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<title>pg: The Ruby Interface to PostgreSQL</title>

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<h1 id="label-pg">pg<span><a href="#label-pg">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h1>
<dl class="rdoc-list note-list"><dt>home 
<dd>
<p><a href="https://bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg">bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg</a></p>
</dd><dt>mirror 
<dd>
<p><a href="https://github.com/ged/ruby-pg">github.com/ged/ruby-pg</a></p>
</dd><dt>docs 
<dd>
<p><a href="http://deveiate.org/code/pg">deveiate.org/code/pg</a></p>
</dd></dl>

<p><a
href="https://gitter.im/ged/ruby-pg?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge"><img
src="https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg" alt="Join the chat at
https://gitter.im/ged/ruby-pg"></a></p>

<h2 id="label-Description">Description<span><a href="#label-Description">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Pg is the Ruby interface to the <a
href="http://www.postgresql.org/">PostgreSQL RDBMS</a>.</p>

<p>It works with <a
href="http://www.postgresql.org/support/versioning/">PostgreSQL 8.4 and
later</a>.</p>

<p>A small example usage:</p>

<pre class="ruby"><span class="ruby-comment">#!/usr/bin/env ruby</span>

<span class="ruby-identifier">require</span> <span class="ruby-string">&#39;pg&#39;</span>

<span class="ruby-comment"># Output a table of current connections to the DB</span>
<span class="ruby-identifier">conn</span> = <span class="ruby-constant">PG</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">connect</span>( <span class="ruby-identifier">dbname</span><span class="ruby-operator">:</span> <span class="ruby-string">&#39;sales&#39;</span> )
<span class="ruby-identifier">conn</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">exec</span>( <span class="ruby-string">&quot;SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity&quot;</span> ) <span class="ruby-keyword">do</span> <span class="ruby-operator">|</span><span class="ruby-identifier">result</span><span class="ruby-operator">|</span>
  <span class="ruby-identifier">puts</span> <span class="ruby-string">&quot;     PID | User             | Query&quot;</span>
<span class="ruby-identifier">result</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">each</span> <span class="ruby-keyword">do</span> <span class="ruby-operator">|</span><span class="ruby-identifier">row</span><span class="ruby-operator">|</span>
    <span class="ruby-identifier">puts</span> <span class="ruby-string">&quot; %7d | %-16s | %s &quot;</span> <span class="ruby-operator">%</span>
      <span class="ruby-identifier">row</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">values_at</span>(<span class="ruby-string">&#39;procpid&#39;</span>, <span class="ruby-string">&#39;usename&#39;</span>, <span class="ruby-string">&#39;current_query&#39;</span>)
  <span class="ruby-keyword">end</span>
<span class="ruby-keyword">end</span>
</pre>

<h2 id="label-Build+Status">Build Status<span><a href="#label-Build+Status">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p><a href="https://travis-ci.org/ged/ruby-pg"><img
src="https://travis-ci.org/ged/ruby-pg.png?branch=master" alt="Build Status
Travis-CI" /></a> <a
href="https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ged/ruby-pg"><img
src="https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/at4g4swb2cd4xji7/branch/master?svg=true"
alt="Build Status Appveyor" /></a></p>

<h2 id="label-Requirements">Requirements<span><a href="#label-Requirements">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>
<ul><li>
<p>Ruby 1.9.3-p392, or 2.0.0-p0.</p>
</li><li>
<p>PostgreSQL 8.4.x or later (with headers, -dev packages, etc).</p>
</li></ul>

<p>It may work with earlier versions of Ruby/PostgreSQL as well, but those are
not regularly tested.</p>

<h2 id="label-How+To+Install">How To Install<span><a href="#label-How+To+Install">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Install via RubyGems:</p>

<pre class="ruby"><span class="ruby-identifier">gem</span> <span class="ruby-identifier">install</span> <span class="ruby-identifier">pg</span>
</pre>

<p>You may need to specify the path to the &#39;pg_config&#39; program
installed with Postgres:</p>

<pre>gem install pg -- --with-pg-config=&lt;path to pg_config&gt;</pre>

<p>If you&#39;re installing via Bundler, you can provide compile hints like
so:</p>

<pre>bundle config build.pg --with-pg-config=&lt;path to pg_config&gt;</pre>

<p>See README-OS_X.rdoc for more information about installing under MacOS X,
and README-Windows.rdoc for Windows build/installation instructions.</p>

<p>There&#39;s also <a href="http://goo.gl/TFy1U">a Google+ group</a> and a <a
href="http://groups.google.com/group/ruby-pg">mailing list</a> if you get
stuck, or just want to chat about something.</p>

<h2 id="label-Type+Casts">Type Casts<span><a href="#label-Type+Casts">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Pg can optionally type cast result values and query parameters in Ruby or
native C code. This can speed up data transfers to and from the database,
because String allocations are reduced and conversions in (slower) Ruby
code can be omitted.</p>

<p>Very basic type casting can be enabled by:</p>

<pre class="ruby"><span class="ruby-identifier">conn</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">type_map_for_results</span> = <span class="ruby-constant">PG</span><span class="ruby-operator">::</span><span class="ruby-constant">BasicTypeMapForResults</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">new</span> <span class="ruby-identifier">conn</span>
<span class="ruby-comment"># ... this works for result value mapping:</span>
<span class="ruby-identifier">conn</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">exec</span>(<span class="ruby-string">&quot;select 1, now(), &#39;{2,3}&#39;::int[]&quot;</span>).<span class="ruby-identifier">values</span>
    <span class="ruby-comment"># =&gt; [[1, 2014-09-21 20:51:56 +0200, [2, 3]]]</span>

<span class="ruby-identifier">conn</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">type_map_for_queries</span> = <span class="ruby-constant">PG</span><span class="ruby-operator">::</span><span class="ruby-constant">BasicTypeMapForQueries</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">new</span> <span class="ruby-identifier">conn</span>
<span class="ruby-comment"># ... and this for param value mapping:</span>
<span class="ruby-identifier">conn</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">exec_params</span>(<span class="ruby-string">&quot;SELECT $1::text, $2::text, $3::text&quot;</span>, [<span class="ruby-value">1</span>, <span class="ruby-value">1.23</span>, [<span class="ruby-value">2</span>,<span class="ruby-value">3</span>]]).<span class="ruby-identifier">values</span>
    <span class="ruby-comment"># =&gt; [[&quot;1&quot;, &quot;1.2300000000000000E+00&quot;, &quot;{2,3}&quot;]]</span>
</pre>

<p>But Pg&#39;s type casting is highly customizable. That&#39;s why it&#39;s
divided into 2 layers:</p>

<h3 id="label-Encoders+-2F+Decoders+-28ext-2Fpg_-2Acoder.c-2C+lib-2Fpg-2F-2Acoder.rb-29">Encoders / Decoders (ext/pg_*coder.c, lib/pg/*coder.rb)<span><a href="#label-Encoders+-2F+Decoders+-28ext-2Fpg_-2Acoder.c-2C+lib-2Fpg-2F-2Acoder.rb-29">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h3>

<p>This is the lower layer, containing encoding classes that convert Ruby
objects for transmission to the DBMS and decoding classes to convert
received data back to Ruby objects. The classes are namespaced according to
their format and direction in <a
href="PG/TextEncoder.html">PG::TextEncoder</a>, <a
href="PG/TextDecoder.html">PG::TextDecoder</a>, <a
href="PG/BinaryEncoder.html">PG::BinaryEncoder</a> and <a
href="PG/BinaryDecoder.html">PG::BinaryDecoder</a>.</p>

<p>It is possible to assign a type OID, format code (text or binary) and
optionally a name to an encoder or decoder object. It&#39;s also possible
to build composite types by assigning an element encoder/decoder. <a
href="PG/Coder.html">PG::Coder</a> objects can be used to set up a <a
href="PG/TypeMap.html">PG::TypeMap</a> or alternatively to convert single
values to/from their string representation.</p>

<h3 id="label-PG-3A-3ATypeMap+and+derivations+-28ext-2Fpg_type_map-2A.c-2C+lib-2Fpg-2Ftype_map-2A.rb-29"><a href="PG/TypeMap.html">PG::TypeMap</a> and derivations (ext/pg_type_map*.c, lib/pg/type_map*.rb)<span><a href="#label-PG-3A-3ATypeMap+and+derivations+-28ext-2Fpg_type_map-2A.c-2C+lib-2Fpg-2Ftype_map-2A.rb-29">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h3>

<p>A TypeMap defines which value will be converted by which encoder/decoder.
There are different type map strategies, implemented by several derivations
of this class. They can be chosen and configured according to the
particular needs for type casting. The default type map is <a
href="PG/TypeMapAllStrings.html">PG::TypeMapAllStrings</a>.</p>

<p>A type map can be assigned per connection or per query respectively per
result set. Type maps can also be used for COPY in and out data streaming.</p>

<h2 id="label-Contributing">Contributing<span><a href="#label-Contributing">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>To report bugs, suggest features, or check out the source with Mercurial,
<a href="http://bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg">check out the project page</a>.
If you prefer Git, there&#39;s also a <a
href="https://github.com/ged/ruby-pg">Github mirror</a>.</p>

<p>After checking out the source, run:</p>

<pre>$ rake newb</pre>

<p>This task will install any missing dependencies, run the tests/specs, and
generate the API documentation.</p>

<p>The current maintainers are Michael Granger &lt;ged@FaerieMUD.org&gt; and
Lars Kanis &lt;lars@greiz-reinsdorf.de&gt;.</p>

<h2 id="label-Copying">Copying<span><a href="#label-Copying">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Copyright © 1997-2015 by the authors.</p>
<ul><li>
<p>Jeff Davis &lt;ruby-pg@j-davis.com&gt;</p>
</li><li>
<p>Guy Decoux (ts) &lt;decoux@moulon.inra.fr&gt;</p>
</li><li>
<p>Michael Granger &lt;ged@FaerieMUD.org&gt;</p>
</li><li>
<p>Lars Kanis &lt;lars@greiz-reinsdorf.de&gt;</p>
</li><li>
<p>Dave Lee</p>
</li><li>
<p>Eiji Matsumoto &lt;usagi@ruby.club.or.jp&gt;</p>
</li><li>
<p>Yukihiro Matsumoto &lt;matz@ruby-lang.org&gt;</p>
</li><li>
<p>Noboru Saitou &lt;noborus@netlab.jp&gt;</p>
</li></ul>

<p>You may redistribute this software under the same terms as Ruby itself; see
<a
href="http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/LICENSE.txt">www.ruby-lang.org/en/LICENSE.txt</a>
or the LICENSE file in the source for details.</p>

<p>Portions of the code are from the PostgreSQL project, and are distributed
under the terms of the PostgreSQL license, included in the file POSTGRES.</p>

<p>Portions copyright LAIKA, Inc.</p>

<h2 id="label-Acknowledgments">Acknowledgments<span><a href="#label-Acknowledgments">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>See Contributors.rdoc for the many additional fine people that have
contributed to this library over the years.</p>

<p>We are thankful to the people at the ruby-list and ruby-dev mailing lists.
And to the people who developed PostgreSQL.</p>
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