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<a name="libvips-morphology"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
<div class="refnamediv"><table width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top">
<h2><span class="refentrytitle"><a name="libvips-morphology.top_of_page"></a>morphology</span></h2>
<p>morphology — morphological operators, rank filters and related image
analysis</p>
</td>
<td class="gallery_image" valign="top" align="right"></td>
</tr></table></div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="libvips-morphology.stability-level"></a><h2>Stability Level</h2>
<acronym title="The intention of a Stable interface is to enable arbitrary third parties to
develop applications to these interfaces, release them, and have confidence that
they will run on all minor releases of the product (after the one in which the
interface was introduced, and within the same major release). Even at a major
release, incompatible changes are expected to be rare, and to have strong
justifications.
"><span class="acronym">Stable</span></acronym>, unless otherwise indicated
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="libvips-morphology.functions"></a><h2>Functions</h2>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="functions_return">
<col class="functions_name">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="function_type">
<span class="returnvalue">int</span>
</td>
<td class="function_name">
<a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-morph" title="vips_morph ()">vips_morph</a> <span class="c_punctuation">()</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="function_type">
<span class="returnvalue">int</span>
</td>
<td class="function_name">
<a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-rank" title="vips_rank ()">vips_rank</a> <span class="c_punctuation">()</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="function_type">
<span class="returnvalue">int</span>
</td>
<td class="function_name">
<a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-median" title="vips_median ()">vips_median</a> <span class="c_punctuation">()</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="function_type">
<span class="returnvalue">int</span>
</td>
<td class="function_name">
<a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-countlines" title="vips_countlines ()">vips_countlines</a> <span class="c_punctuation">()</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="function_type">
<span class="returnvalue">int</span>
</td>
<td class="function_name">
<a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-labelregions" title="vips_labelregions ()">vips_labelregions</a> <span class="c_punctuation">()</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="libvips-morphology.other"></a><h2>Types and Values</h2>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="name">
<col class="description">
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td class="datatype_keyword">enum</td>
<td class="function_name"><a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#VipsOperationMorphology" title="enum VipsOperationMorphology">VipsOperationMorphology</a></td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="libvips-morphology.includes"></a><h2>Includes</h2>
<pre class="synopsis">#include <vips/vips.h>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="libvips-morphology.description"></a><h2>Description</h2>
<p>The morphological functions search images
for particular patterns of pixels, specified with the mask argument,
either adding or removing pixels when they find a match. They are useful
for cleaning up images --- for example, you might threshold an image, and
then use one of the morphological functions to remove all single isolated
pixels from the result.</p>
<p>If you combine the morphological operators with the mask rotators
(<a class="link" href="libvips-conversion.html#vips-rot45" title="vips_rot45 ()"><code class="function">vips_rot45()</code></a>, for example) and apply them repeatedly, you
can achieve very complicated effects: you can thin, prune, fill, open edges,
close gaps, and many others. For example, see `Fundamentals of Digital
Image Processing' by A. Jain, pp 384-388, Prentice-Hall, 1989 for more
ideas.</p>
<p>Beware that VIPS reverses the usual image processing convention, by
assuming white objects (non-zero pixels) on a black background (zero
pixels).</p>
<p>The mask you give to the morphological functions should contain only the
values 0 (for background), 128 (for don't care) and 255 (for object). The
mask must have odd length sides --- the origin of the mask is taken to be
the centre value. For example, the mask:</p>
<p> 3 3
128 255 128
255 0 255
128 255 128</p>
<p>applied to an image with <a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-morph" title="vips_morph ()"><code class="function">vips_morph()</code></a> <a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#VIPS-OPERATION-MORPHOLOGY-ERODE:CAPS"><span class="type">VIPS_OPERATION_MORPHOLOGY_ERODE</span></a>, will
find all black pixels
4-way connected with white pixels. Essentially, dilate
sets pixels in the output if any part of the mask matches, whereas
erode sets pixels only if all of the mask matches.</p>
<p>See <a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html#vips-andimage" title="vips_andimage ()"><code class="function">vips_andimage()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html#vips-orimage" title="vips_orimage ()"><code class="function">vips_orimage()</code></a> and <a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html#vips-eorimage" title="vips_eorimage ()"><code class="function">vips_eorimage()</code></a>
for analogues of the usual set difference and set union operations.</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="libvips-morphology.functions_details"></a><h2>Functions</h2>
<div class="refsect2">
<a name="vips-morph"></a><h3>vips_morph ()</h3>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="returnvalue">int</span>
vips_morph (<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> *in</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> **out</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> *mask</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#VipsOperationMorphology" title="enum VipsOperationMorphology"><span class="type">VipsOperationMorphology</span></a> morph</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code>...</code></em>);</pre>
<p>Performs a morphological operation on <em class="parameter"><code>in</code></em>
using <em class="parameter"><code>mask</code></em>
as a
structuring element. </p>
<p>The image should have 0 (black) for no object and 255
(non-zero) for an object. Note that this is the reverse of the usual
convention for these operations, but more convenient when combined with the
boolean operators. The output image is the same
size as the input image: edge pxels are made by expanding the input image
as necessary.</p>
<p>Mask coefficients can be either 0 (for object) or 255 (for background)
or 128 (for do not care). The origin of the mask is at location
(m.xsize / 2, m.ysize / 2), integer division. All algorithms have been
based on the book "Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing" by A. Jain,
pp 384-388, Prentice-Hall, 1989. </p>
<p>For <a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#VIPS-OPERATION-MORPHOLOGY-ERODE:CAPS"><span class="type">VIPS_OPERATION_MORPHOLOGY_ERODE</span></a>,
the whole mask must match for the output pixel to be
set, that is, the result is the logical AND of the selected input pixels.</p>
<p>For <a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#VIPS-OPERATION-MORPHOLOGY-DILATE:CAPS"><span class="type">VIPS_OPERATION_MORPHOLOGY_DILATE</span></a>,
the output pixel is set if any part of the mask
matches, that is, the result is the logical OR of the selected input pixels.</p>
<p>See the boolean operations <a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html#vips-andimage" title="vips_andimage ()"><code class="function">vips_andimage()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html#vips-orimage" title="vips_orimage ()"><code class="function">vips_orimage()</code></a> and
<a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html#vips-eorimage" title="vips_eorimage ()"><code class="function">vips_eorimage()</code></a>
for analogues of the usual set difference and set union operations.</p>
<p>Operations are performed using the processor's vector unit,
if possible. Disable this with --vips-novector or IM_NOVECTOR.</p>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-morph.parameters"></a><h4>Parameters</h4>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>in</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>input image</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>out</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>output image</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>mask</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>morphology with this mask</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>morph</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>operation to perform</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>...</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p><code class="literal">NULL</code>-terminated list of optional named arguments</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-morph.returns"></a><h4>Returns</h4>
<p> 0 on success, -1 on error</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="refsect2">
<a name="vips-rank"></a><h3>vips_rank ()</h3>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="returnvalue">int</span>
vips_rank (<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> *in</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> **out</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><span class="type">int</span> width</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><span class="type">int</span> height</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><span class="type">int</span> index</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code>...</code></em>);</pre>
<p>vips_rank() does rank filtering on an image. A window of size <em class="parameter"><code>width</code></em>
by
<em class="parameter"><code>height</code></em>
is passed over the image. At each position, the pixels inside the
window are sorted into ascending order and the pixel at position <em class="parameter"><code>index</code></em>
is
output. <em class="parameter"><code>index</code></em>
numbers from 0.</p>
<p>It works for any non-complex image type, with any number of bands.
The input is expanded by copying edge pixels before performing the
operation so that the output image has the same size as the input.
Edge pixels in the output image are therefore only approximate.</p>
<p>For a median filter with mask size m (3 for 3x3, 5 for 5x5, etc.) use</p>
<p> vips_rank( in, out, m, m, m * m / 2 );</p>
<p>The special cases n == 0 and n == m * m - 1 are useful dilate and
expand operators.</p>
<p>See also: <a class="link" href="libvips-convolution.html#vips-conv" title="vips_conv ()"><code class="function">vips_conv()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-median" title="vips_median ()"><code class="function">vips_median()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="libvips-convolution.html#vips-spcor" title="vips_spcor ()"><code class="function">vips_spcor()</code></a>.</p>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-rank.parameters"></a><h4>Parameters</h4>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>in</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>input image</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>out</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>output image</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>width</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>width of region</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>height</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>height of region</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>index</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>select pixel</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>...</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p><code class="literal">NULL</code>-terminated list of optional named arguments</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-rank.returns"></a><h4>Returns</h4>
<p> 0 on success, -1 on error</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="refsect2">
<a name="vips-median"></a><h3>vips_median ()</h3>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="returnvalue">int</span>
vips_median (<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> *in</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> **out</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><span class="type">int</span> size</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code>...</code></em>);</pre>
<p>A convenience function equivalent to:</p>
<p> vips_rank( in, out, size, size, (size * size) / 2 );</p>
<p>See also: <a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-rank" title="vips_rank ()"><code class="function">vips_rank()</code></a>.</p>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-median.parameters"></a><h4>Parameters</h4>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>in</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>input image</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>out</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>output image</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>size</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>size of region</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>...</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p><code class="literal">NULL</code>-terminated list of optional named arguments</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-median.returns"></a><h4>Returns</h4>
<p> 0 on success, -1 on error</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="refsect2">
<a name="vips-countlines"></a><h3>vips_countlines ()</h3>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="returnvalue">int</span>
vips_countlines (<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> *in</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><span class="type">double</span> *nolines</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="libvips-conversion.html#VipsDirection" title="enum VipsDirection"><span class="type">VipsDirection</span></a> direction</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code>...</code></em>);</pre>
<p>Function which calculates the number of transitions
between black and white for the horizontal or the vertical
direction of an image. black<128 , white>=128
The function calculates the number of transitions for all
Xsize or Ysize and returns the mean of the result
Input should be one band, 8-bit.</p>
<p>See also: <a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-morph" title="vips_morph ()"><code class="function">vips_morph()</code></a>, <a class="link" href="libvips-convolution.html#vips-conv" title="vips_conv ()"><code class="function">vips_conv()</code></a>.</p>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-countlines.parameters"></a><h4>Parameters</h4>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>in</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>input image</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>nolines</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>output average number of lines</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>direction</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>count lines horizontally or vertically</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>...</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p><code class="literal">NULL</code>-terminated list of optional named arguments</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-countlines.returns"></a><h4>Returns</h4>
<p> 0 on success, -1 on error.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="refsect2">
<a name="vips-labelregions"></a><h3>vips_labelregions ()</h3>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="returnvalue">int</span>
vips_labelregions (<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> *in</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code><a class="link" href="VipsImage.html" title="VipsImage"><span class="type">VipsImage</span></a> **mask</code></em>,
<em class="parameter"><code>...</code></em>);</pre>
<p>Optional arguments:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><em class="parameter"><code>segments</code></em>
: return number of regions found here</p></li></ul></div>
<p>Repeatedly scans <em class="parameter"><code>in</code></em>
for regions of 4-connected pixels
with the same pixel value. Every time a region is discovered, those
pixels are marked in <em class="parameter"><code>mask</code></em>
with a unique serial number. Once all pixels
have been labelled, the operation returns, setting <em class="parameter"><code>segments</code></em>
to the number
of discrete regions which were detected.</p>
<p><em class="parameter"><code>mask</code></em>
is always a 1-band <a class="link" href="VipsImage.html#VIPS-FORMAT-INT:CAPS"><span class="type">VIPS_FORMAT_INT</span></a> image of the same dimensions as
<em class="parameter"><code>in</code></em>
.</p>
<p>This operation is useful for, for example, blob counting. You can use the
morphological operators to detect and isolate a series of objects, then use
<a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-labelregions" title="vips_labelregions ()"><code class="function">vips_labelregions()</code></a> to number them all.</p>
<p>Use <a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html#vips-hist-find-indexed" title="vips_hist_find_indexed ()"><code class="function">vips_hist_find_indexed()</code></a> to (for example) find blob coordinates.</p>
<p>See also: <a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html#vips-hist-find-indexed" title="vips_hist_find_indexed ()"><code class="function">vips_hist_find_indexed()</code></a>.</p>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-labelregions.parameters"></a><h4>Parameters</h4>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>in</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>image to test</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>mask</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p>write labelled regions here</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="parameter_name"><p>...</p></td>
<td class="parameter_description"><p><code class="literal">NULL</code>-terminated list of optional named arguments</p></td>
<td class="parameter_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="vips-labelregions.returns"></a><h4>Returns</h4>
<p> 0 on success, -1 on error.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="libvips-morphology.other_details"></a><h2>Types and Values</h2>
<div class="refsect2">
<a name="VipsOperationMorphology"></a><h3>enum VipsOperationMorphology</h3>
<p>More like hit-miss, really. </p>
<p>See also: <a class="link" href="libvips-morphology.html#vips-morph" title="vips_morph ()"><code class="function">vips_morph()</code></a>.</p>
<div class="refsect3">
<a name="VipsOperationMorphology.members"></a><h4>Members</h4>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col width="300px" class="enum_members_name">
<col class="enum_members_description">
<col width="200px" class="enum_members_annotations">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="enum_member_name"><p><a name="VIPS-OPERATION-MORPHOLOGY-ERODE:CAPS"></a>VIPS_OPERATION_MORPHOLOGY_ERODE</p></td>
<td class="enum_member_description">
<p>true if all set</p>
</td>
<td class="enum_member_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="enum_member_name"><p><a name="VIPS-OPERATION-MORPHOLOGY-DILATE:CAPS"></a>VIPS_OPERATION_MORPHOLOGY_DILATE</p></td>
<td class="enum_member_description">
<p>true if one set</p>
</td>
<td class="enum_member_annotations"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="enum_member_name"><p><a name="VIPS-OPERATION-MORPHOLOGY-LAST:CAPS"></a>VIPS_OPERATION_MORPHOLOGY_LAST</p></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="libvips-morphology.see-also"></a><h2>See Also</h2>
<a class="link" href="libvips-arithmetic.html" title="arithmetic">arithmetic</a>
</div>
</div>
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