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<div class="section" id="quick-start-guide-tutorial">
<h1>Quick-start Guide / Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#quick-start-guide-tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>This brief tutorial aims to get the reader started by demonstrating
elementary usage of KInterbasDB. It is not a comprehensive Python
Database API tutorial, nor is it comprehensive in its coverage of
anything else.</p>
<p>The numerous advanced features of KInterbasDB are covered in another
section of this documentation, which is not in a tutorial format, though it
is replete with examples.</p>
<div class="section" id="connecting-to-a-database">
<h2>Connecting to a Database<a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-to-a-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><strong>Example 1</strong></p>
<p>A database connection is typically established with code such as this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">kinterbasdb</span>
<span class="c"># The server is named 'bison'; the database file is at '/temp/test.db'.</span>
<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kinterbasdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dsn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'bison:/temp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'sysdba'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'pass'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Or, equivalently:</span>
<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kinterbasdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'bison'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'/temp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'sysdba'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'pass'</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Example 2</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we want to connect to the database in SQL Dialect 1 and specifying
UTF-8 as the character set of the connection:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">kinterbasdb</span>
<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kinterbasdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">dsn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'bison:/temp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'sysdba'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'pass'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># necessary for all dialect 1 databases</span>
<span class="n">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'UTF8'</span> <span class="c"># specify a character set for the connection</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="executing-sql-statements">
<h2>Executing SQL Statements<a class="headerlink" href="#executing-sql-statements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>For this section, suppose we have a table defined and populated by the
following SQL code:</p>
<div class="highlight-sql"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">create</span> <span class="k">table</span> <span class="n">languages</span>
<span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="nb">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">year_released</span> <span class="nb">integer</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">insert</span> <span class="k">into</span> <span class="n">languages</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year_released</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">values</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'C'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1972</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">insert</span> <span class="k">into</span> <span class="n">languages</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year_released</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">values</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Python'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1991</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Example 1</strong></p>
<p>This example shows the <em>simplest</em> way to print the entire contents of
the <cite>languages</cite> table:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">kinterbasdb</span>
<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kinterbasdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dsn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'/temp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'sysdba'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'masterkey'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Create a Cursor object that operates in the context of Connection con:</span>
<span class="n">cur</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c"># Execute the SELECT statement:</span>
<span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select * from languages order by year_released"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Retrieve all rows as a sequence and print that sequence:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetchall</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Sample output:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">'C'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1972</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Python'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1991</span><span class="p">)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Example 2</strong></p>
<p>Here’s another trivial example that demonstrates various ways of
fetching a single row at a time from a <cite>SELECT</cite>-cursor:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">kinterbasdb</span>
<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kinterbasdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dsn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'/temp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'sysdba'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'masterkey'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cur</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">SELECT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"select name, year_released from languages order by year_released"</span>
<span class="c"># 1. Iterate over the rows available from the cursor, unpacking the</span>
<span class="c"># resulting sequences to yield their elements (name, year_released):</span>
<span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SELECT</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year_released</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> has been publicly available since </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">.'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year_released</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># 2. Equivalently:</span>
<span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SELECT</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> has been publicly available since </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">.'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="c"># 3. Using mapping-iteration rather than sequence-iteration:</span>
<span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SELECT</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">itermap</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="si">%(name)s</span><span class="s"> has been publicly available since %(year_released)d.'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">row</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Sample output:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>C has been publicly available since 1972.
Python has been publicly available since 1991.
C has been publicly available since 1972.
Python has been publicly available since 1991.
C has been publicly available since 1972.
Python has been publicly available since 1991.</pre>
</div>
<p><strong>Example 3</strong></p>
<p>The following program is a simplistic table printer (applied in this
example to <cite>languages</cite>):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">kinterbasdb</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">k</span>
<span class="n">TABLE_NAME</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'languages'</span>
<span class="n">SELECT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'select * from </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> order by year_released'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">TABLE_NAME</span>
<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dsn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'/temp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'sysdba'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'masterkey'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cur</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SELECT</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Print a header.</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">fieldDesc</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">description</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">fieldDesc</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DESCRIPTION_NAME</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ljust</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fieldDesc</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DESCRIPTION_DISPLAY_SIZE</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="p">,</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="c"># Finish the header with a newline.</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'-'</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">78</span>
<span class="c"># For each row, print the value of each field left-justified within</span>
<span class="c"># the maximum possible width of that field.</span>
<span class="n">fieldIndices</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">description</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">fieldIndex</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">fieldIndices</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">fieldValue</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">fieldIndex</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">fieldMaxWidth</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">description</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">fieldIndex</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DESCRIPTION_DISPLAY_SIZE</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">fieldValue</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ljust</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fieldMaxWidth</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">,</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="c"># Finish the row with a newline.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Sample output:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>NAME YEAR_RELEASED
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C 1972
Python 1991</pre>
</div>
<p><strong>Example 4</strong></p>
<p>Let’s insert more languages:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">kinterbasdb</span>
<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kinterbasdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dsn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'/temp/test.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'sysdba'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'masterkey'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cur</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">newLanguages</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Lisp'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1958</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Dylan'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1995</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"insert into languages (name, year_released) values (?, ?)"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">newLanguages</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># The changes will not be saved unless the transaction is committed explicitly:</span>
<span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note the use of a <em>parameterized</em> SQL statement above. When dealing
with repetitive statements, this is much faster and less error-prone
than assembling each SQL statement manually. (You can read more about
parameterized SQL statements in the section on <cite>Prepared Statements</cite>.)</p>
<p>After running Example 4, the table printer from Example 3 would print:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>NAME YEAR_RELEASED
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lisp 1958
C 1972
Python 1991
Dylan 1995</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="calling-stored-procedures">
<h2>Calling Stored Procedures<a class="headerlink" href="#calling-stored-procedures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Firebird supports stored procedures written in a proprietary procedural
SQL language. Firebird stored procedures can have <em>input</em> parameters and/or
<em>output</em> parameters. Some databases support <em>input/output</em> parameters,
where the same parameter is used for both input and output; Firebird does
not support this.</p>
<p>It is important to distinguish between procedures that <em>return a
result set</em> and procedures that <em>populate and return their output
parameters exactly once</em>. Conceptually, the latter “return their
output parameters” like a Python function, whereas the former “yield
result rows” like a Python generator.</p>
<p>Firebird’s <em>server-side</em> procedural SQL syntax makes no such distinction,
but <em>client-side</em> SQL code (and C API code) must. A result set is
retrieved from a stored procedure by <cite>SELECT`ing from the procedure,
whereas output parameters are retrieved with an `EXECUTE PROCEDURE</cite>
statement.</p>
<p>To <em>retrieve a result set</em> from a stored procedure with KInterbasDB,
use code such as this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"select output1, output2 from the_proc(?, ?)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c"># Ordinary fetch code here, such as:</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">...</span> <span class="c"># process row</span>
<span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># If the procedure had any side effects, commit them.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To <em>execute</em> a stored procedure and <em>access its output parameters</em>,
use code such as this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">callproc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"the_proc"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c"># If there are output parameters, retrieve them as though they were the</span>
<span class="c"># first row of a result set. For example:</span>
<span class="n">outputParams</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetchone</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># If the procedure had any side effects, commit them.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This latter is not very elegant; it would be preferable to access the
procedure’s output parameters as the return value of
<cite>Cursor.callproc()</cite>. The Python DB API specification requires the
current behavior, however.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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