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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 | <html><head><title>Permissions</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="help:/common/kde-default.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="help:/common/kde-docs.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="help:/common/kde-localised.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="help:/common/kubuntu.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Basics of Kubuntu"><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="The Basics of Kubuntu"><link rel="prev" href="users-and-groups.html" title="Users and Groups"><link rel="next" href="processes.html" title="Processes"><link rel="copyright" href="legal.html" title="Credits and License"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta name="GENERATOR" content="KDE XSL Stylesheet V1.14 using libxslt"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div id="content"><div id="header"><div id="header_content"><div id="header_left"><div id="header_right"><img src="help:/common/top-kde.jpg" width="36" height="34"> Permissions</div></div></div></div><div class="navCenter"><table class="navigation"><tr><td class="prevCell"><a accesskey="p" href="users-and-groups.html">Prev</a></td><td class="upCell"> </td><td class="nextCell"><a accesskey="n" href="processes.html">Next</a></td></tr></table></div><div id="contentBody"><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="permissions"></a>Permissions</h2></div></div></div><p>
In a multi-user environment, security of user and system data is important.
Linux has three specific, or distinct, classes:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
<span class="strong"><strong>r</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>read</em></span> permission
which grants the ability to read a file.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
<span class="strong"><strong>w</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>write</em></span> permission
which grants the ability to modify a file.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
<span class="strong"><strong>x</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>execute</em></span> permission
which grants the ability to execute a file.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
The list above shows the symbolic notation of each permission in <span class="strong"><strong>bold</strong></span> text. Each permission also has an octal notation:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
<span class="strong"><strong>r</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>4</em></span>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
<span class="strong"><strong>w</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>2</em></span>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
<span class="strong"><strong>x</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>1</em></span>
</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="example"></a>Permissions Example</h3></div></div></div><p>
To view permissions, type
</p><pre class="screen">ls -l ~/</pre><p>
which will output a list of the directories and files in the current user's home
directory. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
drwxr-xr-x 2 username usergroup 4096 2009-12-17 11:10 Documents
</pre><p>
The first column, which contains <span class="strong"><strong>drwxr-xr-x</strong></span>,
can be interpreted as follows:
</p><div class="informaltable"><table border="1"><colgroup><col class="col_0"><col class="col_1"><col class="col_2"><col class="col_3"></colgroup><thead><tr><th>File Type</th><th>User Permissions</th><th>Group Permissions</th><th>Others Permissions</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>
<span class="strong"><strong>d</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>directory</em></span>
</td><td>
<span class="strong"><strong>rwx</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>read</em></span>,
<span class="emphasis"><em>write</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>execute</em></span> permissions
for the user.
</td><td>
<span class="strong"><strong>r-x</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>read</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>execute</em></span> permissions for the group.
</td><td>
<span class="strong"><strong>r-x</strong></span> - <span class="emphasis"><em>read</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>execute</em></span> permissions for all others.
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="octal-symbolic-summary"></a>Octal to Symbolic Summary</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Octal</th><th>Symbolic</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>---</td><td>No permissions</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>--x</td><td>Execute only</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>-w-</td><td>Write only</td></tr><tr><td>3 (2+1)</td><td>-wx</td><td>Write and Execute</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>r--</td><td>Read only</td></tr><tr><td>5 (4+1)</td><td>r-x</td><td>Read and Execute</td></tr><tr><td>6 (4+2)</td><td>rw-</td><td>Read and Write</td></tr><tr><td>7 (4+2+1)</td><td>rwx</td><td>Read, Write, and Execute</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div id="footer"><div class="navCenter"><table class="navigation"><tr><td class="prevCell"><a accesskey="p" href="users-and-groups.html">Prev</a></td><td class="upCell"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td class="nextCell"><a accesskey="n" href="processes.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td class="prevCell">Users and Groups </td><td class="upCell"> </td><td class="nextCell"> Processes</td></tr></table></div><div id="footer_text"><br><a href="mailto:ubuntu-docs@lists.ubuntu.com" class="footer_email">
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