames
cn: tomcat
uniqueMember: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
uniqueMember: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
# Define an entry for the "role1" role
dn: cn=role1,ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
objectClass: groupOfUniqueNames
cn: role1
uniqueMember: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>An example <code>Realm</code> element for the OpenLDAP directory
server configured as described above might look like this, assuming
that users use their uid (e.g. jjones) to login to the
application and that an anonymous connection is sufficient to search
the directory and retrieve role information:</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
userPattern="uid={0},ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
roleName="cn"
roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
/>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>With this configuration, the realm will determine the user's
distinguished name by substituting the username into the
<code>userPattern</code>, authenticate by binding to the directory
with this DN and the password received from the user, and search the
directory to find the user's roles.</p>
<p>Now suppose that users are expected to enter their email address
rather than their userid when logging in. In this case the realm must
search the directory for the user's entry. (A search is also necessary
when user entries are held in multiple subtrees corresponding perhaps
to different organizational units or company locations).</p>
<p>Further, suppose that in addition to the group entries you want to
use an attribute of the user's entry to hold roles. Now the entry for
Janet Jones might read as follows:</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
dn: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
uid: jjones
sn: jones
cn: janet jones
mail: j.jones@mycompany.com
memberOf: role2
memberOf: role3
userPassword: janet
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p> This realm configuration would satisfy the new requirements:</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
userBase="ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
userSearch="(mail={0})"
userRoleName="memberOf"
roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
roleName="cn"
roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
/>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Now when Janet Jones logs in as "j.jones@mycompany.com", the realm
searches the directory for a unique entry with that value as its mail
attribute and attempts to bind to the directory as
<code>uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com</code> with the given
password. If authentication succeeds, she is assigned three roles:
"role2" and "role3", the values of the "memberOf" attribute in her
directory entry, and "tomcat", the value of the "cn" attribute in the
only group entry of which she is a member.</p>
<p>Finally, to authenticate the user by retrieving
the password from the directory and making a local comparison in the
realm, you might use a realm configuration like this:</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
connectionName="cn=Manager,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
connectionPassword="secret"
connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
userPassword="userPassword"
userPattern="uid={0},ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
roleName="cn"
roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
/>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>However, as discussed above, the default bind mode for
authentication is usually to be preferred.</p>
<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
<p>JNDIRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
<ul>
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
<code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the directory
(new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
reflected.</li>
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the directory
information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
<li>Administering the information in the directory server
is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="UserDatabaseRealm"><strong>UserDatabaseRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p><strong>UserDatabaseRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
<code>Realm</code> interface that uses a JNDI resource to store user
information. By default, the JNDI resource is backed by an XML file. It is not
designed for large-scale production use. At startup time, the UserDatabaseRealm
loads information about all users, and their corresponding roles, from an XML
document (by default, this document is loaded from
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>). The users, their passwords
and their roles may all be editing dynamically, typically via JMX. Changes may
be saved and will be reflected in the XML file.</p>
<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
<p>To configure UserDatabaseRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
UserDatabaseRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
configuration documentation.</p>
<h3>User File Format</h3>
<p>The users file uses the same format as the
<a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a>.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The default installation of Tomcat is configured with a UserDatabaseRealm
nested inside the <code><Engine></code> element, so that it applies
to all virtual hosts and web applications. The default contents of the
<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> file is:</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<tomcat-users>
<user name="tomcat" password="tomcat" roles="tomcat" />
<user name="role1" password="tomcat" roles="role1" />
<user name="both" password="tomcat" roles="tomcat,role1" />
</tomcat-users>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
<p>UserDatabaseRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
<ul>
<li>When Tomcat first starts up, it loads all defined users and their
associated information from the users file. Changes made to the data in
this file will <strong>not</strong> be recognized until Tomcat is
restarted. Changes may be made via the UserDatabase resource. Tomcat
provides MBeans that may be accessed via JMX for this purpose.</li>
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
<code>Realm</code>.</li>
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
restored across sessions serialisations.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="MemoryRealm"><strong>MemoryRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p><strong>MemoryRealm</strong> is a simple demonstration implementation of the
Tomcat <code>Realm</code> interface. It is not designed for production use.
At startup time, MemoryRealm loads information about all users, and their
corresponding roles, from an XML document (by default, this document is loaded
from <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>). Changes to the data
in this file are not recognized until Tomcat is restarted.</p>
<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
<p>To configure MemoryRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
as described <a href="#Configuring a Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
MemoryRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
configuration documentation.</p>
<h3>User File Format</h3>
<p>The users file (by default, <code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> must be an
XML document, with a root element <code><tomcat-users></code>. Nested
inside the root element will be a <code><user></code> element for each
valid user, consisting of the following attributes:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>name</strong> - Username this user must log on with.</li>
<li><strong>password</strong> - Password this user must log on with (in
clear text if the <code>digest</code> attribute was not set on the
<code><Realm></code> element, or digested appropriately as
described <a href="#Digested Passwords">here</a> otherwise).</li>
<li><strong>roles</strong> - Comma-delimited list of the role names
associated with this user.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
<p>MemoryRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
<ul>
<li>When Tomcat first starts up, it loads all defined users and their
associated information from the users file. Changes to the data in
this file will <strong>not</strong> be recognized until Tomcat is
restarted.</li>
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
<code>Realm</code>.</li>
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
restored across sessions serialisations.</li>
<li>Administering the information in the users file is the responsibility
of your application. Tomcat does not
provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="JAASRealm"><strong>JAASRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p><strong>JAASRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
<code>Realm</code> interface that authenticates users through the Java
Authentication & Authorization Service (JAAS) framework which is now
provided as part of the standard Java SE API.</p>
<p>Using JAASRealm gives the developer the ability to combine
practically any conceivable security realm with Tomcat's CMA. </p>
<p>JAASRealm is prototype for Tomcat of the JAAS-based
J2EE authentication framework for J2EE v1.4, based on the <a href="http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=196">JCP Specification
Request 196</a> to enhance container-managed security and promote
'pluggable' authentication mechanisms whose implementations would be
container-independent.
</p>
<p>Based on the JAAS login module and principal (see <code>javax.security.auth.spi.LoginModule</code>
and <code>javax.security.Principal</code>), you can develop your own
security mechanism or wrap another third-party mechanism for
integration with the CMA as implemented by Tomcat.
</p>
<h3>Quick Start</h3>
<p>To set up Tomcat to use JAASRealm with your own JAAS login module,
you will need to follow these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>Write your own LoginModule, User and Role classes based
on JAAS (see
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/guide/security/jaas/tutorials/GeneralAcnOnly.html">the
JAAS Authentication Tutorial</a> and
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/guide/security/jaas/JAASLMDevGuide.html">the JAAS Login Module
Developer's Guide</a>) to be managed by the JAAS Login
Context (<code>javax.security.auth.login.LoginContext</code>)
When developing your LoginModule, note that JAASRealm's built-in <code>CallbackHandler</code>
only recognizes the <code>NameCallback</code> and <code>PasswordCallback</code> at present.
</li>
<li>Although not specified in JAAS, you should create
seperate classes to distinguish between users and roles, extending <code>javax.security.Principal</code>,
so that Tomcat can tell which Principals returned from your login
module are users and which are roles (see <code>org.apache.catalina.realm.JAASRealm</code>).
Regardless, the first Principal returned is <em>always</em> treated as the user Principal.
</li>
<li>Place the compiled classes on Tomcat's classpath
</li>
<li>Set up a login.config file for Java (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/guide/security/jaas/tutorials/LoginConfigFile.html">JAAS
LoginConfig file</a>) and tell Tomcat where to find it by specifying
its location to the JVM, for instance by setting the environment
variable: <code>JAVA_OPTS=$JAVA_OPTS -Djava.security.auth.login.config==$CATALINA_BASE/conf/jaas.config</code></li>
<li>Configure your security-constraints in your web.xml for
the resources you want to protect</li>
<li>Configure the JAASRealm module in your server.xml </li>
<li>Restart Tomcat if it is already running.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
<p>To configure JAASRealm as for step 6 above, you create
a <code><Realm></code> element and nest it in your
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
file within your <code><Engine></code> node. The attributes for the
JAASRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
configuration documentation.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look.</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JAASRealm"
appName="MyFooRealm"
userClassNames="org.foobar.realm.FooUser"
roleClassNames="org.foobar.realm.FooRole"/>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
<p>It is the responsibility of your login module to create and save User and
Role objects representing Principals for the user
(<code>javax.security.auth.Subject</code>). If your login module doesn't
create a user object but also doesn't throw a login exception, then the
Tomcat CMA will break and you will be left at the
http://localhost:8080/myapp/j_security_check URI or at some other
unspecified location.</p>
<p>The flexibility of the JAAS approach is two-fold: </p>
<ul>
<li>you can carry out whatever processing you require behind
the scenes in your own login module.</li>
<li>you can plug in a completely different LoginModule by changing the configuration
and restarting the server, without any code changes to your application.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Additional Notes</h3>
<ul>
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for
the first time, Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code>
method of this <code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made in
the security mechanism directly (new users, changed passwords or
roles, etc.) will be immediately reflected.</li>
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or
her associated roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of
the user's login. For FORM-based authentication, that means until
the session times out or is invalidated; for BASIC authentication,
that means until the user closes their browser. Any changes to the
security information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong>
be reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
<li>As with other <code>Realm</code> implementations, digested passwords
are supported if the <code><Realm></code> element in <code>server.xml</code>
contains a <code>digest</code> attribute; JAASRealm's <code>CallbackHandler</code>
will digest the password prior to passing it back to the <code>LoginModule</code></li>
</ul>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="CombinedRealm"><strong>CombinedRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p><strong>CombinedRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
<code>Realm</code> interface that authenticates users through one or more
sub-Realms.</p>
<p>Using CombinedRealm gives the developer the ability to combine multiple
Realms of the same or different types. This can be used to authenticate
against different sources, provide fall back in case one Realm fails or for
any other purpose that requires multiple Realms.</p>
<p>Sub-realms are defined by nesting <code>Realm</code> elements inside the
<code>Realm</code> element that defines the CombinedRealm. Authentication
will be attempted against each <code>Realm</code> in the order they are
listed. Authentication against any Realm will be sufficient to authenticate
the user.</p>
<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
<p>To configure a CombinedRealm, you create a <code><Realm></code>
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
file within your <code><Engine></code> or <code><Host></code>.
You can also nest inside a <code><Context></code> node in a
<code>context.xml</code> file.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look to use a
UserDatabase Realm and a DataSource Realm.</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.CombinedRealm" >
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.DataSourceRealm"
dataSourceName="jdbc/authority"
userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/>
</Realm>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="LockOutRealm"><strong>LockOutRealm</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p><strong>LockOutRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
<code>Realm</code> interface that extends the CombinedRealm to provide lock
out functionality to provide a user lock out mechanism if there are too many
failed authentication attempts in a given period of time.</p>
<p>To ensure correct operation, there is a reasonable degree of
synchronisation in this Realm.</p>
<p>This Realm does not require modification to the underlying Realms or the
associated user storage mechanisms. It achieves this by recording all failed
logins, including those for users that do not exist. To prevent a DOS by
deliberating making requests with invalid users (and hence causing this
cache to grow) the size of the list of users that have failed authentication
is limited.</p>
<p>Sub-realms are defined by nesting <code>Realm</code> elements inside the
<code>Realm</code> element that defines the LockOutRealm. Authentication
will be attempted against each <code>Realm</code> in the order they are
listed. Authentication against any Realm will be sufficient to authenticate
the user.</p>
<h3>Realm Element Attributes</h3>
<p>To configure a LockOutRealm, you create a <code><Realm></code>
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
file within your <code><Engine></code> or <code><Host></code>.
You can also nest inside a <code><Context></code> node in a
<code>context.xml</code> file. The attributes for the
LockOutRealm are defined in the <a href="config/realm.html">Realm</a>
configuration documentation.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look to add lock out
functionality to a UserDatabase Realm.</p>
<div align="left"><table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="1"><pre>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm" >
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
</Realm>
</pre></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td><td bgcolor="#023264" width="1" height="1"><img src="./images/void.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0"></td></tr></table></div>
</blockquote></td></tr></table>
</blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="noPrint"><td width="20%" valign="top" nowrap class="noPrint"></td><td width="80%" valign="top" align="left"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font color="#ffffff" face="arial,helvetica.sanserif"><a name="comments_section" id="comments_section"><strong>Comments</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote><p class="notice"><strong>Notice: </strong>This comments section collects your suggestions
on improving documentation for Apache Tomcat.<br><br>
If you have trouble and need help, read
<a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/findhelp.html">Find Help</a> page
and ask your question on the tomcat-users
<a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html">mailing list</a>.
Do not ask such questions here. This is not a Q&A section.<br><br>
The Apache Comments System is explained <a href="./comments.html">here</a>.
Comments may be removed by our moderators if they are either
implemented or considered invalid/off-topic.</p><script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
var comments_shortname = 'tomcat';
var comments_identifier = 'http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-7.0-doc/realm-howto.html';
(function(w, d) {
if (w.location.hostname.toLowerCase() == "tomcat.apache.org") {
d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><\/div>');
var s = d.createElement('script');
s.type = 'text/javascript';
s.async = true;
s.src = 'https://comments.apache.org/show_comments.lua?site=' + comments_shortname + '&page=' + comments_identifier;
(d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || d.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s);
}
else {
d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><strong>Comments are disabled for this page at the moment.<\/strong><\/div>');
}
})(window, document);
//--><!]]></script></blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><!--FOOTER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr noshade size="1"></td></tr><!--PAGE FOOTER--><tr><td colspan="2"><div align="center"><font color="#525D76" size="-1"><em>
Copyright © 1999-2018, Apache Software Foundation
</em></font></div></td></tr></table></body></html>
|