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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 | <html><head><title>File System</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="help:/common/kde-default.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="help:/common/kde-docs.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="help:/common/kde-localised.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="help:/common/kubuntu.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Basics of Kubuntu"><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="The Basics of Kubuntu"><link rel="prev" href="index.html" title="The Basics of Kubuntu"><link rel="next" href="users-and-groups.html" title="Users and Groups"><link rel="copyright" href="legal.html" title="Credits and License"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta name="GENERATOR" content="KDE XSL Stylesheet V1.14 using libxslt"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div id="content"><div id="header"><div id="header_content"><div id="header_left"><div id="header_right"><img src="help:/common/top-kde.jpg" width="36" height="34"> File System</div></div></div></div><div class="navCenter"><table class="navigation"><tr><td class="prevCell"><a accesskey="p" href="index.html">Prev</a></td><td class="upCell"> </td><td class="nextCell"><a accesskey="n" href="users-and-groups.html">Next</a></td></tr></table></div><div id="contentBody"><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="filesystem"></a>File System</h2></div></div></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
To get a complete understanding of the Linux file system, recommended reading is
the <a class="ulink" href="http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/" target="_top">Linux
Filesystem Hierarchy</a> documentation hosted by <a class="ulink" href="http://tldp.org/" target="_top">The Linux Documentation Project</a>.
</p></div><p>
A filesystem is a method of storing and organizing files — not only in
Linux, but also in other computer operating systems. In Linux, most files are
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">regular files</span>”</span>, except <span class="emphasis"><em>directories</em></span>,
<span class="emphasis"><em>special files</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>links</em></span>,
<span class="emphasis"><em>sockets</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>named pipes</em></span>. The most
common filetypes that users interact with are regular files, directories, and
links.
</p><p>
Opening a terminal (in <span>Kubuntu</span> this is called
<span class="application">Konsole</span>) and typing
</p><pre class="screen">ls /</pre><p> brings up a list similar to the following:
</p><pre class="screen">
bin
boot
cdrom
dev
etc
home
initrd.img
lib
lib32
lib64
lost+found
media
mnt
proc
root
sbin
selinux
srv
sys
tmp
usr
var
vmlinuz
</pre><p>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Not all lists will look exactly like the one above.
</p></div><p>
The following is an overview of the files or directories listed above.
</p><div class="variablelist"><p class="title"><b>Filesystem Overview</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">bin</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains terminal commands that are useful to system administrators (who have
full access privileges) and to regular users (who have limited access
privileges). The commands in this directory are essential to the
operation of a Linux system. Some of the commands in the <code class="filename">bin</code> directory are <span xmlns:doc="http://nwalsh.com/xsl/documentation/1.0" class="command"><span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span></span>,
<span xmlns:doc="http://nwalsh.com/xsl/documentation/1.0" class="command"><span class="command"><strong>ls</strong></span></span>, <span xmlns:doc="http://nwalsh.com/xsl/documentation/1.0" class="command"><span class="command"><strong>cp</strong></span></span>, and <span xmlns:doc="http://nwalsh.com/xsl/documentation/1.0" class="command"><span class="command"><strong>cat</strong></span></span>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">boot</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains the files required for the boot process. In the case of <span>Kubuntu</span>, it
contains the files for the <span class="application">GRUB2</span> boot-loader, master
boot records, map files, and the Linux kernel.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">cdrom</code></span></dt><dd><p>
A <abbr class="abbrev">symlink</abbr> or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">symbolic link</span>”</span> to <code class="filename">/media/cdrom</code>, which itself is a
<abbr class="abbrev">symlink</abbr> to <code class="filename">/media/cdrom0</code>. If a <acronym class="acronym">CD</acronym> is placed
into the <acronym class="acronym">CDROM</acronym> drive, the contents of that CD will be
available in the <code class="filename">/media/cdrom0</code> directory.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">dev</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Location of special or device files. For example,
<code class="filename">/dev/sda0</code> is the first partition on the
hard drive.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">etc</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains all system-related configuration files used to control the
operation of programs.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">home</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains a home directory for each user on the system. A user's home directory
can contain personal configuration files, documents, music, videos, and other
user-defined directories and files.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">initrd.img</code></span></dt><dd><p>
A <abbr class="abbrev">symlink</abbr> to <code class="filename">/boot/initrd.img-<kernel
version></code> which is required for system startup.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">lib</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains the kernel modules and shared library images needed to boot the
system and run commands.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">lib32</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Same as <code class="filename">lib</code> above, but contains only the
32-bit versions.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">lib64</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Same as <code class="filename">lib</code> above, but contains only the
64-bit versions.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">lost+found</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains the results of any recovery operation due to an improper shut-down of
the system or a system crash.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">media</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains the subdirectories which are used as mount points for removable media,
such as <acronym class="acronym">CDROM</acronym> drives, <acronym class="acronym">USB</acronym> disks, floppy
disks.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">mnt</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Generic mount point for filesystems or devices. In most cases, <code class="filename">/media</code> is where most devices will be auto-mounted.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">opt</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Short for <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">optional</span>”</span>. This directory is used for add-on packages
that are typically installed manually by the user.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">proc</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Virtual filesystem that contains runtime system information which is presented
in a file-like structure.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">root</code></span></dt><dd><p>
The home directory of the system administrator known as <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">root</span>”</span>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">sbin</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains programs that are essential to the working of the system, such as
<span xmlns:doc="http://nwalsh.com/xsl/documentation/1.0" class="command"><span class="command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span></span>, <span xmlns:doc="http://nwalsh.com/xsl/documentation/1.0" class="command"><span class="command"><strong>ifconfig</strong></span></span>,
<span xmlns:doc="http://nwalsh.com/xsl/documentation/1.0" class="command"><span class="command"><strong>reboot</strong></span></span>, and <span xmlns:doc="http://nwalsh.com/xsl/documentation/1.0" class="command"><span class="command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span></span>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">selinux</code></span></dt><dd><p>
A pseudo-filesystem containing the commands used by the kernel sub-system for the
Security-Enhanced Linux feature.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">srv</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains site-specific data which is served by the system.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">sys</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains the Linux kernel, firmware and system-related files.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">tmp</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains files that are required temporarily. Many programs use this directory
to create lock files and for temporary storage of data.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">usr</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains the largest share of data on the system, including read-only user
data, as well as files and programs, such as program binaries, documentation,
libraries, header files, and more.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">var</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Contains variable data, such as system log files, mail and printer spool
directories, as well as transient and temporary files.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">vmlinuz</code></span></dt><dd><p>
A <abbr class="abbrev">symlink</abbr> to a compressed executable of the Linux kernel.
</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div id="footer"><div class="navCenter"><table class="navigation"><tr><td class="prevCell"><a accesskey="p" href="index.html">Prev</a></td><td class="upCell"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td class="nextCell"><a accesskey="n" href="users-and-groups.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td class="prevCell">The Basics of <span>Kubuntu</span> </td><td class="upCell"> </td><td class="nextCell"> Users and Groups</td></tr></table></div><div id="footer_text"><br><a href="mailto:ubuntu-docs@lists.ubuntu.com" class="footer_email">
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