apcalc-common 2.12.5.0-1build1 / usr / share / calc / help / define

NAME
    define - command keyword to start a function definition

SYNTAX
    define fname([param_1 [= default_1], ...]) = [expr]
    define fname([param_1 [= default_1], ...]) { [statement_1 ... ] }

TYPES
    fname		identifier, not a builtin function name
    param_1, ...	identifiers, no two the same
    default_1, ...	expressions
    expr		expression
    statement_1, ...	statements

DESCRIPTION
    The intention of a function definition is that the identifier fname
    becomes the name of a function which may be called by an expression
    of the form  fname(arg_1, arg_2, ...), where arg_1, arg_2, ... are
    expressions (including possibly blanks, which are treated as
    null values).  Evaluation of the function begins with evaluation
    of arg_1, arg_2, ...; then, in increasing order of i, if arg_i is
    null-valued and  "= default_i" has been included in the definition,
    default_i is evaluated and its value becomes the value of arg_i.
    The instructions in expr or the listed statements are then executed
    with each occurrence of param_i replaced by the value obtained
    for arg_i.

    In a call, arg_i may be preceded by a backquote (`)  to indicate that
    evaluation of arg_i is not to include a final evaluation of an lvalue.
    For example, suppose a function f and a global variable A have been
    defined by:

	; define f(x) = (x = 3);
	; global mat A[3];

    If g() is  a function that evaluates to 2:

	; f(A[g()]);

    assigns the value of A[2] to the parameter x and then assigns the
    value 3 to x:

	; f(`A[g()]);

    has essentially the effect of assigning A[2] as an lvalue to x and
    then assigning the value 3 to A[2].  (Very old versions of calc
    achieved the same result by using '&' as in  f(&A[g()]).)

    The number of arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... in a call need not equal the
    number of parameters.  If there are fewer arguments than parameters,
    the "missing" values are assigned the null value.

    In the definition of a function, the builtin function param(n)
    provides a way of referring to the parameters.  If n (which may
    result from evaluating an expreession) is zero, it returns the number
    of arguments in a call to the function, and if 1 <= n <= param(0),
    param(n) refers to the parameter with index n.

    If no error occurs and no quit statement or abort statement is
    encountered during evaluation of the expression or the statements,
    the function call returns a value.  In the expression form, this is
    simply the value of the expression.

    In the statement form, if a return statement is encountered,
    the "return" keyword is to be either immediately followed by an
    expression or by a statement terminator (semicolon or rightbrace);
    in the former case, the expression is evaluated, evaluation of
    the function ceases, and the value obtained for the expression is
    returned as the "value of the function";  in the no-expression case,
    evaluation ceases immediately and the null-value is returned.

    In the expression form of definition, the end of the expression expr
    is to be indicated by either a semicolon or a newline not within
    a part enclosed by parentheses; the definition may extend over
    several physical lines by ending each line with a '\' character or by
    enclosing the expression in parentheses.  In interactive mode, that
    a definition has not been completed is indicated by the continuation
    prompt.   A ctrl-C interrupt at this stage will abort the definition.

    If the expr is omitted from an expression definition, as in:

	; define h() = ;

    any call to the function will evaluate the arguments and return the
    null value.

    In the statement form, the definition ends when a matching right
    brace completes the "block" started by the initial left brace.
    Newlines within the block are treated as white space; statements
    within the block end with a ';' or a '}' matching an earlier '{'.

    If a function with name fname had been defined earlier, the old
    definition has no effect on the new definition, but if the definition
    is completed successfully, the new definition replaces the old one;
    otherwise the old definition is retained.  The number of parameters
    and their names in the new definiton may be quite different from
    those in the old definition.

    An attempt at a definition may fail because of scanerrors as the
    definition is compiled.  Common causes of these are: bad syntax,
    using identifiers as names of variables not yet defined.  It is
    not a fault to have in the definition a call to a function that has
    not yet been defined; it is sufficient that the function has been
    defined when a call is made to the function.

    After fname has been defined, the definition may be removed by the command:

	; undefine fname

    The definitions of all user-defined functions may be removed by:

	; undefine *

    If bit 0 of config("resource_debug") is set and the define command is
    at interactive level, a message saying that fname has been defined
    or redefined is displayed.  The same message is displayed if bit 1
    of config("resource_debug") is set and the define command is read
    from a file.

    The identifiers used for the parameters in a function definition do
    not form part of the completed definition.  For example,

	; define f(a,b) = a + b;
	; define g(alpha, beta) = alpha + beta;

    result in identical code for the functions f, g.

    If config("trace") & 8 is nonzero, the opcodes of a newly defined
    function are displayed on completion of its definition, parameters
    being specified by names used in the definition.  For example:

	; config("trace", 8),
	; define f(a,b) = a + b
	0: PARAMADDR a
	2: PARAMADDR b
	4: ADD
	5: RETURN
	f(a,b) defined

    The opcodes may also be displayed later using the show opcodes command;
    parameters will be specified by indices instead of by names.  For example:

	; show opco f
	0: PARAMADDR 0
	2: PARAMADDR 1
	4: ADD
	5: RETURN

    When a function is defined by the statement mode, the opcodes normally
    include DEBUG opcodes which specify statement boundaries at which
    SIGINT interruptions are likely to be least risky.  Inclusion of
    the DEBUG opcodes is disabled if config("trace") & 2 is nonzero.
    For details, see help interrupt.

    While config("trace") & 1 is nonzero, the opcodes are displayed as
    they are being evaluated.  The current function is identified by its
    name, or "*" in the case of a command-line and "**" in the case of
    an eval(str) evaluation.

    When a function is called, argument values may be of any type for
    which the operations and any functions used within the body of the
    definition can be executed.  For example, whatever the intention at
    the time they were defined, the functions f1(), f2() defined above
    may be called with integer, fractional, or complex-number values, or
    with both arguments strings, or under some compatibility conditions,
    matrices or objects.

EXAMPLE
    ; define f(a,b) = 2*a + b;
    ; define g(alpha, beta)
    ;; {
    ;;	   local a, pi2;
    ;;
    ;;	   pi2 = 2 * pi();
    ;;	   a = sin(alpha % pi2);
    ;;	   if (a > 0.0) {
    ;;	       return a*beta;
    ;;	   }
    ;;	   if (beta > 0.0) {
    ;;	       a *= cos(-beta % pi2);
    ;;	   }
    ;;	   return a;
    ;; }

LIMITS
    The number of arguments in a function-call cannot exceed 1024.

LIBRARY
    none

SEE ALSO
    param, variable, undefine, show

## Copyright (C) 2000-2006  David I. Bell, Landon Curt Noll and Ernest Bowen
##
## Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
## the terms of the version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
## as published by the Free Software Foundation.
##
## Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
## ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
## or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.	 See the GNU Lesser General
## Public License for more details.
##
## A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
## distributed with calc under the filename COPYING-LGPL.  You should have
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## 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
##
## @(#) $Revision: 30.1 $
## @(#) $Id: define,v 30.1 2007/03/16 11:10:42 chongo Exp $
## @(#) $Source: /usr/local/src/bin/calc/help/RCS/define,v $
##
##
## Under source code control:	1991/07/21 04:37:18
## File existed as early as:	1991
##
## chongo <was here> /\oo/\	http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
## Share and enjoy!  :-)	http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/