/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc/kpathsea/kpathsea.html is in texlive-base 2017.20180305-1.
This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.
The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074 3075 3076 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124 3125 3126 3127 3128 3129 3130 3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141 3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147 3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 3162 3163 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168 3169 3170 3171 3172 3173 3174 3175 3176 3177 3178 3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214 3215 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289 3290 3291 3292 3293 3294 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301 3302 3303 3304 3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310 3311 3312 3313 3314 3315 3316 3317 3318 3319 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338 3339 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350 3351 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3370 3371 3372 3373 3374 3375 3376 3377 3378 3379 3380 3381 3382 3383 3384 3385 3386 3387 3388 3389 3390 3391 3392 3393 3394 3395 3396 3397 3398 3399 3400 3401 3402 3403 3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3426 3427 3428 3429 3430 3431 3432 3433 3434 3435 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452 3453 3454 3455 3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 3485 3486 3487 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507 3508 3509 3510 3511 3512 3513 3514 3515 3516 3517 3518 3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3527 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538 3539 3540 3541 3542 3543 3544 3545 3546 3547 3548 3549 3550 3551 3552 3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558 3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564 3565 3566 3567 3568 3569 3570 3571 3572 3573 3574 3575 3576 3577 3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583 3584 3585 3586 3587 3588 3589 3590 3591 3592 3593 3594 3595 3596 3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617 3618 3619 3620 3621 3622 3623 3624 3625 3626 3627 3628 3629 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640 3641 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646 3647 3648 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3658 3659 3660 3661 3662 3663 3664 3665 3666 3667 3668 3669 3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3676 3677 3678 3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3684 3685 3686 3687 3688 3689 3690 3691 3692 3693 3694 3695 3696 3697 3698 3699 3700 3701 3702 3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711 3712 3713 3714 3715 3716 3717 3718 3719 3720 3721 3722 3723 3724 3725 3726 3727 3728 3729 3730 3731 3732 3733 3734 3735 3736 3737 3738 3739 3740 3741 3742 3743 3744 3745 3746 3747 3748 3749 3750 3751 3752 3753 3754 3755 3756 3757 3758 3759 3760 3761 3762 3763 3764 3765 3766 3767 3768 3769 3770 3771 3772 3773 3774 3775 3776 3777 3778 3779 3780 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801 3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819 3820 3821 3822 3823 3824 3825 3826 3827 3828 3829 3830 3831 3832 3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841 3842 3843 3844 3845 3846 3847 3848 3849 3850 3851 3852 3853 3854 3855 3856 3857 3858 3859 3860 3861 3862 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867 3868 3869 3870 3871 3872 3873 3874 3875 3876 3877 3878 3879 3880 3881 3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3887 3888 3889 3890 3891 3892 3893 3894 3895 3896 3897 3898 3899 3900 3901 3902 3903 3904 3905 3906 3907 3908 3909 3910 3911 3912 3913 3914 3915 3916 3917 3918 3919 3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 3931 3932 3933 3934 3935 3936 3937 3938 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3946 3947 3948 3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 3962 3963 3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 3979 3980 3981 3982 3983 3984 3985 3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995 3996 3997 3998 3999 4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4074 4075 4076 4077 4078 4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4094 4095 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169 4170 4171 4172 4173 4174 4175 4176 4177 4178 4179 4180 4181 4182 4183 4184 4185 4186 4187 4188 4189 4190 4191 4192 4193 4194 4195 4196 4197 4198 4199 4200 4201 4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 4213 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218 4219 4220 4221 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4232 4233 4234 4235 4236 4237 4238 4239 4240 4241 4242 4243 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 4249 4250 4251 4252 4253 4254 4255 4256 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4264 4265 4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284 4285 4286 4287 4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294 4295 4296 4297 4298 4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 4365 4366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4381 4382 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4395 4396 4397 4398 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581 4582 4583 4584 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 4595 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 4621 4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640 4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4665 4666 4667 4668 4669 4670 4671 4672 4673 4674 4675 4676 4677 4678 4679 4680 4681 4682 4683 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726 4727 4728 4729 4730 4731 4732 4733 4734 4735 4736 4737 4738 4739 4740 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750 4751 4752 4753 4754 4755 4756 4757 4758 4759 4760 4761 4762 4763 4764 4765 4766 4767 4768 4769 4770 4771 4772 4773 4774 4775 4776 4777 4778 4779 4780 4781 4782 4783 4784 4785 4786 4787 4788 4789 4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799 4800 4801 4802 4803 4804 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811 4812 4813 4814 4815 4816 4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835 4836 4837 4838 4839 4840 4841 4842 4843 4844 4845 4846 4847 4848 4849 4850 4851 4852 4853 4854 4855 4856 4857 4858 4859 4860 4861 4862 4863 4864 4865 4866 4867 4868 4869 4870 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4877 4878 4879 4880 4881 4882 4883 4884 4885 4886 4887 4888 4889 4890 4891 4892 4893 4894 4895 4896 4897 4898 4899 4900 4901 4902 4903 4904 4905 4906 4907 4908 4909 4910 4911 4912 4913 4914 4915 4916 4917 4918 4919 4920 4921 4922 4923 4924 4925 4926 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937 4938 4939 4940 4941 4942 4943 4944 4945 4946 4947 4948 4949 4950 4951 4952 4953 4954 4955 4956 4957 4958 4959 4960 4961 4962 4963 4964 4965 4966 4967 4968 4969 4970 4971 4972 4973 4974 4975 4976 4977 4978 4979 4980 4981 4982 4983 4984 4985 4986 4987 4988 4989 4990 4991 4992 4993 4994 4995 4996 4997 4998 4999 5000 5001 5002 5003 5004 5005 5006 5007 5008 5009 5010 5011 5012 5013 5014 5015 5016 5017 5018 5019 5020 5021 5022 5023 5024 5025 5026 5027 5028 5029 5030 5031 5032 5033 5034 5035 5036 5037 5038 5039 5040 5041 5042 5043 5044 5045 5046 5047 5048 5049 5050 5051 5052 5053 5054 5055 5056 5057 5058 5059 5060 5061 5062 | <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This file documents the Kpathsea library for path searching.
Copyright (C) 1996-2017 Karl Berry & Olaf Weber.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the TeX Users Group. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.3, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<title>Kpathsea: A library for path searching</title>
<meta name="description" content="Kpathsea: A library for path searching">
<meta name="keywords" content="Kpathsea: A library for path searching">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
<link href="#Index" rel="index" title="Index">
<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
<link href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml" rel="up" title="(dir)">
<style type="text/css">
<!--
a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller}
blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller}
div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
kbd {font-style: oblique}
pre.display {font-family: inherit}
pre.format {font-family: inherit}
pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body lang="en">
<h1 class="settitle" align="center">Kpathsea: A library for path searching</h1>
<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-History-1" href="#History">1.1 History</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-unixtex_002eftp_003a-Obtaining-TeX" href="#unixtex_002eftp">2 <samp>unixtex.ftp</samp>: Obtaining TeX</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Security-1" href="#Security">3 Security</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-TeX-directory-structure-1" href="#TeX-directory-structure">4 TeX directory structure</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Path-searching-1" href="#Path-searching">5 Path searching</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Searching-overview-1" href="#Searching-overview">5.1 Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Path-sources-1" href="#Path-sources">5.2 Path sources</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Config-files-1" href="#Config-files">5.2.1 Config files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Path-expansion-1" href="#Path-expansion">5.3 Path expansion</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Default-expansion-1" href="#Default-expansion">5.3.1 Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Variable-expansion-1" href="#Variable-expansion">5.3.2 Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Tilde-expansion-1" href="#Tilde-expansion">5.3.3 Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Brace-expansion-1" href="#Brace-expansion">5.3.4 Brace expansion</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-KPSE_005fDOT-expansion-1" href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">5.3.5 <code>KPSE_DOT</code> expansion</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Subdirectory-expansion-1" href="#Subdirectory-expansion">5.3.6 Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Filename-database-_0028ls_002dR_0029" href="#Filename-database">5.4 Filename database (<code>ls-R</code>)</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-ls_002dR-1" href="#ls_002dR">5.4.1 <samp>ls-R</samp></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Filename-aliases-1" href="#Filename-aliases">5.4.2 Filename aliases</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Database-format-1" href="#Database-format">5.4.3 Database format</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-kpsewhich_003a-Standalone-path-searching" href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">5.5 <code>kpsewhich</code>: Standalone path searching</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Path-searching-options-1" href="#Path-searching-options">5.5.1 Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Specially_002drecognized-files-for-kpsewhich" href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">5.5.2 Specially-recognized files for <code>kpsewhich</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Auxiliary-tasks-1" href="#Auxiliary-tasks">5.5.3 Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Standard-options-1" href="#Standard-options">5.5.4 Standard options</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-TeX-support-1" href="#TeX-support">6 TeX support</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Supported-file-formats-1" href="#Supported-file-formats">6.1 Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-File-lookup-1" href="#File-lookup">6.2 File lookup</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Glyph-lookup-1" href="#Glyph-lookup">6.3 Glyph lookup</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Basic-glyph-lookup-1" href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">6.3.1 Basic glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Fontmap-1" href="#Fontmap">6.3.2 Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Fallback-font-1" href="#Fallback-font">6.3.3 Fallback font</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Suppressing-warnings-1" href="#Suppressing-warnings">6.4 Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-mktex-scripts-1" href="#mktex-scripts">6.5 <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-mktex-configuration-1" href="#mktex-configuration">6.5.1 <samp>mktex</samp> configuration</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-mktex-script-names-1" href="#mktex-script-names">6.5.2 <samp>mktex</samp> script names</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-mktex-script-arguments-1" href="#mktex-script-arguments">6.5.3 <samp>mktex</samp> script arguments</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Programming-1" href="#Programming">7 Programming</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Programming-overview-1" href="#Programming-overview">7.1 Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Calling-sequence-1" href="#Calling-sequence">7.2 Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Program_002dspecific-files-1" href="#Program_002dspecific-files">7.3 Program-specific files</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Programming-with-config-files-1" href="#Programming-with-config-files">7.4 Programming with config files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Reporting-bugs-1" href="#Reporting-bugs">8 Reporting bugs</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Bug-checklist-1" href="#Bug-checklist">8.1 Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Mailing-lists-1" href="#Mailing-lists">8.2 Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Debugging-1" href="#Debugging">8.3 Debugging</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Logging-1" href="#Logging">8.4 Logging</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Common-problems-1" href="#Common-problems">8.5 Common problems</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Unable-to-find-files-1" href="#Unable-to-find-files">8.5.1 Unable to find files</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Slow-path-searching-1" href="#Slow-path-searching">8.5.2 Slow path searching</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Unable-to-generate-fonts-1" href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">8.5.3 Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-TeX-or-Metafont-failing-1" href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">8.5.4 TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<a name="Top"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Kpathsea-library"></a>
<h1 class="top">Kpathsea library</h1>
<p>This manual documents the Kpathsea library for path searching. It
corresponds to version 6.2.3, released in
April 2017.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Overview and history.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#unixtex_002eftp" accesskey="2">unixtex.ftp</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Obtaining TeX software.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Security" accesskey="3">Security</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Who can write what files, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-directory-structure" accesskey="4">TeX directory structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Managing the horde of TeX input files.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="5">Path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How filename lookups work.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="6">TeX support</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Special support for TeX-related file lookups.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programming" accesskey="7">Programming</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use Kpathsea features in your program.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="8">Reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Where and how to report bugs.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index" accesskey="9">Index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Introduction"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp" accesskey="n" rel="next">unixtex.ftp</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Introduction-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
<a name="index-introduction"></a>
<a name="index-fundamental-purpose-of-Kpathsea"></a>
<p>This manual corresponds to version 6.2.3 of the Kpathsea
library, released in April 2017.
</p>
<p>The library’s fundamental purpose is to return a filename from a list of
directories specified by the user, similar to what shells do when
looking up program names to execute.
</p>
<a name="index-programs-using-the-library"></a>
<p>The following software, all of which is maintained in parallel, uses
this library:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Dviljk (see the ‘<samp>dvilj</samp>’ man page)
</li><li> Dvipsk (see <cite><a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Dvips: A DVI driver</a></cite>)
</li><li> GNU font utilities (see <cite><a href="fontu.html#Top">GNU font utilities</a></cite>)
</li><li> Web2c (see <cite><a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Top">Web2c: A TeX implementation</a></cite>)
</li><li> Xdvik (see the ‘<samp>xdvi</samp>’ man page)
</li></ul>
<p>Other software that we do not maintain also uses it.
</p>
<p>Kpathsea is now maintained as part of the TeX Live distribution
(<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>). For information on configuration,
building, installing, and more, see <cite><a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/tlbuild.html#Top">Building TeX
Live</a></cite>.
</p>
<a name="index-interface_002c-not-frozen"></a>
<a name="index-comments_002c-making"></a>
<a name="index-suggestions_002c-making"></a>
<p>The library is still actively maintained. If you have comments or
suggestions, please send along (see <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-conditions-for-use"></a>
<a name="index-license-for-using-the-library"></a>
<a name="index-GNU-General-Public-License"></a>
<p>The Kpathsea library is distributed under the GNU Library General
Public License (LGPL). In short, this means if you write a program
using the library, you must (offer to) distribute the source to the
library, along with any changes you have made, and allow anyone to
modify the library source and distribute their modifications. It does
not mean you have to distribute the source to your program, although
we hope you will. See accompanying files for the text of the GNU
licenses, or <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses">http://www.gnu.org/licenses</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-TeX-Users-Group"></a>
<p>If you know enough about TeX to be reading this manual, then you (or
your institution) should consider joining the TeX Users Group (if
you’re already a member, thanks!). TUG produces the periodical
<cite>TUGboat</cite>, sponsors an annual meeting and publishes the
proceedings, and arranges courses on TeX for all levels of users
throughout the world. See <a href="http://tug.org">http://tug.org</a> for information.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#History" accesskey="1">History</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="History"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="History-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">1.1 History</h3>
<a name="index-history-of-Kpathsea"></a>
<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a>
<p>This section is for those people who are curious about how the library
came about. If you like to read historical accounts of software, we
urge you to seek out the GNU Autoconf manual and the “Errors of
TeX” paper by Don Knuth, published in his book <cite>Digital
Typography</cite>, among other places.
</p>
<a name="index-Morgan_002c-Tim"></a>
<a name="index-Rokicki_002c-Tom"></a>
<a name="index-Berry_002c-Karl"></a>
<a name="index-VAX-11_002f750"></a>
<a name="index-Sun-2"></a>
<a name="index-pxp-Pascal-preprocessor"></a>
<a name="index-pc-Pascal-compiler"></a>
<p>[Karl writes.] My first ChangeLog entry for Web2c seems to be
February 1990, but I may have done some work before then. In any
case, Tim Morgan and I were jointly maintaining it for a time. (I
should mention here that Tim had made Web2c into a real distribution
long before I had ever used it or even heard of it, and Tom Rokicki
did the original implementation. When I started, I was using
<code>pxp</code> and <code>pc</code> on VAX 11/750’s and the hot new Sun 2
machines.)
</p>
<p>It must have been later in 1990 and 1991 that I started working on
<cite>TeX for the Impatient</cite>. Dvips, Xdvi, Web2c, and the GNU
fontutils (which I was also writing at the time) all used different
environment variables, and, more importantly, had different bugs in
their path searching. This became extremely painful, as I was stressing
everything to the limit working on the book. I also desperately wanted
to implement subdirectory searching, since I couldn’t stand putting
everything in one big directory, and also couldn’t stand having to
explicitly specify <samp>cm</samp>, <samp>pandora</samp>, … in a path.
</p>
<a name="index-Vojta_002c-Paul"></a>
<p>In the first incarnation, I just hacked separately on each
program—that was the original subdirectory searching code in both
Xdvi and Dvips. That is, I tried to go with the flow in each program,
rather than changing the program’s calling sequences to conform to new
routines.
</p>
<p>Then, as bugs inevitably appeared, I found I was fixing the same thing
three times (Web2c and fontutils were already sharing code, since I
maintained both of those—there was no Dvipsk or Xdvik or Dviljk at
this point). After a while, I finally started sharing source files.
They weren’t yet a library, though. I just kept things up to date
with shell scripts. (I was developing on a 386 running ISC 2.2 at the
time, and so didn’t have symbolic links. An awful experience.)
</p>
<a name="index-MacKenzie_002c-David"></a>
<p>The ChangeLogs for Xdvik and Dvipsk record initial releases of those
distributions in May and June 1992. I think it was because I was tired
of the different configuration strategies of each program, not so much
because of the path searching. Autoconf was being developed by David
MacKenzie and others, and I was adapting it to TeX and friends.
</p>
<a name="index-zuhn_002c-david"></a>
<p>I started to make a separate library that other programs could link with
on my birthday in April 1993, according to the ChangeLog. I don’t
remember exactly why I finally took the time to make it a separate
library; a conversation with david zuhn initiated it. Just seemed
like it was time.
</p>
<a name="index-Walsh_002c-Norman"></a>
<a name="index-Neumann_002c-Gustaf"></a>
<p>Dviljk got started in March 1994 after I bought a Laserjet 4. (Kpathsea
work got suspended while Norm Walsh and I, with Gustaf Neumann’s help,
implemented a way for TeX to get at all those neat builtin LJ4 fonts
… such a treat to have something to typeset in besides Palatino!)
</p>
<p>By spring of 1995, I had implemented just about all the path-searching
features in Kpathsea that I plan to, driven beyond my initial goals by
Thomas Esser and others. I then started to integrate Web2c with
Kpathsea. After the release of a stable Web2c, I hope to be able to stop
development, and turn most of my attention back to making fonts for GNU.
(Always assuming Micros**t hasn’t completely obliterated Unix by then,
or that software patents haven’t stopped software development by anybody
smaller than a company with a million-dollar-a-year legal budget. Which
is actually what I think is likely to happen, but that’s another
story…)
</p>
<a name="index-Weber_002c-Olaf"></a>
<p>[Olaf writes.] At the end of 1997, Unix is still alive and kicking,
individuals still develop software, and Web2c development still
continues. Karl had been looking for some time for someone to take up
part of the burden, and I volunteered.
</p>
<a name="index-Hoekwater_002c-Taco"></a>
<a name="index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter"></a>
<p>[Karl writes again.] Indeed, time goes on. As of 2006 or so, Olaf’s
available time for Kpathsea became rather reduced, and I started
taking overall care of it again, although I did not do any significant
new development. In 2009, Taco Hoekwater made a major rearrangement
to make the library suitable for use within the MetaPost library
(see <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a>). Also, for some years now, Peter
Breitenlohner has made many improvements to the infrastructure and
kept up-to-date with respect to the overall TeX Live build, where
Kpathsea is now maintained.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="unixtex_002eftp"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Security" accesskey="n" rel="next">Security</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="unixtex_002eftp_003a-Obtaining-TeX"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">2 <samp>unixtex.ftp</samp>: Obtaining TeX</h2>
<a name="index-obtaining-TeX"></a>
<a name="index-retrieving-TeX"></a>
<a name="index-unixtex_002eftp"></a>
<a name="index-tug_002eorg"></a>
<a name="index-www_002etug_002eorg"></a>
<a name="index-ftp_002etug_002eorg"></a>
<p>This
is <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/unixtex.ftp">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/unixtex.ftp</a>, last updated 13 June
2010. Also available as <a href="http://www.tug.org/unixtex.ftp">http://www.tug.org/unixtex.ftp</a>. Email
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a> with comments or questions.
</p>
<p>The principal free TeX distribution for Unix-like systems is TeX
Live, on the web at <a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>. The pages there
describe many ways to acquire and build TeX, over the Internet or
on physical media, both the sources and precompiled binaries for many
systems, either standalone or as part of various operating system
distributions.
</p>
<p>Web2C, Kpathsea, Dvips, and Dviljk are no longer released as a
separate packages. Their sources are now maintained as part of TeX
Live.
</p>
<a name="index-ftp_002ecs_002estanford_002eedu"></a>
<a name="index-tex_002eweb"></a>
<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e_002c-archive-of-programs-by"></a>
<p>The host <tt>ftp.cs.stanford.edu</tt> is the original source for the files
for which Donald Knuth is directly responsible: <samp>tex.web</samp>,
<samp>plain.tex</samp>, etc. However, unless you want to undertake the very
significant project of building your TeX installation from scratch,
it is far more reliable and less work to retrieve these files as part
of a larger package
</p>
<p>In any case, the Stanford ftp site is not the canonical source for
anything except what was created as part of Knuth’s original TeX,
so do not rely on any other files available there being up-to-date.
The best place to check for up-to-date files is CTAN (the
Comprehensive TeX Archive Network), <a href="http://www.ctan.org">http://www.ctan.org</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Security"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX directory structure</a>, Previous: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp" accesskey="p" rel="prev">unixtex.ftp</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Security-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">3 Security</h2>
<a name="index-security-considerations"></a>
<p>None of the programs in the TeX system require any special system
privileges, so there’s no first-level security concern of people gaining
illegitimate root access.
</p>
<a name="index-trojan-horse-attack"></a>
<a name="index-_002erhosts_002c-writable-by-TeX"></a>
<p>A TeX document, however, can write to arbitrary files, e.g.,
<samp>~/.rhosts</samp>, and thus an unwitting user who runs TeX on a random
document is vulnerable to a trojan horse attack. This loophole is
closed by default, but you can be permissive if you so desire in
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp>. See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>. MetaPost has
the same issue.
</p>
<p>Dvips, Xdvi, and TeX can also execute shell commands under some
circumstances. To disable this, see the ‘<samp>-R</samp>’ option in <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Option-details">Option
details</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>, the xdvi man page, and <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex
invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>, respectively.
</p>
<a name="index-local-cache-of-fonts"></a>
<a name="index-cache-of-fonts_002c-local"></a>
<p>Another security issue arises because it’s very useful—almost
necessary—to make arbitrary fonts on user demand with <code>mktexpk</code>
and friends. Where do these files get installed? By default, the
<code>mktexpk</code> distributed with Kpathsea assumes a world-writable
<samp>/var/tmp</samp> directory; this is a simple and convenient approach, but
it may not suit your situation because it means that a local cache of
fonts is created on every machine.
</p>
<a name="index-globally-writable-directories"></a>
<p>To avoid this duplication, many people consider a shared, globally
writable font tree desirable, in spite of the potential security
problems. To do this you should change the value of <code>VARTEXFONTS</code>
in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> to refer to some globally known directory.
See <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-append_002donly-directories-and-mktexpk"></a>
<p>The first restriction you can apply is to make newly-created directories
under <samp>texmf</samp> be append-only with an option in <samp>mktex.cnf</samp>.
See <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-group_002dwritable-directories"></a>
<a name="index-setgid-scripts"></a>
<p>Another approach is to establish a group (or user) for TeX files,
make the <samp>texmf</samp> tree writable only to that group (or user), and
make <code>mktexpk</code> et al. setgid to that group (or setuid to that
user). Then users must invoke the scripts to install things. (If
you’re worried about the inevitable security holes in scripts, then you
could write a C wrapper to exec the script.)
</p>
<a name="index-file-permissions"></a>
<a name="index-permissions_002c-file"></a>
<p>The <samp>mktex…</samp> scripts install files with the same read and
write permissions as the directory they are installed in. The
executable, sgid, suid, and sticky bits are always cleared.
</p>
<a name="index-directory-permissions"></a>
<a name="index-permissions_002c-directory"></a>
<p>Any directories created by the <samp>mktex…</samp> scripts have the
same permissions as their parent directory, unless the
<code>appendonlydir</code> feature is used, in which case the sticky bit is
always set.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TeX-directory-structure"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Security" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Security</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="TeX-directory-structure-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">4 TeX directory structure</h2>
<a name="index-TEXMF"></a>
<a name="index-TeX-directory-structure"></a>
<a name="index-directory-structure_002c-for-TeX-files"></a>
<a name="index-skeleton-TeX-directory"></a>
<a name="index-TDS"></a>
<p>This section describes the default installation hierarchy of the
distribution. It conforms to both the GNU coding standards and the
TeX directory structure (TDS) standard. For rationale and further
explanation, please see those documents. The GNU document is
available from <a href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards">http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards</a>. The TDS
document is available from <a href="http://www.mirror.ctan.org/tds">http://www.mirror.ctan.org/tds</a>
(see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
</p>
<p>In short, here is a skeleton of the default directory structure,
extracted from the TDS document:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><var>prefix</var>/ <span class="roman">installation root (<samp>/usr/local</samp> by default)</span>
bin/ <span class="roman">executables</span>
man/ <span class="roman">man pages</span>
include/ <span class="roman">C header files</span>
info/ <span class="roman">GNU info files</span>
lib/ <span class="roman">libraries (<samp>libkpathsea.*</samp>)</span>
share/ <span class="roman">architecture-independent files</span>
texmf/ <span class="roman">TDS root</span>
bibtex/ <span class="roman">BibTeX input files</span>
bib/ <span class="roman">BibTeX databases</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., ‘<samp>xampl.bib</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file databases</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
bst/ <span class="roman">BibTeX style files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.bst</samp>’, ‘<samp>acm.bst</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file styles</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
doc/ <span class="roman">additional documentation</span>
dvips/ <span class="roman">‘<samp>.pro</samp>’, ‘<samp>.ps</samp>’, ‘<samp>psfonts.map</samp>’</span>
fonts/ <span class="roman">font-related files</span>
<var>type</var>/ <span class="roman">file type (e.g., ‘<samp>tfm</samp>’, ‘<samp>pk</samp>’)</span>
<var>mode</var>/ <span class="roman">type of output device (types ‘<samp>pk</samp>’ and ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ only)</span>
<var>supplier</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a font supplier (e.g., ‘<samp>public</samp>’)</span>
<var>typeface</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a typeface (e.g., ‘<samp>cm</samp>’)</span>
dpi<var>nnn</var>/ <span class="roman">font resolution (types ‘<samp>pk</samp>’ and ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ only)</span>
metafont/ <span class="roman">Metafont (non-font) input files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.mf</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages (e.g., ‘<samp>modes.mf</samp>’)</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., ‘<samp>mfpic</samp>’)</span>
metapost/ <span class="roman">MetaPost input files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.mp</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
support/ <span class="roman">support files for MetaPost-related utilities (e.g., ‘<samp>trfonts.map</samp>’)</span>
mft/ <span class="roman">‘<samp>MFT</samp>’ inputs (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.mft</samp>’)</span>
tex/ <span class="roman">TeX input files</span>
<var>format</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a format (e.g., ‘<samp>plain</samp>’)</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution for <var>format</var> (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.tex</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages (e.g., ‘<samp>webmac.tex</samp>’)</span>
local/ <span class="roman">local additions to or local configuration files for <var>format</var></span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., ‘<samp>graphics</samp>’, ‘<samp>mfnfss</samp>’)</span>
generic/ <span class="roman">format-independent packages</span>
hyphen/ <span class="roman">hyphenation patterns (e.g., ‘<samp>hyphen.tex</samp>’)</span>
images/ <span class="roman">image input files (e.g., Encapsulated PostScript)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file format-independent packages (e.g., ‘<samp>null.tex</samp>’).</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., ‘<samp>babel</samp>’)</span>
web2c/ <span class="roman">implementation-dependent files (<samp>.pool</samp>, <samp>.fmt</samp>, <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, etc.)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Some concrete examples for most file types:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">/usr/local/bin/tex
/usr/local/man/man1/xdvi.1
/usr/local/info/kpathsea.info
/usr/local/lib/libkpathsea.a
/usr/local/share/texmf/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmr10.600pk
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/source/public/pandora/pnr10.mf
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/type1/adobe/utopia/putr.pfa
/usr/local/share/texmf/metafont/base/plain.mf
/usr/local/share/texmf/metapost/base/plain.mp
/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/plain.tex
/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/generic/hyphen/hyphen.tex
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/tex.pool
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/tex.fmt
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="Path-searching"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX support</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX directory structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Path-searching-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">5 Path searching</h2>
<a name="index-path-searching"></a>
<p>This chapter describes the generic path searching mechanism Kpathsea
provides. For information about searching for particular file types
(e.g., TeX fonts), see the next chapter.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Searching-overview" accesskey="1">Searching overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Basic scheme for searching.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-sources" accesskey="2">Path sources</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Where search paths can be defined.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="3">Path expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Special constructs in search paths.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="4">Filename database</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using an externally-built list to search.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="5">Invoking kpsewhich</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Standalone path lookup.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Searching-overview"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Path-sources" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path sources</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Searching-overview-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.1 Searching overview</h3>
<a name="index-searching-overview"></a>
<a name="index-path-searching_002c-overview"></a>
<a name="index-overview-of-path-searching"></a>
<a name="index-search-path_002c-defined"></a>
<p>A <em>search path</em> is a colon-separated list of <em>path elements</em>,
which are directory names with a few extra frills. A search path can
come from (a combination of) many sources; see below. To look up a file
‘<samp>foo</samp>’ along a path ‘<samp>.:/dir</samp>’, Kpathsea checks each element of
the path in turn: first <samp>./foo</samp>, then <samp>/dir/foo</samp>, returning
the first match (or possibly all matches).
</p>
<a name="index-magic-characters"></a>
<a name="index-_003a-may-not-be-_003a"></a>
<a name="index-_002f-may-not-be-_002f"></a>
<p>The “colon” and “slash” mentioned here aren’t necessarily ‘<samp>:</samp>’
and ‘<samp>/</samp>’ on non-Unix systems. Kpathsea tries to adapt to other
operating systems’ conventions.
</p>
<a name="index-database-search"></a>
<a name="index-searching-the-database"></a>
<p>To check a particular path element <var>e</var>, Kpathsea first sees if a
prebuilt database (see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>) applies to <var>e</var>, i.e.,
if the database is in a directory that is a prefix of <var>e</var>. If so,
the path specification is matched against the contents of the database.
</p>
<a name="index-floating-directories"></a>
<a name="index-filesystem-search"></a>
<a name="index-disk-search"></a>
<a name="index-searching-the-disk"></a>
<p>If the database does not exist, or does not apply to this path element,
or contains no matches, the filesystem is searched (if this was not
forbidden by the specification with ‘<samp>!!</samp>’ and if the file being
searched for must exist). Kpathsea constructs the list of directories
that correspond to this path element, and then checks in each for the
file being searched for. (To help speed future lookups of files in the
same directory, the directory in which a file is found is floated to the
top of the directory list.)
</p>
<a name="index-must-exist"></a>
<a name="index-VF-files_002c-not-found"></a>
<a name="index-cmr10_002evf"></a>
<a name="index-_005copenin"></a>
<p>The “file must exist” condition comes into play with VF files and
input files read by the TeX ‘<samp>\openin</samp>’ command. These files
might very well not exist (consider <samp>cmr10.vf</samp>), and so it would
be wrong to search the disk for them. Therefore, if you fail to
update <samp>ls-R</samp> when you install a new VF file, it will not be
found.
</p>
<p>Each path element is checked in turn: first the database, then the disk.
If a match is found, the search stops and the result is returned. This
avoids possibly-expensive processing of path specifications that are
never needed on a particular run. (Unless the search explicitly
requested all matches.)
</p>
<a name="index-expansion_002c-path-element"></a>
<p>Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory name,
Kpathsea supports additional features in search paths: layered default
values, environment variable names, config file values, users’ home
directories, and recursive subdirectory searching. Thus, we say that
Kpathsea <em>expands</em> a path element, meaning transforming all the
magic specifications into the basic directory name or names. This
process is described in the sections below. It happens in the same
order as the sections.
</p>
<a name="index-absolute-filenames"></a>
<a name="index-relative-filenames"></a>
<a name="index-explicitly-relative-filenames"></a>
<a name="index-filenames_002c-absolute-or-explicitly-relative"></a>
<p>Exception to all of the above: If the filename being searched for is
absolute or explicitly relative, i.e., starts with ‘<samp>/</samp>’ or ‘<samp>./</samp>’
or ‘<samp>../</samp>’, Kpathsea simply checks if that file exists.
</p>
<a name="index-permission-denied"></a>
<a name="index-unreadable-files"></a>
<a name="index-access-warnings"></a>
<a name="index-warnings_002c-file-access"></a>
<a name="index-lost_002bfound-directory"></a>
<a name="index-TEX_005fHUSH"></a>
<p>Ordinarily, if Kpathsea tries to access a file or directory that
cannot be read, it gives a warning. This is so you will be alerted to
directories or files that accidentally lack any read permission (for
example, a <samp>lost+found</samp> directory). If you prefer not to see
these warnings, include the value ‘<samp>readable</samp>’ in the
<code>TEX_HUSH</code> environment variable or config file value.
</p>
<p>This generic path searching algorithm is implemented in
<samp>kpathsea/pathsearch.c</samp>. It is employed by a higher-level
algorithm when searching for a file of a particular type (see <a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a>, and <a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Path-sources"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Searching-overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Searching overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Path-sources-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.2 Path sources</h3>
<a name="index-path-sources"></a>
<a name="index-sources-for-search-paths"></a>
<p>A search path can come from many sources. In the order in which
Kpathsea uses them:
</p>
<ol>
<li> <a name="index-environment-variable_002c-source-for-path"></a>
A user-set environment variable, e.g., <code>TEXINPUTS</code>.
Environment variables with an underscore and the program name appended
override; for example, <code>TEXINPUTS_latex</code> overrides <code>TEXINPUTS</code>
if the program being run is named ‘<samp>latex</samp>’.
</li><li> A program-specific configuration file, e.g., an ‘<samp>S /a:/b</samp>’ line in
Dvips’ <samp>config.ps</samp> (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>).
</li><li> <a name="index-configuration-file_002c-source-for-path"></a>
<a name="index-Kpathsea-config-file_002c-source-for-path"></a>
<a name="index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-source-for-path"></a>
A line in a Kpathsea configuration file <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, e.g.,
‘<samp>TEXINPUTS=/c:/d</samp>’ (see below).
</li><li> <a name="index-compilation-value_002c-source-for-path"></a>
The compile-time default (specified in <samp>kpathsea/paths.h</samp>).
</li></ol>
<p>You can see each of these values for a given search path by using the
debugging options (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
</p>
<p>These sources may be combined via default expansion (see <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Config-files" accesskey="1">Config files</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Kpathsea’s runtime config files (texmf.cnf).
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Config-files"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Path-sources" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path sources</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Config-files-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.2.1 Config files</h4>
<a name="index-config-files"></a>
<a name="index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-definition-for"></a>
<a name="index-runtime-configuration-files"></a>
<a name="index-TEXMFCNF"></a>
<p>As mentioned above, Kpathsea reads <em>runtime configuration files</em>
named <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> for search path and other definitions. The
search path used to look for these configuration files is named
<code>TEXMFCNF</code>, and is constructed in the usual way, as described
above, except that configuration files cannot be used to define the
path, naturally; also, an <samp>ls-R</samp> database is not used to search for
them.
</p>
<p>Kpathsea reads <em>all</em> <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> files in the search path, not
just the first one found; definitions in earlier files override those in
later files. Thus, if the search path is ‘<samp>.:$TEXMF</samp>’, values from
<samp>./texmf.cnf</samp> override those from <samp>$TEXMF/texmf.cnf</samp>.
</p>
<a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fWARNING"></a>
<a name="index-warning_002c-about-missing-texmf_002ecnf"></a>
<a name="index-texmf_002ecnf-missing_002c-warning-about"></a>
<p>If Kpathsea cannot find any <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> file, it reports a
warning including all the directories it checked. If you don’t want
to see this warning, set the environment variable
<code>KPATHSEA_WARNING</code> to the single character ‘<samp>0</samp>’ (zero, not
oh).
</p>
<p>While (or instead of) reading this description, you may find it helpful
to look at the distributed <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, which uses or at least
mentions most features. The format of <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> files follows:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <a name="index-comments_002c-in-texmf_002ecnf"></a>
Comments start with ‘<samp>%</samp>’, either at the beginning of a line or
preceded by whitespace, and continue to the end of the line. That is,
as with most shells, a ‘<samp>%</samp>’ in the “middle” of a value does not
start a comment. Examples:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% this is a comment
var = a%b % but the value of var will be "a%b".
</pre></div>
</li><li> <a name="index-blank-lines_002c-in-texmf_002ecnf"></a>
Blank lines are ignored.
</li><li> <a name="index-backslash_002dnewline"></a>
<a name="index-continuation-character"></a>
<a name="index-whitespace_002c-not-ignored-on-continuation-lines"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_002c-line-continuation-in-texmf_002ecnf"></a>
A ‘<samp>\</samp>’ at the end of a line acts as a continuation character, i.e.,
the next line is appended. Whitespace at the beginning of continuation
lines is not ignored.
</li><li> Each remaining line must look like
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><var>variable</var> <span class="roman">[</span>. <var>progname</var><span class="roman">]</span> <span class="roman">[</span>=<span class="roman">]</span> <var>value</var>
</pre></div>
<p>where the ‘<samp>=</samp>’ and surrounding whitespace is optional.
</p>
</li><li> <a name="index-identifiers_002c-characters-valid-in"></a>
The <var>variable</var> name may contain any character other than whitespace,
‘<samp>=</samp>’, or ‘<samp>.</samp>’, but sticking to ‘<samp>A-Za-z_</samp>’ is safest.
</li><li> If ‘<samp>.<var>progname</var></samp>’ is present, the definition only
applies if the program that is running is named (i.e., the last
component of <code>argv[0]</code> is) <var>progname</var> or
<samp><var>progname</var>.{exe,bat,cmd,...}</samp>. Most notably, this allows
different flavors of TeX to have different search paths.
</li><li> <a name="index-right_002dhand-side-of-variable-assignments"></a>
<var>value</var> may contain any characters except ‘<samp>%</samp>’ and ‘<samp>@</samp>’.
(These restrictions are only necessary because of the processing done
on <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> at build time, so you can stick those characters
in after installation if you have to.) The
‘<samp>$<var>var</var>.<var>prog</var></samp>’ feature is not available on the
right-hand side; instead, you must use an additional variable (see
below for example). A ‘<samp>;</samp>’ in <var>value</var> is translated to
‘<samp>:</samp>’ if running under Unix; this is useful to write a single
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> which can be used under both Unix and Windows.
</li><li> All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so you can
use variables before they are defined (like Make, unlike most other
programs).
</li></ul>
<p>Here is a configuration file fragment illustrating most of
these points:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% TeX input files -- i.e., anything to be found by \input or \openin ...
latex209_inputs = .:$TEXMF/tex/latex209//:$TEXMF/tex//
latex2e_inputs = .:$TEXMF/tex/latex//:$TEXMF/tex//
TEXINPUTS = .:$TEXMF/tex//
TEXINPUTS.latex209 = $latex209_inputs
TEXINPUTS.latex2e = $latex2e_inputs
TEXINPUTS.latex = $latex2e_inputs
</pre></div>
<a name="index-shell-scripts-as-configuration-files"></a>
<a name="index-configuration-files-as-shell-scripts_002e"></a>
<p>This format has obvious similarities to Bourne shell scripts—change
the comment character to <code>#</code>, disallow spaces around the
<code>=</code>, and get rid of the <code>.<var>name</var></code> convention, and it
could be run through the shell. However, there seemed little
advantage in this, since all the information would have to passed back
to Kpathsea and parsed there anyway, since the <code>sh</code> process
couldn’t affect its parent’s environment.
</p>
<a name="index-cnf_002ec"></a>
<p>The implementation of all this is in <samp>kpathsea/cnf.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Path-expansion"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename database</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-sources" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path sources</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Path-expansion-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.3 Path expansion</h3>
<a name="index-path-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-expansion_002c-search-path"></a>
<p>Kpathsea recognizes certain special characters and constructions in
search paths, similar to that in shells. As a general example:
‘<samp>~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz</samp>’ expands to all subdirectories under
directories <samp>foo</samp> and <samp>bar</samp> in <tt>$USER</tt>’s home directory that
contain a directory or file <samp>baz</samp>. These expansions are explained
in the sections below.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Default-expansion" accesskey="1">Default expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">a: or :a or a::b expands to a default.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Variable-expansion" accesskey="2">Variable expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">$foo and ${foo} expand to environment values.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tilde-expansion" accesskey="3">Tilde expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">~ and ~user expand to home directories.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Brace-expansion" accesskey="4">Brace expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">a{foo,bar}b expands to afoob abarb.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion" accesskey="5">KPSE_DOT expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">. is replaced with $KPSE_DOT if it is defined.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion" accesskey="6">Subdirectory expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">a// and a//b recursively expand to subdirs.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Default-expansion"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Variable-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Variable expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Default-expansion-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.3.1 Default expansion</h4>
<a name="index-_003a_003a-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-doubled-colons"></a>
<a name="index-leading-colons"></a>
<a name="index-trailing-colons"></a>
<a name="index-extra-colons"></a>
<a name="index-default-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-expansion_002c-default"></a>
<p>If the highest-priority search path (see <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>) contains an
<em>extra colon</em> (i.e., leading, trailing, or doubled), Kpathsea
inserts at that point the next-highest-priority search path that is
defined. If that inserted path has an extra colon, the same happens
with the next-highest. (An extra colon in the compile-time default
value has unpredictable results, so installers beware.)
</p>
<p>For example, given an environment variable setting
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">setenv TEXINPUTS /home/karl:
</pre></div>
<p>and a <code>TEXINPUTS</code> value from <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> of
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.:$TEXMF//tex
</pre></div>
<p>then the final value used for searching will be:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">/home/karl:.:$TEXMF//tex
</pre></div>
<p>Put another way, default expansion works on “formats” (search
paths), and not directly on environment variables. Example, showing
the trailing ‘<samp>:</samp>’ ignored in the first case and expanded in the second:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ env TTFONTS=/tmp: kpsewhich --expand-path '$TTFONTS'
/tmp
$ env TTFONTS=/tmp: kpsewhich --show-path=.ttf
/tmp:.:/home/olaf/texmf/fonts/truetype//:...
</pre></div>
<p>Since Kpathsea looks for multiple configuration files, it would be
natural to expect that (for example) an extra colon in
<samp>./texmf.cnf</samp> would expand to the path in <samp>$TEXMF/texmf.cnf</samp>.
Or, with Dvips’ configuration files, that an extra colon in
<samp>config.$PRINTER</samp> would expand to the path in <samp>config.ps</samp>.
This doesn’t happen. It’s not clear this would be desirable in all
cases, and trying to devise a way to specify the path to which the extra
colon should expand seemed truly baroque.
<a name="index-Bach_002c-Johann-Sebastian"></a>
</p>
<p>Technicality: Since it would be useless to insert the default value in
more than one place, Kpathsea changes only one extra ‘<samp>:</samp>’ and leaves
any others in place (they will eventually be ignored). Kpathsea checks
first for a leading ‘<samp>:</samp>’, then a trailing ‘<samp>:</samp>’, then a doubled
‘<samp>:</samp>’.
</p>
<a name="index-kdefault_002ec"></a>
<p>You can trace this by debugging “paths” (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
Default expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/kdefault.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Variable-expansion"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Tilde-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tilde expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Default-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Default expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Variable-expansion-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.3.2 Variable expansion</h4>
<a name="index-_0024-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-environment-variables-in-paths"></a>
<a name="index-variable-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-expansion_002c-variable"></a>
<a name="index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-and-variable-expansion"></a>
<p>‘<samp>$foo</samp>’ or ‘<samp>${foo}</samp>’ in a path element is replaced by (1) the
value of an environment variable ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ (if defined); (2) the value
of ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ from <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (if defined); (3) the empty string.
</p>
<p>If the character after the ‘<samp>$</samp>’ is alphanumeric or ‘<samp>_</samp>’, the
variable name consists of all consecutive such characters. If the
character after the ‘<samp>$</samp>’ is a ‘<samp>{</samp>’, the variable name consists
of everything up to the next ‘<samp>}</samp>’ (braces may not be nested around
variable names). Otherwise, Kpathsea gives a warning and ignores the
‘<samp>$</samp>’ and its following character.
</p>
<a name="index-quoting-variable-values"></a>
<a name="index-shell-variables"></a>
<p>You must quote the <tt>$</tt>’s and braces as necessary for your shell.
<em>Shell</em> variable values cannot be seen by Kpathsea, i.e., ones
defined by <code>set</code> in C shells and without <code>export</code> in Bourne
shells.
</p>
<p>For example, given
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">setenv tex /home/texmf
setenv TEXINPUTS .:$tex:${tex}prev
</pre></div>
<p>the final <code>TEXINPUTS</code> path is the three directories:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">.:/home/texmf:/home/texmfprev
</pre></div>
<p>The ‘<samp>.<var>progname</var></samp>’ suffix on variables and
‘<samp>_<var>progname</var></samp>’ on environment variable names are not implemented
for general variable expansions. These are only recognized when search
paths are initialized (see <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-variable_002ec"></a>
<p>Variable expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/variable.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Tilde-expansion"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Brace-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Brace expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Variable-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Variable expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Tilde-expansion-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.3.3 Tilde expansion</h4>
<a name="index-_007e-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-home-directories-in-paths"></a>
<a name="index-tilde-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-expansion_002c-tilde"></a>
<a name="index-HOME_002c-as-_007e-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-USERPROFILE_002c-as-_007e-expansion"></a>
<p>A leading ‘<samp>~</samp>’ in a path element is replaced by the value of the
environment variable <code>HOME</code>, or <samp>.</samp> if <code>HOME</code> is not
set. On Windows, the environment variable <code>USERPROFILE</code> is
checked instead of <code>HOME</code>.
</p>
<p>A leading ‘<samp>~<var>user</var></samp>’ in a path element is replaced by
<var>user</var>’s home directory from the system <samp>passwd</samp> database.
</p>
<p>For example,
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">setenv TEXINPUTS ~/mymacros:
</pre></div>
<p>will prepend a directory <samp>mymacros</samp> in your home
directory to the default path.
</p>
<a name="index-root-user"></a>
<a name="index-trailing-_002f-in-home-directory"></a>
<a name="index-_002f_002c-trailing-in-home-directory"></a>
<p>As a special case, if a home directory ends in ‘<samp>/</samp>’, the trailing
slash is dropped, to avoid inadvertently creating a ‘<samp>//</samp>’ construct
in the path. For example, if the home directory of the user ‘<samp>root</samp>’
is ‘<samp>/</samp>’, the path element ‘<samp>~root/mymacros</samp>’ expands to just
‘<samp>/mymacros</samp>’, not ‘<samp>//mymacros</samp>’.
</p>
<a name="index-tilde_002ec"></a>
<p>Tilde expansion is implemented in the source file <samp>kpathsea/tilde.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Brace-expansion"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">KPSE_DOT expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tilde-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tilde expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Brace-expansion-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.3.4 Brace expansion</h4>
<a name="index-_007b-expansion"></a>
<a name="index-brace-expansion"></a>
<p>‘<samp>x{<var>a</var>,<var>b</var>}y</samp>’ expands to ‘<samp>x<var>a</var>y:x<var>b</var>y</samp>’.
For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">foo/{1,2}/baz
</pre></div>
<p>expands to ‘<samp>foo/1/baz:foo/2/baz</samp>’. ‘<samp>:</samp>’ is the path
separator on the current system; e.g., on a DOS system, it’s ‘<samp>;</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Braces can be nested; for example, ‘<samp>x{A,B{1,2}}y</samp>’ expands to
‘<samp>xAy:xB1y:xB2y</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Multiple non-nested braces are expanded from right to left; for example,
‘<samp>x{A,B}{1,2}y</samp>’ expands to ‘<samp>x{A,B}1y:x{A,B}2y</samp>’, which
expands to ‘<samp>xA1y:xB1y:xA2y:xB2y</samp>’.
</p>
<a name="index-multiple-TeX-hierarchies"></a>
<p>This feature can be used to implement multiple TeX hierarchies, by
assigning a brace list to <code>$TEXMF</code>, as mentioned in
<samp>texmf.in</samp>.
</p>
<p>You can also use the path separator instead of the comma. The last
example could have been written ‘<samp>x{A:B}{1:2}y</samp>’.
</p>
<a name="index-expand_002ec"></a>
<p>Brace expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/expand.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="KPSE_005fDOT-expansion"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Subdirectory expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Brace-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Brace expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="KPSE_005fDOT-expansion-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.3.5 <code>KPSE_DOT</code> expansion</h4>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fDOT-expansion"></a>
<p>When <code>KPSE_DOT</code> is defined in the environment, it names a directory
that should be considered the current directory for the purpose of
looking up files in the search paths. This feature is needed by the
‘<samp>mktex…</samp>’ scripts <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>, because these
change the working directory. You should not ever define it yourself.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Subdirectory-expansion"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">KPSE_DOT expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Subdirectory-expansion-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.3.6 Subdirectory expansion</h4>
<a name="index-_002f_002f"></a>
<a name="index-subdirectory-searching"></a>
<a name="index-expansion_002c-subdirectory"></a>
<a name="index-alphabetical-order_002c-not"></a>
<p>Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory
<var>d</var> is replaced by all subdirectories of <var>d</var>: first those
subdirectories directly under <var>d</var>, then the subsubdirectories under
those, and so on. At each level, the order in which the directories are
searched is unspecified. (It’s “directory order”, and definitely not
alphabetical.)
</p>
<p>If you specify any filename components after the ‘<samp>//</samp>’, only
subdirectories which match those components are included. For example,
‘<samp>/a//b</samp>’ would expand into directories <samp>/a/1/b</samp>, <samp>/a/2/b</samp>,
<samp>/a/1/1/b</samp>, and so on, but not <samp>/a/b/c</samp> or <samp>/a/1</samp>.
</p>
<p>You can include multiple ‘<samp>//</samp>’ constructs in the path.
</p>
<p>‘<samp>//</samp>’ at the beginning of a path is ignored; you didn’t really want
to search every directory on the system, did you?
</p>
<a name="index-trick-for-detecting-leaf-directories"></a>
<a name="index-leaf-directory-trick"></a>
<a name="index-Farwell_002c-Matthew"></a>
<a name="index-MacKenzie_002c-David-1"></a>
<p>I should mention one related implementation trick, which I took from GNU
find. Matthew Farwell suggested it, and David MacKenzie implemented it.
</p>
<a name="index-st_005fnlink"></a>
<p>The trick is that in every real Unix implementation (as opposed to the
POSIX specification), a directory which contains no subdirectories will
have exactly two links (namely, one for <samp>.</samp> and one for <samp>..</samp>).
That is to say, the <code>st_nlink</code> field in the ‘<samp>stat</samp>’ structure
will be two. Thus, we don’t have to stat everything in the bottom-level
(leaf) directories—we can just check <code>st_nlink</code>, notice it’s two,
and do no more work.
</p>
<p>But if you have a directory that contains a single subdirectory and 500
regular files, <code>st_nlink</code> will be 3, and Kpathsea has to stat every
one of those 501 entries. Therein lies slowness.
</p>
<a name="index-ST_005fNLINK_005fTRICK"></a>
<p>You can disable the trick by undefining <code>ST_NLINK_TRICK</code> in
<samp>kpathsea/config.h</samp>. (It is undefined by default except under Unix.)
</p>
<a name="index-elt_002ddirs_002ec"></a>
<p>Unfortunately, in some cases files in leaf directories are
<code>stat</code>’d: if the path specification is, say,
‘<samp>$TEXMF/fonts//pk//</samp>’, then files in a subdirectory
‘<samp>…/pk</samp>’, even if it is a leaf, are checked. The reason cannot
be explained without reference to the implementation, so read
<samp>kpathsea/elt-dirs.c</samp> (search for ‘<samp>may descend</samp>’) if you are
curious. And if you can find a way to <em>solve</em> the problem, please
let me know.
</p>
<a name="index-elt_002ddirs_002ec-1"></a>
<p>Subdirectory expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/elt-dirs.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Filename-database"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="n" rel="next">Invoking kpsewhich</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Filename-database-_0028ls_002dR_0029"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.4 Filename database (<code>ls-R</code>)</h3>
<a name="index-filename-database"></a>
<a name="index-database_002c-for-filenames"></a>
<a name="index-externally_002dbuilt-filename-database"></a>
<p>Kpathsea goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches
(see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>). Nevertheless, in practice searching
each possible directory in typical TeX installations takes an
excessively long time.
</p>
<p>Therefore, Kpathsea can use an externally-built <em>filename
database</em> file named <samp>ls-R</samp> that maps files to directories, thus
avoiding the need to exhaustively search the disk.
</p>
<p>A second database file <samp>aliases</samp> allows you to give additional
names to the files listed in <samp>ls-R</samp>. This can be helpful to adapt
to “8.3” filename conventions in source files.
</p>
<p>The <samp>ls-R</samp> and <samp>aliases</samp> features are implemented in the
source file <samp>kpathsea/db.c</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#ls_002dR" accesskey="1">ls-R</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The main filename database.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Filename-aliases" accesskey="2">Filename aliases</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Aliases for those names.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Database-format" accesskey="3">Database format</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Syntax details of the database file.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="ls_002dR"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Filename-aliases" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename database</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="ls_002dR-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.4.1 <samp>ls-R</samp></h4>
<a name="index-ls_002dR-database-file"></a>
<a name="index-TEXMFDBS"></a>
<p>As mentioned above, you must name the main filename database
<samp>ls-R</samp>. You can put one at the root of each TeX installation
hierarchy you wish to search (<code>$TEXMF</code> by default); most sites have
only one hierarchy. Kpathsea looks for <samp>ls-R</samp> files along the
<code>TEXMFDBS</code> path, so that should presumably match the list of
hierarchies.
</p>
<p>The recommended way to create and maintain ‘<samp>ls-R</samp>’ is to run the
<code>mktexlsr</code> script, which is installed in ‘<samp>$(bindir)</samp>’
(<samp>/usr/local/bin</samp> by default). That script goes to some trouble to
follow symbolic links as necessary, etc. It’s also invoked by the
distributed ‘<samp>mktex…</samp>’ scripts.
</p>
<a name="index-ls_002dR_002c-simplest-build"></a>
<p>At its simplest, though, you can build <samp>ls-R</samp> with the command
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">cd <var>/your/texmf/root</var> && ls -LAR ./ >ls-R
</pre></div>
<p><a name="index-_002d_002dcolor_003dtty"></a>
<a name="index-_002fetc_002fprofile-and-aliases"></a>
presuming your <code>ls</code> produces the right output format (see the
section below). GNU <code>ls</code>, for example, outputs in this format.
Also presuming your <code>ls</code> hasn’t been aliased in a system file
(e.g., <samp>/etc/profile</samp>) to something problematic, e.g., ‘<samp>ls
--color=tty</samp>’. In that case, you will have to disable the alias before
generating <samp>ls-R</samp>. For the precise definition of the file format,
see <a href="#Database-format">Database format</a>.
</p>
<p>Regardless of whether you use the supplied script or your own, you will
almost certainly want to invoke it via <code>cron</code>, so when you make
changes in the installed files (say if you install a new LaTeX
package), <samp>ls-R</samp> will be automatically updated.
</p>
<a name="index-_002dA-option-to-ls"></a>
<a name="index-dot-files"></a>
<a name="index-_002e-files"></a>
<a name="index-_002e-directories_002c-ignored"></a>
<a name="index-_002etex-file_002c-included-in-ls_002dR"></a>
<p>The ‘<samp>-A</samp>’ option to <code>ls</code> includes files beginning with ‘<samp>.</samp>’
(except for <samp>.</samp> and <samp>..</samp>), such as the file <samp>.tex</samp>
included with the LaTeX tools package. (On the other hand,
<em>directories</em> whose names begin with ‘<samp>.</samp>’ are always ignored.)
</p>
<a name="index-symbolic-links_002c-and-ls_002dR"></a>
<a name="index-_002dL-option-to-ls"></a>
<p>If your system does not support symbolic links, omit the ‘<samp>-L</samp>’.
</p>
<a name="index-automounter_002c-and-ls_002dR"></a>
<a name="index-NFS-and-ls_002dR"></a>
<p><code>ls -LAR <var>/your/texmf/root</var></code> will also work. But using
‘<samp>./</samp>’ avoids embedding absolute pathnames, so the hierarchy can be
easily transported. It also avoids possible trouble with automounters
or other network filesystem conventions.
</p>
<a name="index-warning-about-unusable-ls_002dR"></a>
<a name="index-unusable-ls_002dR-warning"></a>
<p>Kpathsea warns you if it finds an <samp>ls-R</samp> file, but the file does
not contain any usable entries. The usual culprit is running plain
‘<samp>ls -R</samp>’ instead of ‘<samp>ls -LR ./</samp>’ or ‘<samp>ls -R
<var>/your/texmf/root</var></samp>’. Another possibility is some system directory
name starting with a ‘<samp>.</samp>’ (perhaps if you are using AFS); Kpathsea
ignores everything under such directories.
</p>
<a name="index-_0021_0021-in-path-specifications"></a>
<a name="index-disk-searching_002c-avoiding"></a>
<p>Because the database may be out-of-date for a particular run, if a file
is not found in the database, by default Kpathsea goes ahead and
searches the disk. If a particular path element begins with ‘<samp>!!</samp>’,
however, <em>only</em> the database will be searched for that element,
never the disk. If the database does not exist, nothing will be
searched. Because this can surprise users (“I see the font
<samp>foo.tfm</samp> when I do an <code>ls</code>; why can’t Dvips find it?”), it
is not in any of the default search paths.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Filename-aliases"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Database-format" accesskey="n" rel="next">Database format</a>, Previous: <a href="#ls_002dR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ls-R</a>, Up: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename database</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Filename-aliases-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.4.2 Filename aliases</h4>
<a name="index-filename-aliases"></a>
<a name="index-aliases_002c-for-filenames"></a>
<p>In some circumstances, you may wish to find a file under several names.
For example, suppose a TeX document was created using a DOS system
and tries to read <samp>longtabl.sty</samp>. But now it’s being run on a Unix
system, and the file has its original name, <samp>longtable.sty</samp>. The
file won’t be found. You need to give the actual file
<samp>longtable.sty</samp> an alias ‘<samp>longtabl.sty</samp>’.
</p>
<p>You can handle this by creating a file <samp>aliases</samp> as a companion to
the <samp>ls-R</samp> for the hierarchy containing the file in question. (You
must have an <samp>ls-R</samp> for the alias feature to work.)
</p>
<p>The format of <samp>aliases</samp> is simple: two whitespace-separated words
per line; the first is the real name <samp>longtable.sty</samp>, and second is
the alias (<samp>longtabl.sty</samp>). These must be base filenames, with no
directory components. <samp>longtable.sty</samp> must be in the sibling
<samp>ls-R</samp>.
</p>
<p>Also, blank lines and lines starting with ‘<samp>%</samp>’ or ‘<samp>#</samp>’ are
ignored in <samp>aliases</samp>, to allow for comments.
</p>
<p>If a real file <samp>longtabl.sty</samp> exists, it is used regardless of any
aliases.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Database-format"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Filename-aliases" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename database</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Database-format-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.4.3 Database format</h4>
<a name="index-format-of-external-database"></a>
<a name="index-database_002c-format-of"></a>
<p>The “database” read by Kpathsea is a line-oriented file of plain
text. The format is that generated by GNU (and most other) <code>ls</code>
programs given the ‘<samp>-R</samp>’ option, as follows.
</p>
<ul>
<li> Blank lines are ignored.
</li><li> If a line begins with ‘<samp>/</samp>’ or ‘<samp>./</samp>’ or ‘<samp>../</samp>’ and ends with
a colon, it’s the name of a directory. (‘<samp>../</samp>’ lines aren’t useful,
however, and should not be generated.)
</li><li> All other lines define entries in the most recently seen directory.
<tt>/</tt>’s in such lines will produce possibly-strange results.
</li><li> Files with no preceding directory line are ignored.
</li></ul>
<p>For example, here’s the first few lines of <samp>ls-R</samp> (which totals
about 30K bytes) on my system:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">bibtex
dvips
fonts
ls-R
metafont
metapost
tex
web2c
./bibtex:
bib
bst
doc
./bibtex/bib:
asi.bib
btxdoc.bib
…
</pre></div>
<hr>
<a name="Invoking-kpsewhich"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename database</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="kpsewhich_003a-Standalone-path-searching"></a>
<h3 class="section">5.5 <code>kpsewhich</code>: Standalone path searching</h3>
<a name="index-kpsewhich"></a>
<a name="index-path-searching_002c-standalone"></a>
<a name="index-standalone-path-searching"></a>
<p>The Kpsewhich program exercises the path searching functionality
independent of any particular application. This can also be useful as a
sort of <code>find</code> program to locate files in your TeX hierarchies,
perhaps in administrative scripts. It is used heavily in the
distributed ‘<samp>mktex…</samp>’ scripts.
</p>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich <var>option</var>… <var>filename</var>…
</pre></div>
<p>The options and filename(s) to look up can be intermixed.
Options can start with either ‘<samp>-</samp>’ or ‘<samp>--</samp>’, and any unambiguous
abbreviation is accepted.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-searching-options" accesskey="1">Path searching options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the mode, resolution, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files" accesskey="2">Specially-recognized files</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Default formats for texmf.cnf, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks" accesskey="3">Auxiliary tasks</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Path and variable expansion, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Standard-options" accesskey="4">Standard options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">‘<samp>--help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--version</samp>’.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Path-searching-options"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specially-recognized files</a>, Up: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="u" rel="up">Invoking kpsewhich</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Path-searching-options-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.5.1 Path searching options</h4>
<a name="index-path-searching-options"></a>
<p>Kpsewhich looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a
filename, and returns the first file found.
</p>
<p>Various options alter the path searching behavior:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>--all</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dall"></a>
<a name="index-all-matches_002c-finding"></a>
<p>Report all matches found, one per line. By default, if there is more
than one match, just one will be reported (chosen effectively at random).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--dpi=<var>num</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002ddpi_003dnum"></a>
<a name="index-_002dD-num"></a>
<a name="index-resolution_002c-setting"></a>
<p>Set the resolution to <var>num</var>; this only affects ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ and
‘<samp>pk</samp>’ lookups. ‘<samp>-D</samp>’ is a synonym, for compatibility with
Dvips. Default is 600.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--engine=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dengine_003dname"></a>
<a name="index-engine-name"></a>
<p>Set the engine name to <var>name</var>. By default it is not set. The
engine name is used in some search paths to allow files with the same
name but used by different engines to coexist.
</p>
<p>In particular, since the memory dump files
(<samp>.fmt</samp>/<samp>.base</samp>/<samp>.mem</samp>) are now stored in
subdirectories named for the engine (<samp>tex</samp>, <samp>pdftex</samp>,
<samp>xetex</samp>, etc.), you must specify an engine name in order to find
them. For example, <samp>cont-en.fmt</samp> typically exists for both
<samp>pdftex</samp> and <samp>xetex</samp>. With the default path settings, you
can use ‘<samp>--engine=/</samp>’ to look for any dump file, regardless of
engine; if a dump file exists for more than one engine, it’s
indeterminate which one is returned. (The ‘<samp>/</samp>’ ends up specifying
a normal recursive search along the path where the dumps are stored,
namely ‘<samp>$TEXMF/web2c{/$engine,}</samp>’.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--format=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dformat_003dname"></a>
<p>Set the format for lookup to <var>name</var>. By default, the format is
guessed from the filename, with ‘<samp>tex</samp>’ being used if nothing else
fits. The recognized filename extensions (including any leading
‘<samp>.</samp>’) are also allowable <var>name</var>s.
</p>
<p>All formats also have a name, which is the only way to specify formats
with no associated suffix. For example, for Dvips configuration files
you can use ‘<samp>--format="dvips config"</samp>’. (The quotes are for the
sake of the shell.)
</p>
<p>Here’s the current list of recognized names and the associated suffixes.
See <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>, for more information on each of these.
</p>
<p>The strings in parentheses are abbreviations recognized only by
<code>kpsewhich</code> (not the underlying library calls). They are
provided when it would otherwise require an argument containing a
space to specify the format, to simplify quoting of calls from shells.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">gf: gf
pk: pk
bitmap font (bitmapfont):
tfm: .tfm
afm: .afm
base: .base
bib: .bib
bst: .bst
cnf: .cnf
ls-R: ls-R ls-r
fmt: .fmt
map: .map
mem: .mem
mf: .mf
mfpool: .pool
mft: .mft
mp: .mp
mppool: .pool
MetaPost support (mpsupport):
ocp: .ocp
ofm: .ofm .tfm
opl: .opl .pl
otp: .otp
ovf: .ovf .vf
ovp: .ovp .vpl
graphic/figure: .eps .epsi
tex: .tex .sty .cls .fd .aux .bbl .def .clo .ldf
TeX system documentation (doc):
texpool: .pool
TeX system sources (source): .dtx .ins
PostScript header: .pro
Troff fonts (trofffont):
type1 fonts: .pfa .pfb
vf: .vf
dvips config (dvipsconfig):
ist: .ist
truetype fonts: .ttf .ttc .TTF .TTC .dfont
type42 fonts: .t42 .T42
web2c files (web2c):
other text files (othertext):
other binary files (otherbin):
misc fonts (miscfont):
web: .web .ch
cweb: .w .web .ch
enc files: .enc
cmap files (cmap):
subfont definition files: .sfd
opentype fonts: .otf
pdftex config (pdftexconfig):
lig files: .lig
texmfscripts:
lua: .lua .luatex .luc .luctex .texlua .texluc .tlu
font feature files: .fea
cid maps: .cid .cidmap
mlbib: .mlbib .bib
mlbst: .mlbst .bst
clua: .dll .so
ris: .ris
bltxml: .bltxml
</pre></div>
<p>This option and ‘<samp>--path</samp>’ are mutually exclusive.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--interactive</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dinteractive"></a>
<a name="index-interactive-query"></a>
<p>After processing the command line, read additional filenames to look up
from standard input.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp>--no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></a>
<p>Turn on or off the ‘<samp>mktex</samp>’ script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
Usual values for <var>filetype</var> are ‘<samp>pk</samp>’, ‘<samp>mf</samp>’, ‘<samp>tex</samp>’,
and ‘<samp>tfm</samp>’. By default, all are off in Kpsewhich, even if they
are enabled for TeX. This option implies setting
<code>--must-exist</code>. See <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--mode=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dmode_003dstring"></a>
<p>Set the mode name to <var>string</var>; this also only affects ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ and
‘<samp>pk</samp>’ lookups. No default: any mode will be found. See <a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--must-exist</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dmust_002dexist"></a>
<p>Do everything possible to find the files, notably including searching
the disk and running the ‘<samp>mktex</samp>’ scripts. By default, only the
<samp>ls-R</samp> database is checked, in the interest of efficiency.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--path=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dpath_003dstring"></a>
<p>Search along the path <var>string</var> (colon-separated as usual), instead
of guessing the search path from the filename. ‘<samp>//</samp>’ and all the
usual expansions are supported (see <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>). This option
and ‘<samp>--format</samp>’ are mutually exclusive. To output the complete
directory expansion of a path, instead of doing a one-shot lookup, see
‘<samp>--expand-path</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--show-path</samp>’ in the following section.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--progname=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dprogname_003dname"></a>
<p>Set the program name to <var>name</var>; default is ‘<samp>kpsewhich</samp>’. This
can affect the search paths via the ‘<samp>.<var>prognam</var></samp>’ feature in
configuration files (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--subdir=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dsubdir_003dstring"></a>
<p>Report only those matches whose directory part <em>ends</em> with
<var>string</var> (compared literally, except case is ignored on a
case-insensitive operating system). For example, suppose there are
two matches for a given name:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich foo.sty
⇒ /some/where/foo.sty
/another/place/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p>Then we can narrow the result to what we are interested in with
<samp>--subdir</samp>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=where foo.sty
⇒ /some/where/foo.sty
kpsewhich --subdir=place foo.sty
⇒ /another/place/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p>The string to match must be at the end of the directory part of the
match, and it is taken literally, with no pattern matching:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=another foo.sty
⇒
</pre></div>
<p>The string to match may cross directory components:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=some/where foo.sty
⇒ /some/where/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p><samp>--subdir</samp> implies <samp>--all</samp>; if there is more than one
match, they will all be reported (in our example, both ‘<samp>where</samp>’
and ‘<samp>place</samp>’ end in ‘<samp>e</samp>’):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=e
⇒ /some/where/foo.sty
/another/place/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p>Because of the above rules, the presence of a leading ‘<samp>/</samp>’ is
important, since it “anchors” the match to a full component name:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=/lace foo.sty
⇒
</pre></div>
<p>However, a trailing ‘<samp>/</samp>’ is immaterial (and ignored), since the
match always takes place at the end of the directory part:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=lace/ foo.sty
⇒ /another/place/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p>The purpose of these rules is to make it convenient to find results
only within a particular area of the tree. For instance, a given
script named <samp>foo.lua</samp> might exist within both
<samp>texmf-dist/scripts/pkg1/</samp> and <samp>texmf-dist/scripts/pkg2/</samp>.
By specifying, say, ‘<samp>--subdir=/pkg1</samp>’, you can be sure of getting
the one you are interested in.
</p>
<p>We only match at the end because a site might happen to install TeX
in <samp>/some/coincidental/pkg1/path/</samp>, and we wouldn’t want to match
<samp>texmf-dist/scripts/pkg2/</samp> that when searching for ‘<samp>/pkg1</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<a name="Specially_002drecognized-files"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Auxiliary tasks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-searching-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path searching options</a>, Up: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="u" rel="up">Invoking kpsewhich</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Specially_002drecognized-files-for-kpsewhich"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.5.2 Specially-recognized files for <code>kpsewhich</code></h4>
<p><code>kpsewhich</code> recognizes a few special filenames on the command
line and defaults to using the ‘known’ file formats for them, merely
to save the time and trouble of specifying the format. This is only a
feature of <code>kpsewhich</code>; when using the Kpathsea library
itself, none of these special filenames are recognized, and it’s still
up to the caller to specify the desired format.
</p>
<p>Here is the list of special filenames to <code>kpsewhich</code>, along
with their corresponding format:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd>
<a name="index-config_002eps"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>config.ps</samp></dt>
<dd><p><code>dvips config</code>
</p>
<a name="index-dvipdfmx_002ecfg"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>dvipdfmx.cfg</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>other text files</samp>’
</p>
<a name="index-fmtutil_002ecnf"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>fmtutil.cnf</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>web2c files</samp>’
</p>
<a name="index-glyphlist_002etxt"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>glyphlist.txt</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>map</samp>’
</p>
<a name="index-mktex_002ecnf"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktex.cnf</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>web2c files</samp>’
</p>
<a name="index-pdfglyphlist_002etxt"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>pdfglyphlist.txt</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>map</samp>’
</p>
<a name="index-pdftex_002ecfg"></a>
<a name="index-pdftexconfig_002etex"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>pdftex.cfg</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>pdftex config</samp>’ (although <samp>pdftex.cfg</samp> is not used any more;
look for the file <samp>pdftexconfig.tex</samp> instead.)
</p>
<a name="index-texmf_002ecnf"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>texmf.cnf</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>cnf</samp>’
</p>
<a name="index-XDvi"></a>
</dd>
<dt><samp>XDvi</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>other text files</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>A user-specified format will override the above defaults.
</p>
<a name="index-tcfmgr_002emap"></a>
<p>Another useful configuration file in this regard is <samp>tcfmgr.map</samp>,
found in <samp>texmf/texconfig/tcfmgr.map</samp>, which records various
information about the above configuration files (among others).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Auxiliary-tasks"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Standard-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Standard options</a>, Previous: <a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Specially-recognized files</a>, Up: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="u" rel="up">Invoking kpsewhich</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Auxiliary-tasks-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.5.3 Auxiliary tasks</h4>
<a name="index-auxiliary-tasks"></a>
<p>Kpsewhich provides some features in addition to path lookup as such:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>--debug=<var>num</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002ddebug_003dnum"></a>
<p>Set debugging options to <var>num</var>. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--expand-braces=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dexpand_002dbraces_003dstring"></a>
<p>Output variable and brace expansion of <var>string</var>. See <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--expand-path=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dexpand_002dpath_003dstring"></a>
<p>Output the complete expansion of <var>string</var>, with each element
separated by the usual path separator on the current system (‘<samp>;</samp>’
on Windows, ‘<samp>:</samp>’ otherwise). This may be useful to construct a
custom search path for a format not otherwise supported. To retrieve
the search path for a format that is already supported, see
‘<samp>--show-path</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Nonexistent directories are culled from the output:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ kpsewhich --expand-path '/tmp'
⇒ /tmp
$ kpsewhich --expand-path '/nonesuch'
⇒
</pre></div>
<p>For one-shot uses of an arbitrary (not built in to Kpathsea) path, see
‘<samp>--path</samp>’ (see <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a>)
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--expand-var=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dexpand_002dvar_003dstring"></a>
<p>Output the variable and tilde expansion of <var>string</var>
the ‘<samp>mktex…</samp>’ scripts run ‘<samp>kpsewhich
--expand-var='$TEXMF'</samp>’ to find the root of the TeX system
hierarchy. See <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--help-formats</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dhelp_002dformats"></a>
<p>Output information about each supported format (see <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>), including the names and abbreviations, variables
looked for, and the original path.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--safe-in-name=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp>--safe-out-name=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dsafe_002din_002dname_003dname"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dsafe_002dout_002dname_003dname"></a>
<p>Exit successfully if <var>name</var> is safe to open for reading or
writing, respectively, else unsuccessfully. No output is written.
These tests take account of the related Kpathsea configuration
settings (see <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--show-path=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dshow_002dpath_003dname"></a>
<p>Show the path that would be used for file lookups of file type
<var>name</var>. Either a filename extension (‘<samp>pk</samp>’, ‘<samp>.vf</samp>’, etc.)
or an integer can be used, just as with ‘<samp>--format</samp>’, described in
the previous section.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--var-value=<var>variable</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dvar_002dvalue_003dvariable"></a>
<p>Outputs the value of <var>variable</var> (a simple identifier like
‘<samp>TEXMF</samp>’, with no ‘<samp>$</samp>’ or other constructs), expanding
‘<samp>$</samp>’ (see <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a> and ‘<samp>~</samp>’ (see <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a>) constructs, but not performing other expansions.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<a name="Standard-options"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Auxiliary tasks</a>, Up: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="u" rel="up">Invoking kpsewhich</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Standard-options-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.5.4 Standard options</h4>
<a name="index-standard-options"></a>
<p>Kpsewhich accepts the standard GNU options:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <a name="index-_002d_002dhelp"></a>
‘<samp>--help</samp>’ prints a help message on standard output and exits
successfully.
</li><li> <a name="index-_002d_002dversion"></a>
‘<samp>--version</samp>’ prints the Kpathsea version number and exits successfully.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<a name="TeX-support"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programming</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="TeX-support-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">6 TeX support</h2>
<a name="index-TeX-support"></a>
<p>Although the basic features in Kpathsea can be used for any type of path
searching, it came about (like all libraries) with a specific
application in mind: I wrote Kpathsea specifically for TeX system
programs. I had been struggling with the programs I was using (Dvips,
Xdvi, and TeX itself) having slightly different notions of how to
specify paths; and debugging was painful, since no code was shared.
</p>
<p>Therefore, Kpathsea provides some TeX-specific formats and features.
Indeed, many of the supposedly generic path searching features were
provided because they seemed useful in that conTeXt (font lookup,
particularly).
</p>
<p>Kpathsea provides a standard way to search for files of any of the
supported file types; glyph fonts are a bit different than all the rest.
Searches are based solely on filenames, not file contents—if a GF
file is named <samp>cmr10.600pk</samp>, it will be found as a PK file.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Supported-file-formats" accesskey="1">Supported file formats</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">File types Kpathsea knows about.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#File-lookup" accesskey="2">File lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching for most kinds of files.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="3">Glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching for bitmap fonts.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Suppressing-warnings" accesskey="4">Suppressing warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Avoiding warnings via TEX_HUSH.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="5">mktex scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generating files at runtime.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Supported-file-formats"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#File-lookup" accesskey="n" rel="next">File lookup</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Supported-file-formats-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.1 Supported file formats</h3>
<a name="index-supported-file-formats"></a>
<a name="index-file-formats_002c-supported"></a>
<a name="index-environment-variables-for-TeX"></a>
<a name="index-TeX-environment-variables"></a>
<p>Kpathsea has support for a number of file types. Each file type has a
list of environment and config file variables that are checked to define
the search path, and most have a default suffix that plays a role in
finding files (see the next section). Some also define additional
suffixes, and/or a program to be run to create missing files on the fly.
</p>
<a name="index-program_002dvarying-paths"></a>
<p>Since environment variables containing periods, such as
‘<samp>TEXINPUTS.latex</samp>’, are not allowed on some systems, Kpathsea looks
for environment variables with an underscore, e.g.,
‘<samp>TEXINPUTS_latex</samp>’ (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
</p>
<p>The following table lists the above information. You can also get the
list by giving the ‘<samp>--help-formats</samp>’ option to <code>kpsewhich</code>
(see <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>afm</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eafm"></a>
<a name="index-AFMFONTS"></a>
<p>(Adobe font metrics, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>AFMFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.afm</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>base</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ebase"></a>
<a name="index-MFBASES"></a>
<a name="index-TEXMFINI"></a>
<p>(Metafont memory dump, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MFBASES</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.base</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>bib</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ebib"></a>
<a name="index-BIBINPUTS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXBIB"></a>
<p>(BibTeX bibliography source, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>BIBINPUTS</code>, <code>TEXBIB</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.bib</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>bltxml</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ebltxml"></a>
<a name="index-BLTXMLINPUTS"></a>
<p>(BibLaTeXML bibliography files for Biber, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/biber">http://ctan.org/pkg/biber</a>)
<code>BLTXMLINPUTS</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.bltxml</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>bst</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ebst"></a>
<a name="index-BSTINPUTS"></a>
<p>(BibTeX style, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX
style files</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>BSTINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.bst</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>clua</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002edll"></a>
<a name="index-_002eso"></a>
<a name="index-CLUAINPUTS"></a>
<p>(dynamic libraries for Lua, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>)
<code>CLUAINPUTS</code>
suffixes ‘<samp>.dll</samp>’ and ‘<samp>.so</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>cmap</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ecmap"></a>
<a name="index-CMAPFONTS"></a>
<p>(character map files)
<code>CMAPFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.cmap</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>cnf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ecnf"></a>
<a name="index-TEXMFCNF-1"></a>
<p>(Runtime configuration files, see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>)
<code>TEXMFCNF</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.cnf</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>cweb</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ew"></a>
<a name="index-_002eweb"></a>
<a name="index-CWEBINPUTS"></a>
<p>(CWEB input files)
<code>CWEBINPUTS</code>;
suffixes ‘<samp>.w</samp>’, ‘<samp>.web</samp>’;
additional suffix ‘<samp>.ch</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>dvips config</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-TEXCONFIG"></a>
<a name="index-config_002eps_002c-search-path-for"></a>
<p>(Dvips ‘<samp>config.*</samp>’ files, such as <samp>config.ps</samp>, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Config-files">Config
files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>TEXCONFIG</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>enc files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eenc"></a>
<a name="index-ENCFONTS"></a>
<p>(encoding vectors)
<code>ENCFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.enc</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>fmt</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002efmt"></a>
<a name="index-TEXFORMATS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXMFINI-1"></a>
<p>(TeX memory dump, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>TEXFORMATS</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.fmt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>font cid map</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ecid"></a>
<a name="index-FONTCIDMAPS"></a>
<p>(CJK mapping)
<code>FONTCIDMAPS</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.cid</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>font feature files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002efea"></a>
<a name="index-FONTFEATURES"></a>
<p>(primarily for OpenType font features)
<code>FONTFEATURES</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.fea</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>gf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-gf"></a>
<a name="index-GFFONTS"></a>
<a name="index-GLYPHFONTS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXFONTS"></a>
<p>(generic font bitmap, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code><var>program</var>FONTS</code>, <code>GFFONTS</code>, <code>GLYPHFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>gf</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>graphic/figure</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eeps"></a>
<a name="index-_002eepsi"></a>
<a name="index-TEXPICTS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXINPUTS"></a>
<p>(Encapsulated PostScript figures, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#PostScript-figures">PostScript figures</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>TEXPICTS</code>, <code>TEXINPUTS</code>;
additional suffixes: ‘<samp>.eps</samp>’, ‘<samp>.epsi</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ist</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eist"></a>
<a name="index-TEXINDEXSTYLE"></a>
<a name="index-INDEXSTYLE"></a>
<p>(makeindex style files)
<code>TEXINDEXSTYLE</code>, <code>INDEXSTYLE</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.ist</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>lig files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002elig"></a>
<a name="index-LIGFONTS"></a>
<p>(ligature definition files)
<code>LIGFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.lig</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ls-R</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-ls_002dR"></a>
<a name="index-TEXMFDBS-1"></a>
<p>(Filename databases, see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>)
<code>TEXMFDBS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>map</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002emap"></a>
<a name="index-TEXFONTMAPS"></a>
<p>(Fontmaps, see <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>)
<code>TEXFONTMAPS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.map</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mem</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002emem"></a>
<a name="index-MPMEMS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXMFINI-2"></a>
<p>(MetaPost memory dump, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MPMEMS</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.mem</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp><span class="roman">MetaPost support</span></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-MPSUPPORT"></a>
<p>(MetaPost support files, used by DMP; see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MPSUPPORT</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002emf"></a>
<a name="index-MFINPUTS"></a>
<p>(Metafont source, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MFINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.mf</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktexmf</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mfpool</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002epool"></a>
<a name="index-MFPOOL"></a>
<p>(Metafont program strings, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MFPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.pool</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mft</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002emft"></a>
<a name="index-MFTINPUTS"></a>
<p>(<code>MFT</code> style file, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MFTINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.mft</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>misc fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-MISCFONTS"></a>
<p>(font-related files that don’t fit the other categories)
<code>MISCFONTS</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mlbib</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002emlbib"></a>
<a name="index-MLBIBINPUTS"></a>
<a name="index-BIBINPUTS-1"></a>
<a name="index-TEXBIB-1"></a>
<p>(MlBibTeX bibliography source)
<code>MLBIBINPUTS</code>, <code>BIBINPUTS</code>, <code>TEXBIB</code>;
suffixes ‘<samp>.mlbib</samp>’, ‘<samp>.mlbib</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mlbst</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002emlbst"></a>
<a name="index-MLBSTINPUTS"></a>
<a name="index-BSTINPUTS-1"></a>
<p>(MlBibTeX style)
<code>MLBSTINPUTS</code>, <code>BSTINPUTS</code>;
suffixes ‘<samp>.mlbst</samp>’, ‘<samp>.bst</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mp</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002emp"></a>
<a name="index-MPINPUTS"></a>
<p>(MetaPost source, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MPINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.mp</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mppool</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002epool-1"></a>
<a name="index-MPPOOL"></a>
<p>(MetaPost program strings, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MPPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.pool</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ocp</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eocp"></a>
<a name="index-OCPINPUTS"></a>
<p>(Omega compiled process files)
<code>OCPINPUTS</code>; <br>
suffix ‘<samp>.ocp</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>MakeOmegaOCP</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ofm</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eofm"></a>
<a name="index-OFMFONTS"></a>
<p>(Omega font metrics)
<code>OFMFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>; <br>
suffixes ‘<samp>.ofm</samp>’, ‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>MakeOmegaOFM</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>opentype fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-OPENTYPEFONTS"></a>
<p>(OpenType fonts)
<code>OPENTYPEFONTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>opl</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eopl"></a>
<p>(Omega property lists)
<code>OPLFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.opl</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>otp</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eotp"></a>
<a name="index-OTPINPUTS"></a>
<p>(Omega translation process files)
<code>OTPINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.otp</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ovf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eovf"></a>
<a name="index-OVFFONTS"></a>
<p>(Omega virtual fonts)
<code>OVFFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.ovf</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ovp</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eovp"></a>
<a name="index-OVPFONTS"></a>
<p>(Omega virtual property lists)
<code>OVPFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.ovp</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>pdftex config</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-PDFTEXCONFIG"></a>
<p>(PDFTeX-specific configuration files)
<code>PDFTEXCONFIG</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>pk</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002epk"></a>
<a name="index-PKFONTS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXPKS"></a>
<a name="index-GLYPHFONTS-1"></a>
<a name="index-TEXFONTS-1"></a>
<p>(packed bitmap fonts, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code><var>PROGRAM</var>FONTS</code> (<var>program</var> being ‘<samp>XDVI</samp>’, etc.),
<code>PKFONTS</code>, <code>TEXPKS</code>, <code>GLYPHFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>pk</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktexpk</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>PostScript header</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002epro"></a>
<a name="index-TEXPSHEADERS"></a>
<a name="index-PSHEADERS"></a>
<p>(downloadable PostScript, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Header-files">Header files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>TEXPSHEADERS</code>, <code>PSHEADERS</code>;
additional suffix ‘<samp>.pro</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ris</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eris"></a>
<a name="index-RISINPUTS"></a>
<p>(RIS bibliography files, primarily for Biber, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/biber">http://ctan.org/pkg/biber</a>)
<code>RISINPUTS</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.ris</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>subfont definition files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002esfd"></a>
<a name="index-SFDFONTS"></a>
<p>(subfont definition files)
<code>SFDFONTS</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.sfd</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>tex</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002etex"></a>
<a name="index-TEXINPUTS-1"></a>
<p>(TeX source, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>TEXINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’;
additional suffixes: none, because such a list cannot be complete;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktextex</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>TeX system documentation</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-doc-files"></a>
<a name="index-TEXDOCS"></a>
<p>(Documentation files for the TeX system)
<code>TEXDOCS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>TeX system sources</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-source-files"></a>
<a name="index-TEXSOURCES"></a>
<p>(Source files for the TeX system)
<code>TEXSOURCES</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>texmfscripts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-TEXMFSCRIPTS"></a>
<p>(Architecture-independent executables distributed in the texmf trees)
<code>TEXMFSCRIPTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>texpool</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002epool-2"></a>
<a name="index-TEXPOOL"></a>
<p>(TeX program strings, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>TEXPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.pool</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>tfm</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002etfm"></a>
<a name="index-TFMFONTS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXFONTS-2"></a>
<p>(TeX font metrics, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>TFMFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktextfm</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Troff fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-TRFONTS"></a>
<p>(Troff fonts, used by DMP; see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#DMP-invocation">DMP invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>TRFONTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>truetype fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002ettf"></a>
<a name="index-_002ettc"></a>
<a name="index-TTFONTS"></a>
<p>(TrueType outline fonts) <code>TTFONTS</code>; suffixes ‘<samp>.ttf</samp>’ and
‘<samp>.TTF</samp>’, ‘<samp>.ttc</samp>’ and ‘<samp>.TTC</samp>’, ‘<samp>.dfont</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>type1 fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002epfa"></a>
<a name="index-_002epfb"></a>
<a name="index-T1FONTS"></a>
<a name="index-T1INPUTS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXPSHEADERS-1"></a>
<a name="index-DVIPSHEADERS"></a>
<p>(Type 1 PostScript outline fonts, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>T1FONTS</code>, <code>T1INPUTS</code>, <code>TEXPSHEADERS</code>, <code>DVIPSHEADERS</code>;
suffixes ‘<samp>.pfa</samp>’, ‘<samp>.pfb</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>type42 fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-T42FONTS"></a>
<p>(Type 42 PostScript outline fonts) <code>T42FONTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>vf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002evf"></a>
<a name="index-VFFONTS"></a>
<a name="index-TEXFONTS-3"></a>
<p>(virtual fonts, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>VFFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.vf</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>web</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002eweb-1"></a>
<a name="index-WEBINPUTS"></a>
<p>(WEB input files)
<code>WEBINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.web</samp>’;
additional suffix ‘<samp>.ch</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>web2c files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-WEB2C"></a>
<p>(files specific to the web2c implementation)
<code>WEB2C</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>There are two special cases, because the paths and environment variables
always depend on the name of the program: the variable name is
constructed by converting the program name to upper case, and then
appending ‘<samp>INPUTS</samp>’. Assuming the program is called ‘<samp>foo</samp>’,
this gives us the following table.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>other text files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-FOOINPUTS"></a>
<p>(text files used by ‘<samp>foo</samp>’)
<code>FOOINPUTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>other binary files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a name="index-FOOINPUTS-1"></a>
<p>(binary files used by ‘<samp>foo</samp>’)
<code>FOOINPUTS</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>If an environment variable by these names are set, the corresponding
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> definition won’t be looked at (unless, as usual, the
environment variable value has an extra ‘<samp>:</samp>’). See <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a>.
</p>
<p>For the font variables, the intent is that:
</p><ul>
<li> <code>TEXFONTS</code> is the default for everything.
</li><li> <code>GLYPHFONTS</code> is the default for bitmap (or, more precisely,
non-metric) files.
</li><li> Each font format has a variable of its own.
</li><li> <a name="index-XDVIFONTS"></a>
<a name="index-DVIPSFONTS"></a>
Each program has its own font override path as well; e.g.,
<code>DVIPSFONTS</code> for Dvipsk. Again, this is for bitmaps, not metrics.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<a name="File-lookup"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glyph lookup</a>, Previous: <a href="#Supported-file-formats" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Supported file formats</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="File-lookup-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.2 File lookup</h3>
<a name="index-file-lookup"></a>
<a name="index-searching-for-files"></a>
<a name="index-TeX-file-lookup"></a>
<p>This section describes how Kpathsea searches for most files (bitmap font
searches are the exception, as described in the next section).
</p>
<p>Here is the search strategy for a file <var>name</var>:
</p>
<ol>
<li> If the file format defines default suffixes, and the suffix of
<var>name</var> name is not already a known suffix for that format, try the
name with each default appended, and use alternative names found in
the fontmaps if necessary. Example: given ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’, look for
‘<samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>’.
</li><li> Search for <var>name</var>, and if necessary for alternative names found in
the fontmaps. Example: given ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’, we also look for
‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’.
</li><li> If the file format defines a program to invoke to create missing files,
run it (see <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>).
</li></ol>
<a name="index-extensions_002c-filename"></a>
<a name="index-suffixes_002c-filename"></a>
<a name="index-try_005fstd_005fextension_005ffirst"></a>
<p>The order in which we search for “suffixed” name (item 1) or
the “as-is” name (item 2) is controlled by the
<samp>try_std_extension_first</samp> configuration value. The default set
in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> is true, since common suffixes are already
recognized: ‘<samp>babel.sty</samp>’ will only look for ‘<samp>babel.sty</samp>’, not
‘<samp>babel.sty.tex</samp>’, regardless of this setting.
</p>
<p>When the suffix is unknown (e.g., ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’), both names are
always tried; the difference is the order in which they are tried.
</p>
<p><samp>try_std_extension_first</samp> only affects names being looked up
which *already* have an extension. A name without an extension (e.g.,
‘<samp>tex story</samp>’) will always have an extension added first.
</p>
<a name="index-tex_002dfile_002ec"></a>
<a name="index-kpathsea_005ffind_005ffile"></a>
<p>This algorithm is implemented in the function
<code>kpathsea_find_file</code> in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/tex-file.c</samp>. You can watch it in action with the
debugging options (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Glyph-lookup"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Suppressing warnings</a>, Previous: <a href="#File-lookup" accesskey="p" rel="prev">File lookup</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Glyph-lookup-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.3 Glyph lookup</h3>
<a name="index-glyph-lookup"></a>
<a name="index-searching-for-glyphs"></a>
<a name="index-TeX-glyph-lookup"></a>
<p>This section describes how Kpathsea searches for a bitmap font in GF or
PK format (or either) given a font name (e.g., ‘<samp>cmr10</samp>’) and a
resolution (e.g., 600).
</p>
<p>Here is an outline of the search strategy (details in the sections
below) for a file <var>name</var> at resolution <var>dpi</var>. The search stops
at the first successful lookup.
</p>
<ol>
<li> Look for an existing file <var>name</var>.<var>dpi</var><var>format</var> in the
specified format(s).
</li><li> If <var>name</var> is an alias for a file <var>f</var> in the fontmap
file <samp>texfonts.map</samp>, look for <var>f</var>.<var>dpi</var>.
</li><li> Run an external program (typically named ‘<samp>mktexpk</samp>’) to
generate the font (see <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>)
</li><li> Look for <var>fallback</var>.<var>dpi</var>, where <var>fallback</var> is some
last-resort font (typically ‘<samp>cmr10</samp>’).
</li></ol>
<a name="index-tex_002dglyph_002ec"></a>
<a name="index-kpathsea_005ffind_005fglyph"></a>
<p>This is implemented in <code>kpathsea_find_glyph</code> in
<samp>kpathsea/tex-glyph.c</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup" accesskey="1">Basic glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Features common to all glyph lookups.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fontmap" accesskey="2">Fontmap</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Aliases for fonts.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fallback-font" accesskey="3">Fallback font</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Resolutions and fonts of last resort.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Basic-glyph-lookup"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fontmap" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fontmap</a>, Up: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glyph lookup</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Basic-glyph-lookup-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">6.3.1 Basic glyph lookup</h4>
<a name="index-basic-glyph-lookup"></a>
<a name="index-common-features-in-glyph-lookup"></a>
<p>When Kpathsea looks for a bitmap font <var>name</var> at resolution <var>dpi</var>
in a format <var>format</var>, it first checks each directory in the search
path for a file ‘<samp><var>name</var>.<var>dpi</var><var>format</var></samp>’; for example,
‘<samp>cmr10.600pk</samp>’. Kpathsea looks for a PK file first, then a GF file.
</p>
<p>If that fails, Kpathsea looks for
‘<samp>dpi<var>dpi</var>/<var>name</var>.<var>format</var></samp>’; for example,
‘<samp>dpi600/cmr10.pk</samp>’. This is how fonts are typically stored on
filesystems (such as DOS) that permit only three-character extensions.
</p>
<a name="index-tolerance-for-glyph-lookup"></a>
<a name="index-glyph-lookup-bitmap-tolerance"></a>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fBITMAP_005fTOLERANCE"></a>
<p>If that fails, Kpathsea looks for a font with a close-enough <var>dpi</var>.
“Close enough” is defined by the macro <code>KPSE_BITMAP_TOLERANCE</code> in
<samp>kpathsea/tex-glyph.h</samp> to be <code><var>dpi</var> / 500 + 1</code>. This is
slightly more than the 0.2% minimum allowed by the DVI standard
(<a href="CTAN:/dviware/driv-standard/level-0">CTAN:/dviware/driv-standard/level-0</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Fontmap"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fallback-font" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fallback font</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic glyph lookup</a>, Up: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glyph lookup</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Fontmap-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">6.3.2 Fontmap</h4>
<a name="index-fontmap-files"></a>
<a name="index-font-alias-files"></a>
<a name="index-aliases-for-fonts"></a>
<a name="index-texfonts_002emap"></a>
<p>If a bitmap font or metric file is not found with the original name (see
the previous section), Kpathsea looks through any <em>fontmap</em> files
for an <em>alias</em> for the original font name. These files are named
<samp>texfonts.map</samp> and searched for along the <code>TEXFONTMAPS</code>
environment/config file variable. All <samp>texfonts.map</samp> files that
are found are read; earlier definitions override later ones.
</p>
<p>This feature is intended to help in two respects:
</p>
<ol>
<li> <a name="index-fontnames_002c-arbitrary-length"></a>
An alias name is limited in length only by available memory, not by your
filesystem. Therefore, if you want to ask for ‘<samp>Times-Roman</samp>’
instead of <samp>ptmr</samp>, you can (you get ‘<samp>ptmr8r</samp>’).
</li><li> <a name="index-circle-fonts"></a>
<a name="index-lcircle10"></a>
A few fonts have historically had multiple names: specifically,
LaTeX’s “circle font” has variously been known as <samp>circle10</samp>,
<samp>lcircle10</samp>, and <samp>lcirc10</samp>. Aliases can make all the names
equivalent, so that it no longer matters what the name of the installed
file is; TeX documents will find their favorite name.
</li></ol>
<p>The format of fontmap files is straightforward:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <a name="index-comments_002c-in-fontmap-files"></a>
Comments start with ‘<samp>%</samp>’ and continue to the end of the line.
</li><li> <a name="index-whitespace_002c-in-fontmap-files"></a>
Blank lines are ignored.
</li><li> Each nonblank line is broken up into a series of <em>words</em>:
a sequence of non-whitespace characters.
</li><li> <a name="index-include-fontmap-directive"></a>
If the first word is ‘<samp>include</samp>’, the second word is used as
a filename, and it is searched for and read.
</li><li> Otherwise, the first word on each line is the true filename;
</li><li> the second word is the alias;
</li><li> subsequent words are ignored.
</li></ul>
<p>If an alias has an extension, it matches only those files with that
extension; otherwise, it matches anything with the same root, regardless
of extension. For example, an alias ‘<samp>foo.tfm</samp>’ matches only when
<samp>foo.tfm</samp> is being searched for; but an alias ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ matches
<samp>foo.vf</samp>, <samp>foo.600pk</samp>, etc.
</p>
<p>As an example, here is an excerpt from the <samp>texfonts.map</samp> in the
Web2c distribution. It makes the old and new names of the LaTeX
circle fonts equivalent.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">circle10 lcircle10
circle10 lcirc10
lcircle10 circle10
lcircle10 lcirc10
lcirc10 circle10
lcirc10 lcircle10
…
</pre></div>
<p>Fontmaps are implemented in the file <samp>kpathsea/fontmap.c</samp>.
The Fontname distribution has much more information on font naming
(see <cite><a href="fontname.html#Top">Filenames for TeX fonts</a></cite>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Fallback-font"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Fontmap" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fontmap</a>, Up: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glyph lookup</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Fallback-font-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">6.3.3 Fallback font</h4>
<a name="index-fallback-font"></a>
<a name="index-fallback-resolutions"></a>
<a name="index-font-of-last-resort"></a>
<a name="index-resolutions_002c-last_002dresort"></a>
<a name="index-last_002dresort-font"></a>
<a name="index-DVIPSSIZES"></a>
<a name="index-XDVISIZES"></a>
<a name="index-DVILJSIZES"></a>
<a name="index-TEXSIZES"></a>
<a name="index-default_005ftexsizes"></a>
<p>If a bitmap font cannot be found or created at the requested size,
Kpathsea looks for the font at a set of <em>fallback resolutions</em>. You
specify these resolutions as a colon-separated list (like search paths).
Kpathsea looks first for a program-specific environment variable (e.g.,
<code>DVIPSSIZES</code> for Dvipsk), then the environment variable
<code>TEXSIZES</code>, then a default specified at compilation time (the Make
variable <code>default_texsizes</code>). You can set this list to be empty if
you prefer to find fonts at their stated size or not at all.
</p>
<a name="index-cmr10_002c-as-fallback-font"></a>
<a name="index-kpathsea_005finit_005fprog"></a>
<p>Finally, if the font cannot be found even at the fallback resolutions,
Kpathsea looks for a fallback font, typically <samp>cmr10</samp>. Programs
must enable this feature by calling <code>kpathsea_init_prog</code>
(see <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>); the default is no fallback font.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Suppressing-warnings"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">mktex scripts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Glyph lookup</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Suppressing-warnings-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.4 Suppressing warnings</h3>
<a name="index-warnings_002c-suppressing"></a>
<a name="index-suppressing-warnings"></a>
<a name="index-TEX_005fHUSH-1"></a>
<p>Kpathsea provides a way to suppress selected usually-harmless warnings;
this is useful at large sites where most users are not administrators,
and thus the warnings are merely a source of confusion, not a help. To
do this, you set the environment variable or configuration file value
<code>TEX_HUSH</code> to a colon-separated list of values. Here are the
possibilities:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>all</samp>’
<a name="index-all"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Suppress everything possible.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>checksum</samp>’
<a name="index-checksum"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-mismatched-checksum-warnings"></a>
<p>Suppress mismatched font checksum warnings.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>lostchar</samp>’
<a name="index-lostchar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-missing-character-warnings"></a>
<p>Suppress warnings when a character is missing from a font that a DVI or
VF file tries to typeset.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>none</samp>’
<a name="index-none"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Don’t suppress any warnings.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>readable</samp>’
<a name="index-readable"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-unreadable-file-warnings"></a>
<p>Suppress warnings about attempts to access a file whose permissions
render it unreadable.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>special</samp>’
<a name="index-special"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-unknown-special-warnings"></a>
<a name="index-_005cspecial_002c-suppressing-warnings-about"></a>
<p>Suppresses warnings about an unimplemented or unparsable
‘<samp>\special</samp>’ command.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p><samp>tex-hush.c</samp> defines the function that checks the
variable value. Each driver implements its own checks where
appropriate.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="mktex-scripts"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Suppressing warnings</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mktex-scripts-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.5 <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</h3>
<a name="index-mktex-scripts"></a>
<a name="index-scripts-for-file-creation"></a>
<a name="index-font-set_002c-infinite"></a>
<a name="index-dynamic-creation-of-files"></a>
<a name="index-Sauter-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation"></a>
<a name="index-EC-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation"></a>
<p>If Kpathsea cannot otherwise find a file, for some file types it is
configured by default to invoke an external program to create it
dynamically (see <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>). These are collectively
known as <em><code>mktex</code> scripts</em>, since most of them are named
<code>mktex...</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, this is useful for fonts (bitmaps, TFM’s, and
arbitrarily-sizable Metafont sources such as the Sauter and EC fonts),
since any given document can use fonts never before referenced.
Building all fonts in advance is therefore impractical, if not
impossible.
</p>
<p>It is also useful for the TeX ‘<samp>.fmt</samp>’ (and Metafont
‘<samp>.base</samp>’ and Metapost ‘<samp>.mem</samp>’ files, see <a href="Web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory
dumps</a> in <cite>web2c</cite>), where pre-generating every format consumes a
lot of both time and space.
</p>
<p>The script is passed the name of the file to create and possibly other
arguments, as explained below. It must echo the full pathname of the
file it created (and nothing else) to standard output; it can write
diagnostics to standard error.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mktex-configuration" accesskey="1">config</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mktex-script-names" accesskey="2">names</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mktex-script-arguments" accesskey="3">args</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="mktex-configuration"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#mktex-script-names" accesskey="n" rel="next">mktex script names</a>, Up: <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="u" rel="up">mktex scripts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mktex-configuration-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">6.5.1 <samp>mktex</samp> configuration</h4>
<a name="index-mktex-script-configuration"></a>
<a name="index-configuration-of-mktex-scripts"></a>
<a name="index-enabling-mktex-scripts"></a>
<a name="index-disabling-mktex-scripts"></a>
<p>The list of file types and program names that can run an external
program to create missing files is listed in the next section. In the
absence of <code>configure</code> options specifying otherwise, everything
but <samp>mktextex</samp> will be enabled by default. The <code>configure</code>
options to change the defaults are:
</p>
<a name="index-configure-options-for-mktex-scripts"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexfmt_002ddefault"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexmf_002ddefault"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexocp_002ddefault"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexofm_002ddefault"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexpk_002ddefault"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktextfm_002ddefault"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002dwith_002dmktextex_002ddefault"></a>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">--without-mktexfmt-default
--without-mktexmf-default
--without-mktexocp-default
--without-mktexofm-default
--without-mktexpk-default
--without-mktextfm-default
--with-mktextex-default
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>configure</code> setting is overridden if the environment variable
or configuration file value named for the script is set; e.g.,
<samp>MKTEXPK</samp> (see <a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>).
</p>
<a name="index-fmtutils_002ecnf"></a>
<p><code>mktexfmt</code> reads a file <samp>fmtutil.cnf</samp>, typically located in
<samp>texmf/web2c/</samp> to glean its configuration information. The rest
of the files and features in this section are primarily intended for
the font generation scripts.
</p>
<a name="index-mktex_002ecnf-1"></a>
<a name="index-mktex_002eopt"></a>
<a name="index-site-overrides-for-mktex_2026"></a>
<p>As distributed, all the scripts source a file
<samp>texmf/web2c/mktex.cnf</samp> if it exists, so you can override various
defaults.
See <samp>mktex.opt</samp>, for instance, which defines the default mode,
resolution, some special directory names, etc. If you prefer not to
change the distributed scripts, you can simply create <samp>mktex.cnf</samp>
with the appropriate definitions (you do not need to create it if you
have nothing to put in it). <samp>mktex.cnf</samp> has no special syntax;
it’s an arbitrary Bourne shell script. The distribution contains a
sample <samp>mktex.cnf</samp> for you to copy and modify as you please (it
is not installed anywhere).
</p>
<a name="index-mktex_002eopt-1"></a>
<a name="index-MT_005fFEATURES"></a>
<p>In addition, you can configure a number of features with the
<code>MT_FEATURES</code> variable, which you can define:
</p>
<ul>
<li> in <samp>mktex.opt</samp>, as just mentioned;
</li><li> by editing the file <samp>mktex.opt</samp>, either before ‘<samp>make
install</samp>’ (in the source hierarchy) or after (in the installed
hierarchy);
</li><li> or in the environment.
</li></ul>
<p>If none of the options below are enabled, <code>mktexpk</code>,
<code>mktextfm</code>, and <code>mktexmf</code> follow the following procedure to
decide where fonts should be installed. Find the tree where the font’s
sources are, and test the permissions of the ‘<samp>fonts</samp>’ directory of
that tree to determine whether it is writable. If it is, put the files
in the tree in appropriate locations. If it isn’t writable, see whether
the tree is a system tree (named in <code>SYSTEXMF</code>). If so, the
<code>VARTEXFONTS</code> tree is used. In all other cases the working
directory is used.
</p>
<p>The ‘<samp>appendonlydir</samp>’ option is enabled by default.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>appendonlydir</samp>’
<a name="index-appendonlydir"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-directories_002c-making-append_002donly"></a>
<a name="index-mktexdir"></a>
<p>Tell <code>mktexdir</code> to create directories append-only, i.e., set
their sticky bit (see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils#Mode-Structure">Mode Structure</a> in <cite>GNU Core
Utilities</cite>). This feature is silently ignored on non-Unix platforms
(e.g. Windows/NT and MS-DOS) which don’t support similar functionality.
This feature is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>dosnames</samp>’
<a name="index-dosnames"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-8_002e3-filenames_002c-using"></a>
<a name="index-DOS-compatible-names"></a>
<a name="index-dpinnn-directories"></a>
<p>Use 8.3 names; e.g., <samp>dpi600/cmr10.pk</samp> instead of
<samp>cmr10.600pk</samp>. Note that this feature only affects filenames that
would otherwise clash with other TeX-related filenames; <samp>mktex</samp>
scripts do nothing about filenames which exceed the 8+3 MS-DOS limits
but remain unique when truncated (by the OS) to these limits, and nether
do the scripts care about possible clashes with files which aren’t
related with TeX. For example, <samp>cmr10.600pk</samp> would clash with
<samp>cmr10.600gf</samp> and is therefore changed when ‘<samp>dosnames</samp>’ is in
effect, but <samp>mf.pool</samp> and <samp>mp.base</samp> don’t clash with any
TeX-related files and are therefore unchanged.
</p>
<p>This feature is turned on by default on MS-DOS. If you do not wish
‘<samp>dosnames</samp>’ to be set on an MS-DOS platform, you need to set the
<code>MT_FEATURES</code> environment variable to a value that doesn’t include
‘<samp>dosnames</samp>’. You can also change the default setting by editing
<samp>mktex.opt</samp>, but only if you use the <samp>mktex</samp> shell scripts;
the emulation programs don’t consult <samp>mktex.opt</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>fontmaps</samp>’
<a name="index-fontmaps-1"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-fontmaps"></a>
<a name="index-fontname"></a>
<p>Instead of deriving the location of a font in the destination tree from
the location of the sources, the aliases and directory names from the
Fontname distribution are used. (see <a href="fontname.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Fontname</cite>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>nomfdrivers</samp>’
<a name="index-nomfdrivers"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-metafont-driver-files"></a>
<p>Let mktexpk and mktextfm create metafont driver files in a temporary
directory. These will be used for just one metafont run and not
installed permanently.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>nomode</samp>’
<a name="index-nomode"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-mode-directory_002c-omitting"></a>
<p>Omit the directory level for the mode name; this is fine as long as
you generate fonts for only one mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>stripsupplier</samp>’
<a name="index-stripsupplier"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting"></a>
<p>Omit the font supplier name directory level.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>striptypeface</samp>’
<a name="index-striptypeface"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting"></a>
<p>Omit the font typeface name directory level.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>strip</samp>’
<a name="index-strip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting-1"></a>
<a name="index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting-1"></a>
<p>Omit the font supplier and typeface name directory levels. This feature
is deprecated in favour of ‘<samp>stripsupplier</samp>’ and ‘<samp>striptypeface</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>varfonts</samp>’
<a name="index-varfonts"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_002fvar_002ftmp_002ftexfonts"></a>
<a name="index-VARTEXFONTS"></a>
<a name="index-Linux-File-System-Standard"></a>
<p>When this option is enabled, fonts that would otherwise be written in
system texmf tree go to the <code>VARTEXFONTS</code> tree instead. The
default value in <samp>kpathsea/Makefile.in</samp> is
<samp>/var/tmp/texfonts</samp>. The <cite>Linux File System Standard</cite>
recommends <samp>/var/tex/fonts</samp>.
</p>
<a name="index-USE_005fVARTEXFONTS"></a>
<p>The ‘<samp>varfonts</samp>’ setting in <code>MT_FEATURES</code> is overridden by the
<code>USE_VARTEXFONTS</code> environment variable: if set to ‘<samp>1</samp>’, the
feature is enabled, and if set to ‘<samp>0</samp>’, the feature is disabled.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>texmfvar</samp>’
<a name="index-texmfvar"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-TEXMFVAR"></a>
<p>Force generated files that would go into a system tree (as defined by
<code>SYSTEXMF</code>) into <code>TEXMFVAR</code>. Starting with teTeX-3.0, the
variable <code>TEXMFVAR</code> is always set. The ‘<samp>varfonts</samp>’ feature takes
precedence if also set.
</p>
<a name="index-USE_005fTEXMFVAR"></a>
<p>The ‘<samp>texmfvar</samp>’ setting in <code>MT_FEATURES</code> is overridden by the
<code>USE_TEXMFVAR</code> environment variable: if set to ‘<samp>1</samp>’, the
feature is enabled, and if set to ‘<samp>0</samp>’, the feature is disabled.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<a name="mktex-script-names"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#mktex-script-arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">mktex script arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#mktex-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">mktex configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="u" rel="up">mktex scripts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mktex-script-names-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">6.5.2 <samp>mktex</samp> script names</h4>
<a name="index-mktex-script-names"></a>
<a name="index-names-for-mktex-scripts"></a>
<p>The following table shows the default name of the script for each
of the file types which support runtime generation.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><samp>mktexfmt</samp></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mktexfmt"></a>
<a name="index-fmtutil"></a>
<p>(‘<samp>.fmt</samp>’, ‘<samp>.base</samp>’, ‘<samp>.mem</samp>’) TeX/Metafont/MetaPost
formats. This script is also named <code>fmtutil</code>, and reads
<samp>fmtutil.cnf</samp> for configuration information.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktexmf</samp></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mktexmf"></a>
<p>(‘<samp>.mf</samp>’) Metafont input files.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mkocp</samp></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mkocp"></a>
<p>(‘<samp>.ocp</samp>’) Omega compiled process files.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mkofm</samp></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mkofm"></a>
<p>(‘<samp>.ofm</samp>’) Omega font metric files.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktexpk</samp></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mktexpk"></a>
<p>(‘<samp>pk</samp>’) Glyph fonts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktextex</samp></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mktextex"></a>
<p>(‘<samp>.tex</samp>’) TeX input files (disabled by default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktextfm</samp></dt>
<dd><a name="index-mktextfm"></a>
<p>(‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’) TFM files.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<a name="index-DVIPSMAKEPK"></a>
<a name="index-XDVIMAKEPK"></a>
<a name="index-DVILJMAKEPK"></a>
<p>These names can be overridden by an environment variable specific
to the program—for example, <code>DVIPSMAKEPK</code> for Dvipsk.
</p>
<a name="index-missfont_002elog"></a>
<a name="index-failed-mktex_2026-script-invocation"></a>
<p>If a <code>mktex…</code> script fails, the invocation is appended to a
file <samp>missfont.log</samp> (by default) in the current directory. You can
then execute the log file to create the missing files after fixing the
problem.
</p>
<a name="index-TEXMFOUTPUT"></a>
<a name="index-MISSFONT_005fLOG"></a>
<p>If the current directory is not writable and the environment variable or
configuration file value <code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set, its value is
used. Otherwise, nothing is written. The name ‘<samp>missfont.log</samp>’ is
overridden by the <code>MISSFONT_LOG</code> environment variable or
configuration file value.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="mktex-script-arguments"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#mktex-script-names" accesskey="p" rel="prev">mktex script names</a>, Up: <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="u" rel="up">mktex scripts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="mktex-script-arguments-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">6.5.3 <samp>mktex</samp> script arguments</h4>
<a name="index-arguments-to-mktex"></a>
<p>The first argument to a <samp>mktex</samp> script is always the name
of the file to be created.
</p>
<p>In the default <samp>mktexpk</samp> implementation, additional arguments may
also be passed:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>--dpi <var>num</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the resolution of the generated font to <var>num</var>.
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--mfmode <var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the Metafont mode to <var>name</var>.
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--bdpi <var>num</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the “base dpi” for the font. This must match the mode being
used.
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--mag <var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>A “magstep” string suitable for the Metafont <code>mag</code> variable.
This must match the combination of <var>bdpi</var> and <var>dpi</var> being used.
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--destdir <var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>A directory name. If the directory is absolute, it is used as-is.
Otherwise, it is appended to the root destination directory set in the
script.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<a name="Programming"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX support</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Programming-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">7 Programming</h2>
<p>This chapter is for programmers who wish to use Kpathsea.
See <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>, for the conditions under which you may do so.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programming-overview" accesskey="1">Overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Introduction.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Calling-sequence" accesskey="2">Calling sequence</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifics of what to call.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Program_002dspecific-files" accesskey="3">Program-specific files</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle these.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programming-with-config-files" accesskey="4">Config</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting info from texmf.cnf.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Programming-overview"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Calling-sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calling sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Programming-overview-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.1 Programming overview</h3>
<a name="index-programming-overview"></a>
<a name="index-overview-of-programming-with-Kpathsea"></a>
<p>Aside from this manual, your best source of information is the source
to the programs that use Kpathsea (see <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>). Of those,
Dviljk is probably the simplest, and hence a good place to start.
Xdvik adds VF support and the complication of X resources. Dvipsk
adds the complication of its own config files. Web2c is source code I
also maintain, so it uses Kpathsea rather straightforwardly, but is of
course complicated by the Web to C translation. Finally, Kpsewhich is
a small utility program whose sole purpose is to exercise the main
path-searching functionality.
</p>
<a name="index-re_002dentrant-API"></a>
<a name="index-API_002c-re_002dentrant"></a>
<p>When looking at these program sources, you should know that previous
versions of the library had a different programming interface, to
support re-entrancy. In that interface the library function names
were prefixed with <code>kpse_</code> instead of <code>kpathsea_</code>, and they
did not need an instance variable as first argument. This change was
made in 2009. Some of the programs mentioned above may still be using
the previous interface.
</p>
<a name="index-pathsearch_002eh"></a>
<a name="index-tex_002dfile_002eh"></a>
<a name="index-tex_002dglyph_002eh"></a>
<a name="index-kpathsea_002eh"></a>
<p>Beyond these examples, the <samp>.h</samp> files in the Kpathsea source
describe the interfaces and functionality (and of course the <samp>.c</samp>
files define the actual routines, which are the ultimate documentation).
<samp>pathsearch.h</samp> declares the basic searching routine.
<samp>tex-file.h</samp> and <samp>tex-glyph.h</samp> define the interfaces for
looking up particular kinds of files. In view of the way the headers
depend on each other, it is recommended to use <code>#include
<kpathsea/kpathsea.h></code>, which includes every Kpathsea header.
</p>
<a name="index-config_002eh"></a>
<a name="index-c_002dauto_002eh"></a>
<p>If you want to include only specific headers, you should still consider
including <samp>kpathsea/config.h</samp> before including any other Kpathsea
header, as it provides symbols used in the other headers. Note that
<samp>kpathsea/config.h</samp> includes <samp>kpathsea/c-auto.h</samp>, which is
generated by Autoconf.
</p>
<a name="index-file-types_002c-registering-new"></a>
<p>The library provides no way for an external program to register new file
types: <samp>tex-file.[ch]</samp> must be modified to do this. For example,
Kpathsea has support for looking up Dvips config files, even though no
program other than Dvips will likely ever want to do so. I felt this
was acceptable, since along with new file types should also come new
defaults in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (and its descendant <samp>paths.h</samp>), since
it’s simplest for users if they can modify one configuration file for
all kinds of paths.
</p>
<p>Kpathsea does not parse any formats itself; it barely opens any files.
Its primary purpose is to return filenames. The GNU font utilities does
contain libraries to read TFM, GF, and PK files, as do the programs
above, of course.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Calling-sequence"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Program_002dspecific-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Program-specific files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programming-overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programming overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Calling-sequence-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.2 Calling sequence</h3>
<a name="index-programming-with-Kpathsea"></a>
<a name="index-calling-sequence"></a>
<p>The typical way to use Kpathsea in your program goes something like this:
</p>
<ol>
<li> <a name="index-kpathsea_005fnew"></a>
Call <code>kpathsea_new</code> to create a new library instance. This variable
must be passed as the first argument to all the following library functions.
The rest of this manual will be using <code>kpse</code> as a placeholder for
the name of this variable.
</li><li> <a name="index-kpathsea_005fset_005fprogram_005fname"></a>
<a name="index-argv_005b0_005d"></a>
Call <code>kpathsea_set_program_name</code> with <code>argv[0]</code> as the second
argument; the third argument is a string or <code>NULL</code>. The third
argument is used by Kpathsea as the program name for the
<code>.<var>program</var></code> feature of config files (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
If the third argument is <code>NULL</code>, the value of the second argument
is used. This function must be called before any other use of the
Kpathsea library.
<a name="index-kpse_002d_003einvocation_005fname"></a>
<a name="index-kpse_002d_003einvocation_005fshort_005fname"></a>
<a name="index-kpse_002d_003eprogram_005fname"></a>
<a name="index-error-message-macros"></a>
<p><code>kpathsea_set_program_name</code> always sets the variables
<code>kpse->invocation_name</code> and <code>kpse->invocation_short_name</code>.
These variables are used in the error message macros defined in
<samp>kpathsea/lib.h</samp>. It sets the variable
<code>kpse->program_name</code> to the program name it uses.
</p>
<a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"></a>
<p>It also initializes debugging options based on the environment
variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> (if that is set).
</p>
<a name="index-SELFAUTOLOC"></a>
<a name="index-SELFAUTODIR"></a>
<a name="index-SELFAUTOPARENT"></a>
<a name="index-symlinks_002c-resolving"></a>
<a name="index-expanding-symlinks"></a>
<p>Finally, it sets the environment variables <code>SELFAUTOLOC</code>, <code>SELFAUTODIR</code>
and <code>SELFAUTOPARENT</code> to the location, parent and grandparent
directory of the executable, removing <samp>.</samp> and <samp>..</samp> path
elements and resolving symbolic links. These are used in the default
configuration file to allow people to invoke TeX from anywhere. You
can use ‘<samp>kpsewhich --expand-var=\$SELFAUTOLOC</samp>’, etc., to see the
values.
</p>
</li><li> <a name="index-kpse_002d_003edebug-variable"></a>
<a name="index-debugging-options_002c-in-Kpathsea_002dusing-program"></a>
Set debugging options. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>. If your program doesn’t have a
debugging option already, you can define one and set
<code>kpse->debug</code> to the number that the user supplies (as in Dviljk
and Web2c), or you can just omit this altogether (people can always set
<code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>). If you do have runtime debugging already, you
need to merge Kpathsea’s options with yours (as in Dvipsk and Xdvik).
</li><li> <a name="index-client_005fpath-in-kpse_002d_003eformat_005finfo"></a>
<a name="index-kpse_002d_003eformat_005finfo"></a>
<a name="index-resident_002ec"></a>
<a name="index-config-files_002c-for-Kpathsea_002dusing-programs"></a>
If your program has its own configuration files that can define search
paths, you should assign those paths to the <code>client_path</code> member in
the appropriate element of the <code>kpse->format_info</code> array. (This
array is indexed by file type; see <samp>tex-file.h</samp>.) See
<samp>resident.c</samp> in Dvipsk for an example.
</li><li> <a name="index-kpathsea_005finit_005fprog-1"></a>
<a name="index-proginit_002eh"></a>
Call <code>kpathsea_init_prog</code> (see <samp>proginit.c</samp>). It’s useful for the
DVI drivers, at least, but for other programs it may be simpler to
extract the parts of it that actually apply. This does not initialize
any paths, it just looks for (and sets) certain environment variables
and other random information. (A search path is always initialized at
the first call to find a file of that type; this eliminates much useless
work, e.g., initializing the BibTeX search paths in a DVI driver.)
</li><li> <a name="index-kpathsea_005ffind_005ffile-1"></a>
The routine to actually find a file of type <var>format</var> is
<samp>kpathsea_find_file</samp>. You can call
<code>kpathsea_find_file</code> after doing only the first and second of the
initialization steps above—Kpathsea automatically reads the
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> generic config files, looks for environment variables,
and does expansions at the first lookup.
</li><li> To find PK and/or GF bitmap fonts, the routine
is <code>kpathsea_find_glyph</code>, defined in
<samp>tex-glyph.h</samp>. This returns a structure in addition to the
resultant filename, because fonts can be found in so many ways. See the
documentation in the source.
</li><li> <a name="index-kpathsea_005fopen_005ffile"></a>
To actually open a file, not just return a filename, call
<code>kpathsea_open_file</code>. This function takes the name to look up and a
Kpathsea file format as arguments, and returns the usual <code>FILE *</code>.
It always assumes the file must exist, and thus will search the disk if
necessary (unless the search path specified ‘<samp>!!</samp>’, etc.). In other
words, if you are looking up a VF or some other file that need not
exist, don’t use this.
</li><li> <a name="index-kpathsea_005fout_005fname_005fok"></a>
TeX can write output files, via the <code>\openout</code> primitive; this opens
a security hole vulnerable to Trojan horse attack: an unwitting user could
run a TeX program that overwrites, say, <samp>~/.rhosts</samp>. Analogous
security holes exist for many other programs. To alleviate this, there is a
configuration variable <code>openout_any</code>, which selects one of three levels
of security. When it is set to ‘<samp>a</samp>’ (for “any”), no restrictions are
imposed. When it is set to ‘<samp>r</samp>’ (for “restricted”), filenames
beginning with ‘<samp>.</samp>’ are disallowed (except <samp>.tex</samp> because LaTeX
needs it). When it is set to ‘<samp>p</samp>’ (for “paranoid”) additional
restrictions are imposed: an absolute filename must refer to a file in (a
subdirectory) of <code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code>, and any attempt to go up a directory
level is forbidden (that is, paths may not contain a ‘<samp>..</samp>’ component).
The paranoid setting is the default. (For backwards compatibility, ‘<samp>y</samp>’
and ‘<samp>1</samp>’ are synonyms of ‘<samp>a</samp>’, while ‘<samp>n</samp>’ and ‘<samp>0</samp>’ are
synonyms for ‘<samp>r</samp>’.) The function <code>kpathsea_out_name_ok</code>, with a
filename as second argument, returns <code>true</code> if that filename is
acceptable to be opend for output or <code>false</code> otherwise.
</li><li> <a name="index-kpathsea_005fin_005fname_005fok"></a>
Similarly, the function <code>kpathsea_in_name_ok</code>, with a filename as
second argument, returns <code>true</code> if that filename is acceptable to be
opend for input or <code>false</code> otherwise, depending on the value of the
configuration variable <code>openin_any</code> (with ‘<samp>a</samp>’ as default).
</li><li> <a name="index-kpathsea_005ffinish"></a>
To close the kpathsea library instance you are using, call
<code>kpathsea_finish</code>. This function closes any open log files and
frees the memory used by the instance.
</li></ol>
<a name="index-hash-table-routines"></a>
<a name="index-memory-allocation-routines"></a>
<a name="index-string-routines"></a>
<a name="index-reading-arbitrary_002dlength-lines"></a>
<a name="index-input-lines_002c-reading"></a>
<a name="index-lines_002c-reading-arbitrary_002dlength"></a>
<p>Kpathsea also provides many utility routines. Some are generic: hash
tables, memory allocation, string concatenation and copying, string
lists, reading input lines of arbitrary length, etc. Others are
filename-related: default path, tilde, and variable expansion,
<code>stat</code> calls, etc. (Perhaps someday I’ll move the former to a
separate library.)
</p>
<a name="index-c_002d_002a_002eh"></a>
<a name="index-autoconf_002c-recommended"></a>
<p>The <samp>c-*.h</samp> header files can also help your program adapt to many
different systems. You will almost certainly want to use Autoconf and
probably Automake for configuring and building your software if you use
Kpathsea; I strongly recommend using Autoconf and Automake regardless.
They are available from <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software">http://www.gnu.org/software</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Program_002dspecific-files"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programming with config files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calling-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calling sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Program_002dspecific-files-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.3 Program-specific files</h3>
<p>Many programs will need to find some configuration files. Kpathsea
contains some support to make it easy to place them in their own
directories. The Standard TeX directory structure (see <a href="tds.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>A Directory Structure for TeX files</cite>), specifies
that such files should go into a subdirectory named after the program,
like ‘<samp>texmf/ttf2pk</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Two formats, ‘<samp>kpse_program_text_format</samp>’ and
‘<samp>kpse_program_binary_format</samp>’, use <code>.:$TEXMF/<var>program</var>//</code>
as their compiled-in search path. To override this default, you can
use the variable <code><var>PROGRAM</var>INPUTS</code> in the environment and/or
‘<samp>texmf.cnf</samp>’. That is to say, the name of the variable is
constructed by converting the name of the program to upper case, and
appending <code>INPUTS</code>.
</p>
<p>The only difference between these two formats is whether
<code>kpathsea_open_file</code> will open the files it finds in text or binary
mode.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Programming-with-config-files"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Program_002dspecific-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Program-specific files</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Programming-with-config-files-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.4 Programming with config files</h3>
<a name="index-programming-with-config-files"></a>
<a name="index-config-files_002c-programming-with"></a>
<p>You can (and probably should) use the same <code>texmf.cnf</code>
configuration file that Kpathsea uses for your program. This helps
installers by keeping all configuration in one place.
</p>
<a name="index-kpathsea_005fvar_005fvalue"></a>
<a name="index-variable_002eh"></a>
<a name="index-shell_005fescape_002c-example-for-code"></a>
<p>To retrieve a value <var>var</var> from config files, the best way is to call
<code>kpathsea_var_value</code> on the string <code><var>var</var></code>. This will look
first for an environment variable <var>var</var>, then a config file value.
The result will be the value found or ‘<samp>NULL</samp>’. This function is
declared in <samp>kpathsea/variable.h</samp>. For an example, see the
<code>shell_escape</code> code in <samp>web2c/lib/texmfmp.c</samp>.
</p>
<p>The routine to do variable expansion in the context of a search path (as
opposed to simply retrieving a value) is <code>kpathsea_var_expand</code>, also
declared in <samp>kpathsea/variable.h</samp>. It’s generally only necessary
to set the search path structure components as explained in the previous
section, rather than using this yourself.
</p>
<a name="index-kpathsea_005fcnf_005fget"></a>
<a name="index-cnf_002eh"></a>
<p>If for some reason you want to retrieve a value <em>only</em> from a
config file, not automatically looking for a corresponding environment
variable, call <code>kpathsea_cnf_get</code> (declared in <samp>kpathsea/cnf.h</samp>)
with the string <var>var</var>.
</p>
<p>No initialization calls are needed.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Reporting-bugs"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programming</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Reporting-bugs-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">8 Reporting bugs</h2>
<a name="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
<a name="index-bugs_002c-reporting"></a>
<a name="index-tex_002dk_0040tug_002eorg-_0028bug-address_0029"></a>
<a name="index-bug-address"></a>
<p>If you have problems or suggestions, please report them to
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a> using the bug checklist below.
</p>
<p>Please report bugs in the documentation; not only factual errors or
inconsistent behavior, but unclear or incomplete explanations, typos,
wrong fonts, …
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bug-checklist" accesskey="1">Bug checklist</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What to include in a good bug report.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Mailing-lists" accesskey="2">Mailing lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Joining the bugs or announcements mailing lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Debugging" accesskey="3">Debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Analyzing runtime problems.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Logging" accesskey="4">Logging</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Recording searches.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="5">Common problems</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When things go wrong.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Bug-checklist"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Mailing-lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Mailing lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Bug-checklist-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.1 Bug checklist</h3>
<a name="index-checklist-for-bug-reports"></a>
<a name="index-bug-checklist"></a>
<p>Before reporting a bug, please check below to be sure it isn’t already
known (see <a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>).
</p>
<p>Bug reports should be sent via electronic mail to
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a>.
</p>
<p>The general principle is that a good bug report includes all the
information necessary for reproduction. Therefore, to enable
investigation, your report should include the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <a name="index-version-numbers_002c-determining"></a>
The version number(s) of the program(s) involved, and of Kpathsea
itself. You can get the former by giving a sole option ‘<samp>--version</samp>’
to the program, and the latter by running ‘<samp>kpsewhich --version</samp>’.
The <samp>NEWS</samp> and <samp>ChangeLog</samp> files also contain the version
number.
</li><li> <a name="index-uname"></a>
The hardware, operating system (including version), compiler, and
<code>make</code> program you are using (the output of <code>uname -a</code> is a
start on the first two, though incomplete).
</li><li> <a name="index-config_002elog"></a>
Any options you gave to <code>configure</code>. This is recorded in the
<samp>config.status</samp> files.
<a name="index-configuration-bugs"></a>
<a name="index-config_002estatus"></a>
<p>If you are reporting a bug in ‘<samp>configure</samp>’ itself, it’s probably
system-dependent, and it will be unlikely the maintainers can do
anything useful if you merely report that thus-and-such is broken.
Therefore, you need to do some additional work: for some bugs, you can
look in the file <samp>config.log</samp> where the test that failed should
appear, along with the compiler invocation and source program in
question. You can then compile it yourself by hand, and discover why
the test failed. Other ‘<samp>configure</samp>’ bugs do not involve the
compiler; in that case, the only recourse is to inspect the
<code>configure</code> shell script itself, or the Autoconf macros that
generated <code>configure</code>.
</p>
</li><li> The log of all debugging output, if the bug is in path searching. You
can get this by setting the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>
to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. Please look at the log
yourself to make sure the behavior is really a bug before reporting it;
perhaps “old” environment variable settings are causing files not to
be found, for example.
</li><li> The contents of any input files necessary to reproduce the bug. For
bugs in DVI-reading programs, for example, this generally means a DVI
file (and any EPS or other files it uses)—TeX source files are
helpful, but the DVI file is required, because that’s the actual
program input.
</li><li> <a name="index-context-diff"></a>
<a name="index-sending-patches"></a>
<a name="index-ChangeLog-entry"></a>
If you are sending a patch (do so if you can!), please do so in the form
of a context diff (‘<samp>diff -c</samp>’) against the original distribution
source. Any other form of diff is either not as complete or harder for
me to understand. Please also include a <samp>ChangeLog</samp> entry.
</li><li> <a name="index-stack-trace"></a>
<a name="index-debugger"></a>
<a name="index-crashes_002c-reporting"></a>
<a name="index-core-dumps_002c-reporting"></a>
<a name="index-null-pointers_002c-dereferencing"></a>
<a name="index-gdb_002c-recommended"></a>
If the bug involved is an actual crash (i.e., core dump), it is easy
and useful to include a stack trace from a debugger (I recommend the
GNU debugger GDB (<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb">http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb</a>). If the
cause is apparent (a <code>NULL</code> value being dereferenced, for
example), please send the details along. If the program involved is
TeX or Metafont, and the crash is happening at apparently-sound
code, however, the bug may well be in the compiler, rather than in the
program or the library (see <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or
Metafont failing</a>).
</li><li> Any additional information that will be helpful in reproducing,
diagnosing, or fixing the bug.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<a name="Mailing-lists"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Debugging" accesskey="n" rel="next">Debugging</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bug-checklist" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bug checklist</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Mailing-lists-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.2 Mailing lists</h3>
<a name="index-mailing-lists"></a>
<a name="index-bug-mailing-list"></a>
<a name="index-announcement-mailing-list"></a>
<a name="index-tex_002dk_0040tug_002eorg"></a>
<p>Web2c and Kpathsea in general are discussed on the mailing list
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a>. You can subscribe and peruse the archives on
the web <a href="http://lists.tug.org/tex-k">http://lists.tug.org/tex-k</a>.
</p>
<p>You do not need to join to submit a report, nor will it affect whether
you get a response. Be aware that large data files are sometimes
included in bug reports. If this is a problem for you, do not join
the list.
</p>
<p>If you are looking for general TeX help, such as how to install a
full TeX system or how to use LaTeX, please see
<a href="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Debugging"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Logging" accesskey="n" rel="next">Logging</a>, Previous: <a href="#Mailing-lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Mailing lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Debugging-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.3 Debugging</h3>
<a name="index-debugging"></a>
<a name="index-runtime-debugging"></a>
<a name="index-options-for-debugging"></a>
<a name="index-kpse_002d_003edebug"></a>
<a name="index-debug_002eh"></a>
<p>Kpathsea provides a number of runtime debugging options, detailed below
by their names and corresponding numeric values. When the files you
expect aren’t being found, the thing to do is enable these options and
examine the output.
</p>
<p>You can set these with some runtime argument (e.g., ‘<samp>-d</samp>’) to the
program; in that case, you should use the numeric values described in
the program’s documentation (which, for Dvipsk and Xdvik, are different
than those below). It’s best to give the ‘<samp>-d</samp>’ (or whatever) option
first, for maximal output. Dvipsk and Xdvik have additional
program-specific debugging options as well.
</p>
<a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-1"></a>
<a name="index-kpse_002d_003edebug-1"></a>
<p>You can also set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>; in this
case, you should use the numbers below. If you run the program under a
debugger and set the instance variable <code>kpse->debug</code>, also use the numbers
below.
</p>
<a name="index-_002d1-debugging-value"></a>
<p>In any case, by far the simplest value to use is ‘<samp>-1</samp>’, which will
turn on all debugging output. This is usually better than guessing
which particular values will yield the output you need.
</p>
<a name="index-debugging-output"></a>
<a name="index-standard-error-and-debugging-output"></a>
<p>Debugging output always goes to standard error, so you can redirect it
easily. For example, in Bourne-compatible shells:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">dvips -d -1 … 2>/tmp/debug
</pre></div>
<a name="index-Kpsewhich_002c-and-debugging"></a>
<p>It is sometimes helpful to run the standalone Kpsewhich utility
(see <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a>), instead of the original program.
</p>
<a name="index-numeric-debugging-values"></a>
<p>In any case, you cannot use the names below; you must always use
somebody’s numbers. (Sorry.) To set more than one option, just sum
the corresponding numbers.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_STAT <span class="roman">(1)</span></code>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSTAT-_00281_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report ‘<samp>stat</samp>’(2) calls. This is useful for verifying that your
directory structure is not forcing Kpathsea to do many additional file
tests (see <a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a>, and see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>). If you are using an up-to-date <samp>ls-R</samp> database
(see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>), this should produce no output unless a
nonexistent file that must exist is searched for.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_HASH <span class="roman">(2)</span></code>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fHASH-_00282_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report lookups in all hash tables: <samp>ls-R</samp> and <samp>aliases</samp>
(see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>); font aliases (see <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>); and config
file values (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>). Useful when expected values are not
being found, e.g.., file searches are looking at the disk instead of
using <samp>ls-R</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_FOPEN <span class="roman">(4)</span></code>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fFOPEN-_00284_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-fopen_002c-redefined"></a>
<p>Report file openings and closings. Especially useful when your system’s
file table is full, for seeing which files have been opened but never
closed. In case you want to set breakpoints in a debugger: this works by
redefining ‘<samp>fopen</samp>’ (‘<samp>fclose</samp>’) to be ‘<samp>kpse_fopen_trace</samp>’
(‘<samp>kpse_fclose_trace</samp>’).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_PATHS <span class="roman">(8)</span></code>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fPATHS-_00288_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-kpse_005fformat_005finfo_005ftype"></a>
<p>Report general path information for each file type Kpathsea is asked to
search. This is useful when you are trying to track down how a
particular path got defined—from <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, <samp>config.ps</samp>,
an environment variable, the compile-time default, etc. This is the
contents of the <code>kpse_format_info_type</code> structure defined in
<samp>tex-file.h</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_EXPAND <span class="roman">(16)</span></code>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fEXPAND-_002816_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report the directory list corresponding to each path element Kpathsea
searches. This is only relevant when Kpathsea searches the disk, since
<samp>ls-R</samp> searches don’t look through directory lists in this way.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_SEARCH <span class="roman">(32)</span></code>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSEARCH-_002832_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report on each file search: the name of the file searched for, the path
searched in, whether or not the file must exist (when drivers search for
<samp>cmr10.vf</samp>, it need not exist), and whether or not we are
collecting all occurrences of the file in the path (as with, e.g.,
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> and <samp>texfonts.map</samp>), or just the first (as with
most lookups). This can help you correlate what Kpathsea is doing with
what is in your input file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_VARS <span class="roman">(64)</span></code>
<a name="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fVARS-_002864_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report the value of each variable Kpathsea looks up. This is useful for
verifying that variables do indeed obtain their correct values.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>GSFTOPK_DEBUG <span class="roman">(128)</span></code>
<a name="index-GSFTOPK_005fDEBUG-_0028128_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Activates debugging printout specific to <code>gsftopk</code> program.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKETEX_DEBUG <span class="roman">(512)</span></code>
<a name="index-MAKETEX_005fDEBUG-_0028512_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>If you use the optional <code>mktex</code> programs instead of the
traditional shell scripts, this will report the name of the site file
(<samp>mktex.cnf</samp> by default) which is read, directories created by
<code>mktexdir</code>, the full path of the <samp>ls-R</samp> database built by
<code>mktexlsr</code>, font map searches, <code>MT_FEATURES</code> in effect,
parameters from <code>mktexnam</code>, filenames added by
<code>mktexupd</code>, and some subsidiary commands run by the programs.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKETEX_FINE_DEBUG <span class="roman">(1024)</span></code>
<a name="index-MAKETEX_005fFINE_005fDEBUG-_00281024_0029"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>When the optional <code>mktex</code> programs are used, this will print
additional debugging info from functions internal to these programs.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<a name="index-kdebug_003a"></a>
<a name="index-hash_005fsummary_005fonly-variable-for-debugging"></a>
<a name="index-hash-table-buckets_002c-printing"></a>
<p>Debugging output from Kpathsea is always written to standard error, and
begins with the string ‘<samp>kdebug:</samp>’. (Except for hash table buckets,
which just start with the number, but you can only get that output
running under a debugger. See comments at the <code>hash_summary_only</code>
variable in <samp>kpathsea/db.c</samp>.)
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Logging"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="n" rel="next">Common problems</a>, Previous: <a href="#Debugging" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Debugging</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Logging-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.4 Logging</h3>
<a name="index-log-file"></a>
<a name="index-logging-successful-searches"></a>
<a name="index-recording-successful-searches"></a>
<a name="index-usage-patterns_002c-finding"></a>
<a name="index-disk-usage_002c-reducing"></a>
<p>Kpathsea can record the time and filename found for each successful
search. This may be useful in finding good candidates for deletion when
your filesystem is full, or in discovering usage patterns
at your site.
</p>
<a name="index-TEXMFLOG"></a>
<p>To do this, define the environment or config file variable
<code>TEXMFLOG</code>. The value is the name of the file to append the
information to. The file is created if it doesn’t exist, and appended
to if it does.
</p>
<a name="index-epoch_002c-seconds-since"></a>
<a name="index-time-system-call"></a>
<p>Each successful search turns into one line in the log file: two words
separated by a space. The first word is the time of the search, as the
integer number of seconds since “the epoch”, i.e., UTC midnight 1
January 1970 (more precisely, the result of the <code>time</code> system
call). The second word is the filename.
</p>
<p>For example, after <code>setenv TEXMFLOG /tmp/log</code>, running Dvips on
<samp>story.dvi</samp> appends the following lines:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">774455887 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/config.ps
774455887 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/psfonts.map
774455888 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/texc.pro
774455888 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmbx10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmsl10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmr10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/texc.pro
</pre></div>
<a name="index-privacy_002c-semblance-of"></a>
<p>Only filenames that are absolute are recorded, to preserve
some semblance of privacy.
</p>
<p>In addition to this Kpathsea-specific logging, <code>pdftex</code>
provides an option <samp>-recorder</samp> to write the names of all files
accessed during a run to the file <samp><var>basefile</var>.fls</samp>.
</p>
<p>Finally, most systems provide a general tool to output each system
call, thus including opening and closing files. It might be named
<code>strace</code>, <code>truss</code>, <code>struss</code>, or something
else.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Common-problems"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Logging" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Logging</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Common-problems-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.5 Common problems</h3>
<a name="index-common-problems"></a>
<a name="index-problems_002c-common"></a>
<a name="index-FAQ_002c-Kpathsea"></a>
<p>Here are some common problems with configuration, compilation, linking,
execution, …
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Unable-to-find-files" accesskey="1">Unable to find files</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">If your program can’t find fonts (or whatever).
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Slow-path-searching" accesskey="2">Slow path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">If it takes forever to find anything.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts" accesskey="3">Unable to generate fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">If mktexpk fails.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing" accesskey="4">TeX or Metafont failing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Likely compiler bugs.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<a name="Unable-to-find-files"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Slow-path-searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Slow path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="u" rel="up">Common problems</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Unable-to-find-files-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.5.1 Unable to find files</h4>
<a name="index-unable-to-find-files"></a>
<a name="index-files_002c-unable-to-find"></a>
<p>If a program complains it cannot find fonts (or other input files), any
of several things might be wrong. In any case, you may find the
debugging options helpful. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
</p>
<ul>
<li> Perhaps you simply haven’t installed all the necessary files; the basic
fonts and input files are distributed separately from the programs.
See <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>.
</li><li> <a name="index-_002fetc_002fprofile"></a>
<a name="index-environment-variables_002c-old"></a>
You have (perhaps unknowingly) told Kpathsea to use search paths that
don’t reflect where the files actually are. One common cause is having
environment variables set from a previous installation, thus overriding
what you carefully set in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (see <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>). System <samp>/etc/profile</samp> or other files such may be the
culprit.
</li><li> <a name="index-symbolic-links-not-found"></a>
<a name="index-leaf-directories-wrongly-guessed"></a>
Your files reside in a directory that is only pointed to via a symbolic
link, in a leaf directory and is not listed in <samp>ls-R</samp>.
<p>Unfortunately, Kpathsea’s subdirectory searching has an irremediable
deficiency: If a directory <var>d</var> being searched for subdirectories
contains plain files and symbolic links to other directories, but no
true subdirectories, <var>d</var> will be considered a leaf directory, i.e.,
the symbolic links will not be followed. See <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>.
</p>
<p>You can work around this problem by creating an empty dummy subdirectory
in <var>d</var>. Then <var>d</var> will no longer be a leaf, and the symlinks will
be followed.
</p>
<p>The directory immediately followed by the ‘<samp>//</samp>’ in the path
specification, however, is always searched for subdirectories, even if
it is a leaf. Presumably you would not have asked for the directory to
be searched for subdirectories if you didn’t want it to be.
</p>
</li><li> If the fonts (or whatever) don’t already exist, <code>mktexpk</code> (or
<code>mktexmf</code> or <code>mktextfm</code>) will try to create them. If
these rather complicated shell scripts fail, you’ll eventually get an
error message saying something like ‘<samp>Can't find font
<var>fontname</var></samp>’. The best solution is to fix (or at least report) the
bug in <code>mktexpk</code>; the workaround is to generate the necessary
fonts by hand with Metafont, or to grab them from a CTAN site
(see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
</li><li> There is a bug in the library. See <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<a name="Slow-path-searching"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Unable to generate fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Unable-to-find-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Unable to find files</a>, Up: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="u" rel="up">Common problems</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Slow-path-searching-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.5.2 Slow path searching</h4>
<a name="index-excessive-startup-time"></a>
<a name="index-slow-startup-time"></a>
<a name="index-startup-time_002c-excessive"></a>
<p>If your program takes an excessively long time to find fonts or other
input files, but does eventually succeed, here are some possible culprits:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Most likely, you just have a lot of directories to search, and that
takes a noticeable time. The solution is to create and maintain a
separate <samp>ls-R</samp> file that lists all the files in your main TeX
hierarchy. See <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>. Kpathsea always uses <samp>ls-R</samp>
if it’s present; there’s no need to recompile or reconfigure any of the
programs.
</li><li> Your recursively-searched directories (e.g.,
<samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts//</samp>), contain a mixture of files and
directories. This prevents Kpathsea from using a useful optimization
(see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>).
<p>It is best to have only directories (and perhaps a <samp>README</samp>) in the
upper levels of the directory structure, and it’s very important to have
<em>only</em> files, and no subdirectories, in the leaf directories where
the dozens of TFM, PK, or whatever files reside.
</p></li></ul>
<p>In any case, you may find the debugging options helpful in determining
precisely when the disk or network is being pounded. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Unable-to-generate-fonts"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX or Metafont failing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Slow-path-searching" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Slow path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="u" rel="up">Common problems</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Unable-to-generate-fonts-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.5.3 Unable to generate fonts</h4>
<a name="index-unable-to-generate-fonts"></a>
<a name="index-font-generation-failures"></a>
<p>Metafont outputs fonts in bitmap format, tuned for a particular
device at a particular resolution, in order to allow for the
highest-possible quality of output. Some DVI-to-whatever programs,
such as Dvips, try to generate these on the fly when they are needed,
but this generation may fail in several cases.
</p>
<a name="index-mktexpk-can_0027t-guess-mode"></a>
<p>If <code>mktexpk</code> runs, but fails with this error:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">mktexpk: Can't guess mode for <var>nnn</var> dpi devices.
mktexpk: Use a config file to specify the mode, or update me.
</pre></div>
<p>you need to ensure the resolution and mode match; just
specifying the resolution, as in <code>-D 360</code>, is not enough.
</p>
<p>You can specify the mode name with the <code>-mode</code> option on the
Dvips command line, or in a Dvips configuration file (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Config-files">Config
files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>), such as <samp>config.ps</samp> in your document
directory, <samp>~/.dvipsrc</samp> in your home directory, or in a system
directory (again named <samp>config.ps</samp>). (Other drivers use other
files, naturally.)
</p>
<p>For example, if you need 360dpi fonts, you could include this in
a configuration file:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">D 360
M lqmed
</pre></div>
<a name="index-Metafont-using-the-wrong-device"></a>
<a name="index-device_002c-wrong"></a>
<p>If Metafont runs, but generates fonts at the wrong resolution or for
the wrong device, most likely <code>mktexpk</code>’s built-in guess for the
mode is wrong, and you should override it as above.
</p>
<p>See <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/modes">http://ctan.org/pkg/modes</a> for a list of resolutions and mode
names for most devices (additional submissions are welcome).
</p>
<a name="index-_002e2602gf"></a>
<a name="index-2602gf"></a>
<a name="index-Metafont-making-too_002dlarge-fonts"></a>
<a name="index-proof-mode"></a>
<a name="index-online-Metafont-display_002c-spurious"></a>
<p>If Metafont runs but generates fonts at a resolution of 2602dpi
(and prints out the name of each character as well as just a character
number, and maybe tries to display the characters), then your Metafont
base file probably hasn’t been made properly. (It’s using the default
<code>proof</code> mode, instead of an actual device mode.) To make a proper
<samp>plain.base</samp>, assuming the local mode definitions are contained in
a file <samp>modes.mf</samp>, run the following command (assuming Unix):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">inimf "plain; input modes; dump"
</pre></div>
<p><a name="index-plain_002ebase"></a>
Then copy the <samp>plain.base</samp> file from the current directory to where
the base files are stored on your system
(<samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</samp> by default), and make a link
(either hard or soft) from <samp>plain.base</samp> to <samp>mf.base</samp> in that
directory.
See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#inimf-invocation">inimf invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>.
</p>
<a name="index-Metafont-installation"></a>
<p>If <code>mf</code> is a command not found at all by <code>mktexpk</code>, then you
need to install Metafont (see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="TeX-or-Metafont-failing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Unable to generate fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="u" rel="up">Common problems</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="TeX-or-Metafont-failing-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">8.5.4 TeX or Metafont failing</h4>
<a name="index-TeX-failures"></a>
<a name="index-Metafont-failures"></a>
<a name="index-compiler-bugs"></a>
<p>If TeX or Metafont get a segmentation fault or otherwise fail while
running a normal input file, the problem is usually a compiler bug
(unlikely as that may sound). Even if the trip and trap tests are
passed, problems may lurk. Optimization occasionally causes trouble in
programs other than TeX and Metafont themselves, too.
</p>
<p>Insufficient swap space may also cause core dumps or other erratic
behavior.
</p>
<a name="index-optimization-caveat"></a>
<p>For a workaround, if you enabled any optimization flags, it’s best to
omit optimization entirely. In any case, the way to find the facts is
to run the program under the debugger and see where it’s failing.
</p>
<a name="index-GNU-C-compiler-bugs"></a>
<a name="index-system-C-compiler-bugs"></a>
<p>Also, if you have trouble with a system C compiler, I advise trying the
GNU C compiler. And vice versa, unfortunately; but in that case I also
recommend reporting a bug to the GCC mailing list; see <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Bugs.html#Bugs">Bugs</a> in <cite>Using and Porting GNU CC</cite>.
</p>
<a name="index-compiler-bugs_002c-finding"></a>
<p>To report compiler bugs effectively requires perseverance and
perspicacity: you must find the miscompiled line, and that usually
involves delving backwards in time from the point of error, checking
through TeX’s (or whatever program’s) data structures. Things are
not helped by all-too-common bugs in the debugger itself. Good luck.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="Index"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Index-1"></a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>$</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>/</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>2</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>8</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>\</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>~</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-1">!</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021_0021-in-path-specifications"><code>!! <span class="roman">in path specifications</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-2">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024-expansion"><code>$ <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-3">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dall"><code>--all</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dcolor_003dtty"><code>--color=tty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddebug_003dnum"><code>--debug=<var>num</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddpi_003dnum"><code>--dpi=<var>num</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dengine_003dname"><code>--engine=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dexpand_002dbraces_003dstring"><code>--expand-braces=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dexpand_002dpath_003dstring"><code>--expand-path=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dexpand_002dvar_003dstring"><code>--expand-var=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dformat_003dname"><code>--format=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp"><code>--help</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp_002dformats"><code>--help-formats</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteractive"><code>--interactive</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dmktex_003dfiletype"><code>--mktex=<var>filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dmode_003dstring"><code>--mode=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dmust_002dexist"><code>--must-exist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"><code>--no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dpath_003dstring"><code>--path=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dprogname_003dname"><code>--progname=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dsafe_002din_002dname_003dname"><code>--safe-in-name=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dsafe_002dout_002dname_003dname"><code>--safe-out-name=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshow_002dpath_003dname"><code>--show-path=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dsubdir_003dstring"><code>--subdir=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dvar_002dvalue_003dvariable"><code>--var-value=<var>variable</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion"><code>--version</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwith_002dmktextex_002ddefault"><code>--with-mktextex-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexfmt_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexfmt-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexmf_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexmf-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexocp_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexocp-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexofm_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexofm-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexpk_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexpk-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktextfm_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktextfm-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d1-debugging-value"><code>-1 <span class="roman">debugging value</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dA-option-to-ls"><code>-A <span class="roman">option to <code>ls</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dD-num"><code>-D <var>num</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dL-option-to-ls"><code>-L <span class="roman">option to <code>ls</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-4">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e-directories_002c-ignored"><code>. <span class="roman">directories, ignored</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e-files"><code>. <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e2602gf"><code>.2602gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eafm"><code>.afm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebase"><code>.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebib"><code>.bib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebltxml"><code>.bltxml</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebst"><code>.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ecid"><code>.cid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ecmap"><code>.cmap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ecnf"><code>.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edll"><code>.dll</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eenc"><code>.enc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eeps"><code>.eps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eepsi"><code>.epsi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efea"><code>.fea</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt"><code>.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eist"><code>.ist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elig"><code>.lig</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emap"><code>.map</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emem"><code>.mem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emf"><code>.mf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emft"><code>.mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emlbib"><code>.mlbib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emlbst"><code>.mlbst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emp"><code>.mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eocp"><code>.ocp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eofm"><code>.ofm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eopl"><code>.opl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eotp"><code>.otp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eovf"><code>.ovf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eovp"><code>.ovp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epfa"><code>.pfa</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epfb"><code>.pfb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epk"><code>.pk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epool"><code>.pool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epool-1"><code>.pool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epool-2"><code>.pool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epro"><code>.pro</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002erhosts_002c-writable-by-TeX"><code>.rhosts<span class="roman">, writable by TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eris"><code>.ris</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002esfd"><code>.sfd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eso"><code>.so</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex"><code>.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex-file_002c-included-in-ls_002dR"><code>.tex <span class="roman">file, included in <samp>ls-R</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etfm"><code>.tfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ettc"><code>.ttc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ettf"><code>.ttf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002evf"><code>.vf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ew"><code>.w</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eweb"><code>.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eweb-1"><code>.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-5">/</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002f-may-not-be-_002f"><code>/ <span class="roman">may not be /</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002f_002c-trailing-in-home-directory"><code>/<span class="roman">, trailing in home directory</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002f_002f"><code>//</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fetc_002fprofile"><code>/etc/profile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fetc_002fprofile-and-aliases"><code>/etc/profile <span class="roman">and aliases</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fvar_002ftmp_002ftexfonts"><code>/var/tmp/texfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-6">2</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-2602gf"><code>2602gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-7">8</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-8_002e3-filenames_002c-using">8.3 filenames, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-8">:</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-may-not-be-_003a"><code>: <span class="roman">may not be :</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a_003a-expansion"><code>:: <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-9">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c-line-continuation-in-texmf_002ecnf"><code>\<span class="roman">, line continuation in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspecial_002c-suppressing-warnings-about"><code>\special<span class="roman">, suppressing warnings about</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-10">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b-expansion"><code>{ <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-11">~</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e-expansion"><code>~ <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-absolute-filenames">absolute filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-access-warnings">access warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AFMFONTS"><code>AFMFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aliases-for-fonts">aliases for fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aliases_002c-for-filenames">aliases, for filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-all"><code>all</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-all-matches_002c-finding">all matches, finding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alphabetical-order_002c-not">alphabetical order, not</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-announcement-mailing-list">announcement mailing list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-API_002c-re_002dentrant">API, re-entrant</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-append_002donly-directories-and-mktexpk">append-only directories and <code>mktexpk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendonlydir"><code>appendonlydir</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arguments-to-mktex">arguments to <samp>mktex</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-argv_005b0_005d"><code>argv[0]</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-autoconf_002c-recommended"><code>autoconf<span class="roman">, recommended</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-automounter_002c-and-ls_002dR">automounter, and <samp>ls-R</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-tasks">auxiliary tasks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bach_002c-Johann-Sebastian">Bach, Johann Sebastian</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002dnewline">backslash-newline</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basic-glyph-lookup">basic glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl">Berry, Karl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS"><code>BIBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS-1"><code>BIBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blank-lines_002c-in-texmf_002ecnf">blank lines, in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BLTXMLINPUTS"><code>BLTXMLINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace-expansion">brace expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter">Breitenlohner, Peter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS"><code>BSTINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS-1"><code>BSTINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-address">bug address</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-checklist">bug checklist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-mailing-list">bug mailing list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bugs_002c-reporting">bugs, reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-c_002d_002a_002eh"><code>c-*.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-c_002dauto_002eh"><code>c-auto.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cache-of-fonts_002c-local">cache of fonts, local</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calling-sequence">calling sequence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ChangeLog-entry"><code>ChangeLog <span class="roman">entry</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-checklist-for-bug-reports">checklist for bug reports</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-checksum"><code>checksum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-fonts">circle fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-client_005fpath-in-kpse_002d_003eformat_005finfo"><code>client_path <span class="roman">in <code>kpse->format_info</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CLUAINPUTS"><code>CLUAINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CMAPFONTS"><code>CMAPFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmr10_002c-as-fallback-font"><code>cmr10<span class="roman">, as fallback font</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmr10_002evf"><code>cmr10.vf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cnf_002ec"><code>cnf.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cnf_002eh"><code>cnf.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-fontmap-files">comments, in fontmap files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-texmf_002ecnf">comments, in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-making">comments, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-common-features-in-glyph-lookup">common features in glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-common-problems">common problems</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compilation-value_002c-source-for-path">compilation value, source for path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compiler-bugs">compiler bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compiler-bugs_002c-finding">compiler bugs, finding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conditions-for-use">conditions for use</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config-files">config files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config-files_002c-for-Kpathsea_002dusing-programs">config files, for Kpathsea-using programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config-files_002c-programming-with">config files, programming with</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002eh"><code>config.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002elog"><code>config.log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002eps"><code>config.ps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002eps_002c-search-path-for"><code>config.ps<span class="roman">, search path for</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002estatus"><code>config.status</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-bugs">configuration bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-file_002c-source-for-path">configuration file, source for path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-files-as-shell-scripts_002e">configuration files as shell scripts.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-of-mktex-scripts">configuration of <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configure-options-for-mktex-scripts"><code>configure</code> options for <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-context-diff">context diff</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-continuation-character">continuation character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-core-dumps_002c-reporting">core dumps, reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-crashes_002c-reporting">crashes, reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CWEBINPUTS"><code>CWEBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-database-search">database search</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-database_002c-for-filenames">database, for filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-database_002c-format-of">database, format of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Database-format">Database format</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debug_002eh"><code>debug.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugger">debugger</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging">debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging-options_002c-in-Kpathsea_002dusing-program">debugging options, in Kpathsea-using program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging-output">debugging output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-expansion">default expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default_005ftexsizes"><code>default_texsizes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-device_002c-wrong">device, wrong</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directories_002c-making-append_002donly">directories, making append-only</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-permissions">directory permissions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-structure_002c-for-TeX-files">directory structure, for TeX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disabling-mktex-scripts">disabling <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disk-search">disk search</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disk-searching_002c-avoiding">disk searching, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disk-usage_002c-reducing">disk usage, reducing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doc-files"><code>doc files</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DOS-compatible-names">DOS compatible names</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dosnames"><code>dosnames</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-files">dot files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doubled-colons">doubled colons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dpinnn-directories"><code>dpi<var>nnn</var> directories</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVILJMAKEPK"><code>DVILJMAKEPK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVILJSIZES"><code>DVILJSIZES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx_002ecfg"><code>dvipdfmx.cfg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVIPSFONTS"><code>DVIPSFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVIPSHEADERS"><code>DVIPSHEADERS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVIPSMAKEPK"><code>DVIPSMAKEPK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVIPSSIZES"><code>DVIPSSIZES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic-creation-of-files">dynamic creation of files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EC-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation">EC fonts, and dynamic source creation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-elt_002ddirs_002ec"><code>elt-dirs.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-elt_002ddirs_002ec-1"><code>elt-dirs.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enabling-mktex-scripts">enabling <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ENCFONTS"><code>ENCFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engine-name">engine name</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-variable_002c-source-for-path">environment variable, source for path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-variables-for-TeX">environment variables for TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-variables-in-paths">environment variables in paths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-variables_002c-old">environment variables, old</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-epoch_002c-seconds-since">epoch, seconds since</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-message-macros">error message macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-excessive-startup-time">excessive startup time</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expand_002ec"><code>expand.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expanding-symlinks">expanding symlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-default">expansion, default</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-path-element">expansion, path element</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-search-path">expansion, search path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-subdirectory">expansion, subdirectory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-tilde">expansion, tilde</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-variable">expansion, variable</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-explicitly-relative-filenames">explicitly relative filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extensions_002c-filename">extensions, filename</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-externally_002dbuilt-filename-database">externally-built filename database</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extra-colons">extra colons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-failed-mktex_2026-script-invocation">failed <code>mktex…</code> script invocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fallback-font">fallback font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fallback-resolutions">fallback resolutions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FAQ_002c-Kpathsea">FAQ, Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Farwell_002c-Matthew">Farwell, Matthew</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-formats_002c-supported">file formats, supported</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-lookup">file lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-permissions">file permissions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-types_002c-registering-new">file types, registering new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-aliases">filename aliases</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-database">filename database</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filenames_002c-absolute-or-explicitly-relative">filenames, absolute or explicitly relative</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-files_002c-unable-to-find">files, unable to find</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filesystem-search">filesystem search</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-floating-directories">floating directories</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmtutil"><code>fmtutil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmtutil_002ecnf"><code>fmtutil.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmtutils_002ecnf"><code>fmtutils.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-alias-files">font alias files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-generation-failures">font generation failures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-of-last-resort">font of last resort</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-set_002c-infinite">font set, infinite</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FONTCIDMAPS"><code>FONTCIDMAPS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FONTFEATURES"><code>FONTFEATURES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontmap-files">fontmap files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontmaps-1"><code>fontmaps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontmaps">fontmaps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontname">fontname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontnames_002c-arbitrary-length">fontnames, arbitrary length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FOOINPUTS"><code>FOOINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FOOINPUTS-1"><code>FOOINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fopen_002c-redefined"><code>fopen<span class="roman">, redefined</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-format-of-external-database">format of external database</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Database-format">Database format</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ftp_002ecs_002estanford_002eedu"><code>ftp.cs.stanford.edu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ftp_002etug_002eorg"><code>ftp.tug.org</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fundamental-purpose-of-Kpathsea">fundamental purpose of Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gdb_002c-recommended"><code>gdb<span class="roman">, recommended</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gf"><code>gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GFFONTS"><code>GFFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-globally-writable-directories">globally writable directories</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glyph-lookup">glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glyph-lookup-bitmap-tolerance">glyph lookup bitmap tolerance</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GLYPHFONTS"><code>GLYPHFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GLYPHFONTS-1"><code>GLYPHFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glyphlist_002etxt"><code>glyphlist.txt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GNU-C-compiler-bugs">GNU C compiler bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GNU-General-Public-License">GNU General Public License</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002dwritable-directories">group-writable directories</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GSFTOPK_005fDEBUG-_0028128_0029"><code>GSFTOPK_DEBUG <span class="roman">(128)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash-table-buckets_002c-printing">hash table buckets, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash-table-routines">hash table routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash_005fsummary_005fonly-variable-for-debugging"><code>hash_summary_only <span class="roman">variable for debugging</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-of-Kpathsea">history of Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Hoekwater_002c-Taco">Hoekwater, Taco</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-home-directories-in-paths">home directories in paths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOME_002c-as-_007e-expansion"><code>HOME<span class="roman">, as ~ expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifiers_002c-characters-valid-in">identifiers, characters valid in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-include-fontmap-directive"><code>include <span class="roman">fontmap directive</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-INDEXSTYLE"><code>INDEXSTYLE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-lines_002c-reading">input lines, reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-query">interactive query</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interface_002c-not-frozen">interface, not frozen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-introduction">introduction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kdebug_003a">‘<samp>kdebug:</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kdefault_002ec"><code>kdefault.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e_002c-archive-of-programs-by">Knuth, Donald E., archive of programs by</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Kpathsea-config-file_002c-source-for-path">Kpathsea config file, source for path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_002eh"><code>kpathsea.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fcnf_005fget"><code>kpathsea_cnf_get</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-1"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005ffind_005ffile"><code>kpathsea_find_file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005ffind_005ffile-1"><code>kpathsea_find_file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005ffind_005fglyph"><code>kpathsea_find_glyph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005ffinish"><code>kpathsea_finish</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005finit_005fprog"><code>kpathsea_init_prog</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005finit_005fprog-1"><code>kpathsea_init_prog</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fin_005fname_005fok"><code>kpathsea_in_name_ok</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fnew"><code>kpathsea_new</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fopen_005ffile"><code>kpathsea_open_file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fout_005fname_005fok"><code>kpathsea_out_name_ok</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fset_005fprogram_005fname"><code>kpathsea_set_program_name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fvar_005fvalue"><code>kpathsea_var_value</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fWARNING"><code>KPATHSEA_WARNING</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003edebug"><code>kpse->debug</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003edebug-1"><code>kpse->debug</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003edebug-variable"><code>kpse->debug <span class="roman">variable</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003eformat_005finfo"><code>kpse->format_info</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003einvocation_005fname"><code>kpse->invocation_name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003einvocation_005fshort_005fname"><code>kpse->invocation_short_name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003eprogram_005fname"><code>kpse->program_name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpsewhich"><code>kpsewhich</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Kpsewhich_002c-and-debugging">Kpsewhich, and debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fBITMAP_005fTOLERANCE"><code>KPSE_BITMAP_TOLERANCE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fEXPAND-_002816_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_EXPAND <span class="roman">(16)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fFOPEN-_00284_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_FOPEN <span class="roman">(4)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fHASH-_00282_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_HASH <span class="roman">(2)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fPATHS-_00288_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_PATHS <span class="roman">(8)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSEARCH-_002832_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_SEARCH <span class="roman">(32)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSTAT-_00281_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_STAT <span class="roman">(1)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fVARS-_002864_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_VARS <span class="roman">(64)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDOT-expansion"><code>KPSE_DOT <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">KPSE_DOT expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_005fformat_005finfo_005ftype"><code>kpse_format_info_type</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-last_002dresort-font">last-resort font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lcircle10"><code>lcircle10</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leading-colons">leading colons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leaf-directories-wrongly-guessed">leaf directories wrongly guessed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leaf-directory-trick">leaf directory trick</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-license-for-using-the-library">license for using the library</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LIGFONTS"><code>LIGFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines_002c-reading-arbitrary_002dlength">lines, reading arbitrary-length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Linux-File-System-Standard">Linux File System Standard</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-local-cache-of-fonts">local cache of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logging-successful-searches">logging successful searches</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lost_002bfound-directory"><code>lost+found <span class="roman">directory</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lostchar"><code>lostchar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ls_002dR"><code>ls-R</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ls_002dR-database-file"><code>ls-R <span class="roman">database file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ls_002dR_002c-simplest-build"><code>ls-R<span class="roman">, simplest build</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MacKenzie_002c-David">MacKenzie, David</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MacKenzie_002c-David-1">MacKenzie, David</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magic-characters">magic characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mailing-lists">mailing lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAKETEX_005fDEBUG-_0028512_0029"><code>MAKETEX_DEBUG <span class="roman">(512)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAKETEX_005fFINE_005fDEBUG-_00281024_0029"><code>MAKETEX_FINE_DEBUG <span class="roman">(1024)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-allocation-routines">memory allocation routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-metafont-driver-files">metafont driver files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-failures">Metafont failures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-installation">Metafont installation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-making-too_002dlarge-fonts">Metafont making too-large fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-using-the-wrong-device">Metafont using the wrong device</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFBASES"><code>MFBASES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFINPUTS"><code>MFINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFPOOL"><code>MFPOOL</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFTINPUTS"><code>MFTINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MISCFONTS"><code>MISCFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mismatched-checksum-warnings">mismatched checksum warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-missfont_002elog"><code>missfont.log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MISSFONT_005fLOG"><code>MISSFONT_LOG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-missing-character-warnings">missing character warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mkocp"><code>mkocp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mkofm"><code>mkofm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex-script-configuration"><samp>mktex</samp> script configuration</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex-script-names"><samp>mktex</samp> script names</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex-scripts"><samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex_002ecnf"><code>mktex.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex_002ecnf-1"><code>mktex.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex_002eopt"><code>mktex.opt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex_002eopt-1"><code>mktex.opt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexdir"><code>mktexdir</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexfmt"><code>mktexfmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexmf"><code>mktexmf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexpk"><code>mktexpk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexpk-can_0027t-guess-mode"><code>mktexpk</code> can’t guess mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktextex"><code>mktextex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktextfm"><code>mktextfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MLBIBINPUTS"><code>MLBIBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MLBSTINPUTS"><code>MLBSTINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mode-directory_002c-omitting">mode directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Morgan_002c-Tim">Morgan, Tim</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPINPUTS"><code>MPINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPMEMS"><code>MPMEMS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPPOOL"><code>MPPOOL</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPSUPPORT"><code>MPSUPPORT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MT_005fFEATURES"><code>MT_FEATURES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-TeX-hierarchies">multiple TeX hierarchies</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-must-exist">must exist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-names-for-mktex-scripts">names for <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Neumann_002c-Gustaf">Neumann, Gustaf</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NFS-and-ls_002dR">NFS and <samp>ls-R</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nomfdrivers"><code>nomfdrivers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nomode"><code>nomode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-none"><code>none</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-pointers_002c-dereferencing">null pointers, dereferencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numeric-debugging-values">numeric debugging values</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obtaining-TeX">obtaining TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OCPINPUTS"><code>OCPINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OFMFONTS"><code>OFMFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-online-Metafont-display_002c-spurious">online Metafont display, spurious</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPENTYPEFONTS"><code>OPENTYPEFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-optimization-caveat">optimization caveat</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options-for-debugging">options for debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OTPINPUTS"><code>OTPINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-path-searching">overview of path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-programming-with-Kpathsea">overview of programming with Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OVFFONTS"><code>OVFFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OVPFONTS"><code>OVPFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-expansion">path expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching">path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching-options">path searching options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching_002c-overview">path searching, overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching_002c-standalone">path searching, standalone</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-sources">path sources</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathsearch_002eh"><code>pathsearch.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc-Pascal-compiler"><code>pc <span class="roman">Pascal compiler</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfglyphlist_002etxt"><code>pdfglyphlist.txt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002ecfg"><code>pdftex.cfg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDFTEXCONFIG"><code>PDFTEXCONFIG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftexconfig_002etex"><code>pdftexconfig.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-permission-denied">permission denied</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-permissions_002c-directory">permissions, directory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-permissions_002c-file">permissions, file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PKFONTS"><code>PKFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain_002ebase"><code>plain.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-privacy_002c-semblance-of">privacy, semblance of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-problems_002c-common">problems, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-proginit_002eh"><code>proginit.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-program_002dvarying-paths">program-varying paths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programming-overview">programming overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programming-with-config-files">programming with config files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programming-with-Kpathsea">programming with Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programs-using-the-library">programs using the library</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-proof-mode">proof mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PSHEADERS"><code>PSHEADERS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pxp-Pascal-preprocessor"><code>pxp <span class="roman">Pascal preprocessor</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoting-variable-values">quoting variable values</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-re_002dentrant-API">re-entrant API</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readable"><code>readable</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reading-arbitrary_002dlength-lines">reading arbitrary-length lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-recording-successful-searches">recording successful searches</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-relative-filenames">relative filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resident_002ec"><code>resident.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resolution_002c-setting">resolution, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resolutions_002c-last_002dresort">resolutions, last-resort</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-retrieving-TeX">retrieving TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-side-of-variable-assignments">right-hand side of variable assignments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-RISINPUTS"><code>RISINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Rokicki_002c-Tom">Rokicki, Tom</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-user"><tt>root</tt> user</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-runtime-configuration-files">runtime configuration files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-runtime-debugging">runtime debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Sauter-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation">Sauter fonts, and dynamic source creation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scripts-for-file-creation">scripts for file creation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-search-path_002c-defined">search path, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-for-files">searching for files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-for-glyphs">searching for glyphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-overview">searching overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-the-database">searching the database</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-the-disk">searching the disk</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security-considerations">security considerations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SELFAUTODIR">SELFAUTODIR</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SELFAUTOLOC">SELFAUTOLOC</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SELFAUTOPARENT">SELFAUTOPARENT</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sending-patches">sending patches</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setgid-scripts">setgid scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SFDFONTS"><code>SFDFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-scripts-as-configuration-files">shell scripts as configuration files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-variables">shell variables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_005fescape_002c-example-for-code"><code>shell_escape<span class="roman">, example for code</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-site-overrides-for-mktex_2026">site overrides for <code>mktex…</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skeleton-TeX-directory">skeleton TeX directory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slow-startup-time">slow startup time</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source-files"><code>source files</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sources-for-search-paths">sources for search paths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special"><code>special</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stack-trace">stack trace</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-standalone-path-searching">standalone path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-standard-error-and-debugging-output">standard error and debugging output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-standard-options">standard options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-startup-time_002c-excessive">startup time, excessive</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-string-routines">string routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strip"><code>strip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stripsupplier"><code>stripsupplier</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-striptypeface"><code>striptypeface</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-st_005fnlink"><code>st_nlink</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ST_005fNLINK_005fTRICK"><code>ST_NLINK_TRICK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subdirectory-searching">subdirectory searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suffixes_002c-filename">suffixes, filename</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suggestions_002c-making">suggestions, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Sun-2">Sun 2</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting">supplier directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting-1">supplier directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supported-file-formats">supported file formats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suppressing-warnings">suppressing warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbolic-links-not-found">symbolic links not found</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbolic-links_002c-and-ls_002dR">symbolic links, and <samp>ls-R</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symlinks_002c-resolving">symlinks, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-C-compiler-bugs">system C compiler bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1FONTS"><code>T1FONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1INPUTS"><code>T1INPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T42FONTS"><code>T42FONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tcfmgr_002emap"><code>tcfmgr.map</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TDS">TDS</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-environment-variables">TeX environment variables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-failures">TeX failures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-file-lookup">TeX file lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-glyph-lookup">TeX glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-support">TeX support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-Users-Group">TeX Users Group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dfile_002ec"><code>tex-file.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dfile_002eh"><code>tex-file.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dglyph_002ec"><code>tex-glyph.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dglyph_002eh"><code>tex-glyph.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dk_0040tug_002eorg"><code>tex-k@tug.org</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dk_0040tug_002eorg-_0028bug-address_0029"><code>tex-k@tug.org <span class="roman">(bug address)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002eweb"><code>tex.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXBIB"><code>TEXBIB</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXBIB-1"><code>TEXBIB</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXCONFIG"><code>TEXCONFIG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXDOCS"><code>TEXDOCS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTMAPS"><code>TEXFONTMAPS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTS"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTS-1"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTS-2"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTS-3"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texfonts_002emap"><code>texfonts.map</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFORMATS"><code>TEXFORMATS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXINDEXSTYLE"><code>TEXINDEXSTYLE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXINPUTS"><code>TEXINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXINPUTS-1"><code>TEXINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMF"><code>TEXMF</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf"><code>texmf.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-missing_002c-warning-about"><samp>texmf.cnf</samp> missing, warning about</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-and-variable-expansion"><code>texmf.cnf<span class="roman">, and variable expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-definition-for"><code>texmf.cnf<span class="roman">, definition for</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-source-for-path"><code>texmf.cnf<span class="roman">, source for path</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFCNF"><code>TEXMFCNF</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFCNF-1"><code>TEXMFCNF</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFDBS"><code>TEXMFDBS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFDBS-1"><code>TEXMFDBS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFINI"><code>TEXMFINI</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFINI-1"><code>TEXMFINI</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFINI-2"><code>TEXMFINI</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFLOG"><code>TEXMFLOG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFSCRIPTS"><code>TEXMFSCRIPTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmfvar"><code>texmfvar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFVAR"><code>TEXMFVAR</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPICTS"><code>TEXPICTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPKS"><code>TEXPKS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPOOL"><code>TEXPOOL</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPSHEADERS"><code>TEXPSHEADERS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPSHEADERS-1"><code>TEXPSHEADERS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXSIZES"><code>TEXSIZES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXSOURCES"><code>TEXSOURCES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEX_005fHUSH"><code>TEX_HUSH</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEX_005fHUSH-1"><code>TEX_HUSH</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TFMFONTS"><code>TFMFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-expansion">tilde expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002ec"><code>tilde.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-time-system-call"><code>time <span class="roman">system call</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tolerance-for-glyph-lookup">tolerance for glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trailing-_002f-in-home-directory">trailing ‘<samp>/</samp>’ in home directory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trailing-colons">trailing colons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TRFONTS"><code>TRFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trick-for-detecting-leaf-directories">trick for detecting leaf directories</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trojan-horse-attack">trojan horse attack</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-try_005fstd_005fextension_005ffirst"><code>try_std_extension_first</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TTFONTS"><code>TTFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tug_002eorg"><code>tug.org</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting">typeface directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting-1">typeface directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unable-to-find-files">unable to find files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unable-to-generate-fonts">unable to generate fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uname"><code>uname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unixtex_002eftp"><code>unixtex.ftp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unknown-special-warnings">unknown special warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unreadable-file-warnings">unreadable file warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unreadable-files">unreadable files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unusable-ls_002dR-warning">unusable <samp>ls-R</samp> warning</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usage-patterns_002c-finding">usage patterns, finding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-USERPROFILE_002c-as-_007e-expansion"><code>USERPROFILE<span class="roman">, as ~ expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-USE_005fTEXMFVAR"><code>USE_TEXMFVAR</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-USE_005fVARTEXFONTS"><code>USE_VARTEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-varfonts"><code>varfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable-expansion">variable expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable_002ec"><code>variable.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable_002eh"><code>variable.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VARTEXFONTS"><code>VARTEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VAX-11_002f750">VAX 11/750</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-version-numbers_002c-determining">version numbers, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VF-files_002c-not-found">VF files, not found</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VFFONTS"><code>VFFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Vojta_002c-Paul">Vojta, Paul</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Walsh_002c-Norman">Walsh, Norman</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-warning-about-unusable-ls_002dR">warning about unusable <samp>ls-R</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-warning_002c-about-missing-texmf_002ecnf">warning, about missing <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-warnings_002c-file-access">warnings, file access</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-warnings_002c-suppressing">warnings, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEB2C"><code>WEB2C</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Weber_002c-Olaf">Weber, Olaf</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEBINPUTS"><code>WEBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-in-fontmap-files">whitespace, in fontmap files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-not-ignored-on-continuation-lines">whitespace, not ignored on continuation lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-www_002etug_002eorg"><code>www.tug.org</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XDvi"><code>XDvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XDVIFONTS"><code>XDVIFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XDVIMAKEPK"><code>XDVIMAKEPK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XDVISIZES"><code>XDVISIZES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-Z">Z</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-zuhn_002c-david">zuhn, david</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>$</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>/</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>2</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>8</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>\</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>~</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<hr>
</body>
</html>
|