crawl-common 2:0.19.3-1 / usr / share / crawl / docs / crawl_manual.txt

                       DUNGEON CRAWL Stone Soup
                            - the manual -

Contents
--------
A.      Overview
B.      Starting screen
C.      Attributes and stats
D.      Exploring the dungeon
E.      Experience and skills
F.      Monsters
G.      Items
H.      Spellcasting
I.      Targeting
J.      Religion
K.      Mutations
L.      Licence, contact, history
M.      Macros, options, performance
N.      Philosophy (pas de faq)

Appendices
1.      List of character species
2.      List of character backgrounds
3.      List of skills
4.      List of keys and commands
5.      Inscriptions


------------------------------------------------------------------------
A.                                OVERVIEW
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Crawl is a fun game in the grand tradition of similar games like Rogue,
Hack and Moria. The objective is to travel deep into a subterranean cave
complex and retrieve the Orb of Zot, guarded by many horrible and hideous
creatures.

If you have never played Crawl (or a similar game) before, select the
tutorial from the starting menu. The tutorial explains the interface in
five easy lessons. Once you're familiar with the controls, you may want to
play a few games using hints mode.

Detailed instructions for playing Crawl follow. To simplify this manual, we
assume you're using the standard distribution and you've not changed the
default options. If you don't want to read the whole manual and prefer a
short summary of the important points, review the quick-start guide file
(quickstart.txt) and learn as you play.

You can also read these documents while playing Crawl by hitting '?' at the
help menu. A list of frequently asked questions about gameplay and design
can be accessed by pressing '?Q' in the game.

While Dungeon Crawl is strictly a single player game, you can interact with
others over a server. Connecting to a server opens several interesting
options.

You can:

- watch other players and even communicate with them
- view your past games or those of others
- battle ghosts of other players
- compete using a common score list
- take part in the annual tournament
- play the most recent development version

A full list of available servers and information on how to connect to them
can be found at: http://crawl.develz.org/wordpress/howto

The servers carry no guarantees, though they are generally always running.

There is also a lively IRC channel dedicated to Crawl at ##crawl on
irc.freenode.net. You can ask for help and there will always be someone to
watch your game and give hints if you happen to play on a server.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
B.                             STARTING SCREEN
------------------------------------------------------------------------

At the Crawl start screen, you will be presented with various game modes, a
list of saved games (if any), and will be prompted to type a name for your
character. You can navigate the game modes and saved games with the cursor
'up' and 'down' arrow keys.

Game modes are:

Dungeon Crawl
  Start a standard game of Crawl.

Tutorial for Dungeon Crawl
  Start one of several specialised tutorials to learn how to play.

Hints mode for Dungeon Crawl
  Start a standard game of Crawl, modified to provide help as you play.

Dungeon Sprint
  Start one of several single-map challenge mode games of Crawl.

Instructions
  View the instructional help text you are currently reading.

The Arena
  Initiate an automated fight mode between two specified combatant groups.

High Scores
  View scores for prior games played, sorted by decreasing score.

Pressing 'enter' immediately after typing your name will select standard
Dungeon Crawl mode, and you will be prompted to select a species and
background. Names are unique; entering a name from the saved game list will
continue that saved game. If you select a game mode instead of entering a
name, you will eventually be prompted to enter a name.

You can choose species and background in either order or randomise any
combination if you would rather have the game decide for you. If both are
random, you will be prompted to confirm the chosen combination before the
game starts.

The choice of species affects several important characteristics, in
particular the speed at which you learn different skills. This is very
important, and helps to clearly differentiate the many available species.
The following factors are species-dependent:

Major:

- The amount of hit points you get each level
- Your rate of skill advancement
- Your initial primary attributes (this also depends on background)
- Various special abilities, powers and limitations

Minor:

- Your rate of level advancement
- Occasional bonus points added to some primary attributes
- The amount of magic points you get each level
- Your innate resistance to hostile enchantments
- Your initial equipment (this also depends on background)

Note:  Humans are the average to which all other species are compared.

The choice of character background is definitely less decisive than that of
species in Crawl. Basically, the background determines what the character
has learned prior to entering the dungeon (i.e. the starting skills), and
also helps determine equipment at start.

You will notice that a different set of backgrounds will be recommended
(white) for each species. Although you are free to pick any background with
almost any species (the only restrictions are religious backgrounds where
some species are not permitted to worship certain gods, or backgrounds
where the starting equipment is completely unusable by a given species),
looking at the recommended combinations should give you a rough impression
of the weaknesses and strengths of the different species.

For some backgrounds, you must pick a starting weapon before starting the
game.

When you start a new character (or load an old one) and want to get a rough
impression, you may examine it with the following commands:

A
  shows any peculiarities like unusual speed or eating behaviours

m
  shows your skills and lets you disable (or focus) training as desired

i
  lists equipment and items

^
  displays information on your god, should you have started with a religion

%
  gives a general, if terse, overview of your gear and most attributes

Ctrl-O
  gives an overview of the parts of the dungeon you have discovered so far

------------------------------------------------------------------------
C.                          ATTRIBUTES AND STATS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The stat area to the right of the playing map shows a lot of information.
It starts with the character's name and title (determined by the
character's highest skill), followed by a line listing the species. If the
character worships a god, the name of the deity is also listed in the
second line, together with an indicator of piety. Below these two lines
follow a lot of numbers. These describe different aspects of the character.

Health
  A measure of life force. Synonymous with hit points and sometimes
  abbreviated as HP. You die if your health drops to zero or less (although
  you can die in other ways, too). The main screen shows both your current
  and maximum hit points. Usually, you regain hit points slowly over time.
  Pressing '5' or Shift-Num-5 lets you wait for a longer period.

Magic
  A measure of magic or other intrinsic power. This is used primarily for
  spellcasting, but is sometimes also used for the evoking and invoking of
  many other special abilities. They are displayed in the same way as hit
  points; nothing bad happens if these drop to zero, except, of course,
  that you can't cast any spells. Resting restores these, too. It is
  difficult to have more than 50 magic points without using external
  devices.

Next come your defences. For all of them, more is better.

Armour Class
  Abbreviated to "AC". When something injures you, your AC reduces the
  amount of damage you suffer.

Evasion
  Abbreviated to "EV". This helps you avoid being hit by unpleasant things
  (but will not reduce the amount of damage you suffer if you do get hit).

Shield
  Abbreviated to "SH". This number is a measure of how good your shield (if
  any) is at blocking attacks.

Your character's primary attributes are Strength, Intelligence and
Dexterity:

Strength
  Abbreviated to "Str". Increases your damage with melee and ranged
  weapons. Affects your ability to use heavy armours and shields
  effectively.

Intelligence
  Abbreviated to "Int". Affects how well you can cast spells as well as how
  much nutrition spellcasting takes.

Dexterity
  Abbreviated to "Dex". Increases your accuracy with melee and ranged
  weapons. Significantly affects your ability to dodge attacks aimed at
  you, your general effectiveness with shields, your stealth, and your
  effectiveness when stabbing unaware enemies.

Attributes grow permanently from gaining levels, and may increase or
decrease temporarily from mutations or while using certain artefacts or
abilities.

If any attribute drops to zero for some reason, you will experience very
unpleasant side-effects, being slowed and suffering some stat-specific
negative effects. These effects will persist for a short while even after
the attribute is restored.

Upon gaining levels 3, 6, 9, etc., you may choose an attribute to raise.
Most species gain additional attributes at some levels, with the frequency
and the attribute to be increased determined by species.

Finally some additional information about your character and your progress
through the dungeon is displayed.

Experience Level
  Abbreviated to "XL". Starting characters have experience level 1; the
  highest possible level is 27. Gaining a level nets additional hit and
  magic points, and will grant spell slots and sometimes primary
  attributes.

Place
  This shows the branch you are currently in, as well as the level within
  the branch. The starting branch is called Dungeon, so that the place
  information will read "Dungeon:1" for a new character.

Gold
  Displays the number of gold pieces you have found. Gold is found
  scattered around the dungeon, and is primarily used to buy items from
  shops.

Time
  This indicates the amount of time that has passed since entering the
  dungeon, and also displays in brackets the amount of time that your
  previous action took. Most actions take 1.0 units of time, but certain
  actions are particularly slow or quick (such as changing armour and
  swapping weapons respectively), and other actions can vary in time taken
  depending on your status (such as attacking with different weapons and at
  different skill levels).

There are some additional stats that aren't as important on a turn to turn
basis and thus aren't listed in the main stats area. They can easily be
checked with the '@' or '%' commands, though.

Magic Resistance
  Affects your ability to resist the effects of enchantments and similar
  magic directed at you. Has no effect on direct damage dealt by magic,
  just on more subtle effects. Although your magic resistance increases
  with your level to an extent determined by your character's species, the
  creatures you will meet deeper in the dungeon are better at casting
  spells, and are more likely to be able to affect you. You can get a rough
  idea of your current MR by pressing '@' or '%'.

Stealth
  High stealth allows your character to move through the dungeon
  undetected. It is affected by your species, dexterity, Stealth skill, and
  the encumbrance of your body armour. Your current Stealth level can also
  been seen by pressing '@' or '%'.

There are many ailments or enchantments that can temporarily befall you.
These are noted in the stats area below the experience line. Many of them
are self-explanatory, like Pois or Hungry. Many others, however, can be
subtle, and their effects can be examined by pressing '?/T' and searching
for the name of status effect.

Monsters within your field of vision are listed on a special panel, the
monster list. Single monsters also get indicators of their health status in
the form of a coloured box, and also on effects they enjoy or suffer from.
Within target mode you can directly target single monsters by use of the
monster list. Use 'Ctrl-L' to toggle this.

Sometimes characters will be able to use special abilities, e.g. the Naga's
ability to spit poison or the magical power to fly granted by a ring. These
are accessed through the 'a' command.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
D.                          EXPLORING THE DUNGEON
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Movement
========================================

You can make your character walk around with the numeric keypad (try both
Numlock on and off) or the "Rogue" keys (hjklyubn). If this is too slow,
you can make your character walk repeatedly by pressing Shift and a
direction; alternatively, press '/' followed by a direction. You will walk
in that direction until any of a number of things happen: a hostile monster
is visible on the screen, a message is sent to the message window for any
reason, you press a key, or you are about to step on anything other than
normal floor and it is not your first move of the long walk. Note that this
is functionally equivalent to just pressing the direction key several
times.

Another convenient method for moving long distances is described in the
section on Automated Travel and Exploration below.

Resting
========================================

If you press '5', you will rest until your hit points or magic return to
full. You can rest for just one turn by pressing '.' or 's'.

Resting stops if a monster appears or if you are otherwise interrupted.

Examining your surroundings
========================================

The section of the viewing window which is coloured (with the "@"
representing you at the centre) is what you can see around you. The dark
grey around it is the parts of the level which you have visited, but cannot
currently see. The 'x' command lets you move the cursor around to get a
description of the various dungeon features, and typing 'v' when the cursor
is over a monster or feature brings up a short description of that monster,
as well as a short list of its various strengths, weaknesses, immunities,
and any spells or abilities it has. This is generally useful with monsters
you've never encountered before. You can get a map of the whole level
(which shows where you've already been) by typing 'X'.

You can see the full set of commands available while looking around by
pressing '?', both in the 'x' and 'X' modes.

Staircases and Portals
========================================

You can make your way between levels by using staircases, which appear as
">" (down) and "<" (up), by pressing the '>' or '<' keys. It is important
to know that most monsters adjacent to you will follow when you change
levels; this holds both for hostile and allied monsters. Notable exceptions
are zombies (and other mindless undead, who are too stupid to properly
operate stairs) and ghosts (who feel they belong to their level).

If you ascend an up staircase on level one, you will leave the dungeon
forever; if you are carrying the magical Orb of Zot, you win the game by
doing this. Otherwise, the game ends, and you lose.

Besides the dungeon you start in, Crawl's dungeon has many branches. All of
them are themed and host opponents of some special sort. It is not
mandatory to visit any particular branch, but you must explore some of
them: progress to the Realms of Zot (where the Orb is located) is only
possible for adventurers who have at least three magical runes of Zot. The
bottoms of several branches contain such runes.

Occasionally you will find an archway (displayed as "\" or as an actual
arch); these lead to special places like shops, themed one-off portals, or
special branches such as Hell and Pandemonium. You can enter these by
typing '<' or '>'. A few portals only accept one of '<' and '>'.

Doors and Traps
========================================

Doors can usually be opened by just walking into them (there is an option
to disable this); else this can also be done using the 'O' command. They
can be closed with the 'C' command. Pressing Ctrl plus a direction, or '*'
followed by a direction, will open/close doors, too.

If there is no door in the indicated space, both Ctrl-direction and
'*'-direction will attempt to attack any monster which may be standing
there (this is the only way to attack a friendly creature hand-to-hand). If
there is apparently nothing there, you will still attack it, just in case
there's something invisible lurking around.

A variety of dangerous and irritating traps are hidden around the dungeon.
Traps sometimes look like normal floor until discovered.

Shops
========================================

When you visit a shop (by using < or > while standing on one), you are
shown what the shopkeeper has in stock and can choose what to buy.
Unfortunately, the shopkeepers all have an exclusive deal with the Guild of
Dungeon Procurers which prevents them using non-guild labour to obtain
stock, so you can't sell anything in a shop. (But then, what shopkeeper
would buy stolen goods from a disreputable adventurer, anyway?)

To purchase one or more items, select them by pressing the letters of the
item in the shop menu and then press Enter to make the purchase; you can
examine items before buying them by pressing '!' and then the letter of the
item.

If you've lost track of the shops in the dungeon, you can get a list of all
the shops you've found in the dungeon overview (use 'Ctrl-O').

You can also use the stash search: Hitting 'Ctrl-F' and searching for
"shop" will list all stores. The stash-search menu allows you travel
quickly to a particular shop; if you just want to know what's in the shop,
you can also examine the shop's inventory from the search menu without
having to travel all the way to the shop.

Some shops are antique stores that sell items of unknown provenance,
usually at a good discount. The dungeon overview screen displays these with
yellow glyphs.

If you're short on gold for some particularly interesting commodity, you
can place it onto your shopping list. The game will interrupt you when you
have collected enough gold to finally purchase an item on that list. You
can read the shopping list in the game with '$'.

Automated Travel and Exploration
========================================

Crawl has an extensive automated travel system: pressing 'G' (or also
'Ctrl-G') lets you choose any dungeon level; the game will then take the
shortest path to reach this destination. You can also use autotravel on the
level map ('X'): Move the cursor to the place where you want to go and hit
Enter. There are several shortcuts when choosing destinations: For example,
try '<' and '>' to quickly reach the staircases.

When your autotravel gets interrupted, Crawl will remember the previous
destination. Hitting 'G' or 'Ctrl-G' again and following with Enter puts
the cursor on that square. See Appendix 4. "List of Keys and Commands" for
all commands and shortcuts in level-map mode, or press 'G?' or 'X?' within
the game.

Another use of autotravel is exploration: 'o' makes your character move to
the nearest unexplored area. Note that this algorithm does not attempt any
optimisation by default. By manual exploration you can save turns, but
auto-explore will usually save real time.

Stashes and Searching
========================================

Since you can only carry 52 items, you will occasionally want to stash
things away (by dropping them with the 'd' command). When you want to
search for something in your stashes, you can do this with the Find command
'Ctrl-F'. The parser even accepts regular expressions, although you will
mostly just need strings like 'mutation', 'heal wounds', etc. You will be
presented with a list of all places where objects matching the search are
(or have been) located; you can then travel there or examine the pile. The
Find command will also search in shop inventories. Furthermore, you can
search skills like 'long blades' (this will find all weapons training the
long blades skill) or general terms like 'shop', 'altar', 'portal',
'artefact', etc. You can get help on finding by pressing '?' at the prompt.

The Goal
========================================

Your goal is to locate the Orb of Zot, which is held somewhere deep beneath
the world's surface. The Orb is an ancient and incredibly powerful
artefact, and the legends promise great things for anyone brave enough to
extract it from the fearsome Dungeon. Some say it will grant immortality or
even godhood to the one who carries it into the sunlight; many undead
creatures seek it in the hope that it will restore them to life. But then,
some people will believe anything. Good luck!

Further Help
========================================

To access Crawl's help menu, press '?'. To get the list of all commands,
press '?' again. A different, more verbose description of the commands also
appears in Appendix 4. "List of Keys and Commands" of this text. Various
other help texts are available as well, including this manual. You can also
read the logbook from there by pressing ':'. Note that several commands
have their own help screens, among them are targeting ('f'), level map
('X'), travel ('G' or 'Ctrl-G') and searching ('Ctrl-F'); again, press '?'
when asked for input.

If you don't like the standard keyset (either because some keys do not work
properly, or because you want to decrease the amount of typing necessary),
you can use keymaps and macros. See macros_guide.txt in the docs/
directory, or read it from the in-game help menu.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
E.                          EXPERIENCE AND SKILLS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

When you kill monsters, you gain experience points (XP). You receive less
XP when friendly creatures took part in killing the monster. When you get
enough XP, you gain an experience level, making your character more
powerful. As they gain levels, characters gain more hit points, magic
points, and spell levels.

Additionally, the experience you gain is used to train your skills. These
skills represent proficiency with all areas of endeavour an ambitious
adventurer might need in the dungeons. They range from different weapon
skills (both for close and ranged combat) to many magical skills and
several additional activities like Dodging or Stealth. See Appendix 3.
"List of Skills" for a detailed description of all skills present in Crawl.
The ease with which a character learns a skill depends solely on species.
These aptitudes are displayed when viewing your skills, and a full table
can be viewed in aptitudes.txt (also from the help screen during play via
'?%').

You can see your character's skills by pressing the 'm' key; the higher the
level of a skill, the better you are at it. All characters start with a few
skills already trained (which depends essentially on their background),
those which are not present have to be learned from scratch. Each skill can
go up to 27.

The skill screen allows you to change which skills are exercised and at
what speed. Note to new players: it is generally not necessary to finetune
the skill selection.

If you want to modify skill selection, here is how:

There are two ways to assigning skills to practise: one is an automatic
mode, which puts experience points into the skills you have used recently.
The other one is a manual mode, where you specifically select the skills to
train. You can switch between the modes by pressing '/' in the character
skill screen ('m'); also be sure to read that screen's help text should you
want to tweak your skillset.

You can elect to either not practise a particular skill or to focus on it
by selecting it once or twice in the skill screen.

Dark grey skills will not be trained, so that the skill will remain static
and no experience points will be used to increase it. As a consequence,
more experience will be spent on your other skills (and thus they will
increase more quickly). Note that you cannot deselect all skills; at least
one skill must be actively exercised.

Highlighted skills are focused on and will use a higher proportion of
available experience. You can highlight as many skills as you like, though
obviously if all skills being trained are highlighted there will be no net
effect.

Occasionally you may find a manual of a skill which allows you to make
quick progress in this area. When you are carrying it, experience used to
practise the given skill will have twice the usual effect for a while.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
F.                                MONSTERS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the caverns of Crawl, you will find a great variety of creatures, most
of which are displayed by capital or small letters of the alphabet. Many of
them would very much like to eat you. To stop them from doing this, you
will generally need to fight them. To attack a monster, stand next to it
and move in its direction; this makes you attack it with your wielded
weapon. Of course, some monsters are just too nasty to beat, and you will
find that discretion is often the better part of valour. Sneaky characters
are known to choose encounters to their liking.

There are several other less dangerous methods you can use to kill
monsters. Hunters and similarly oriented characters will prefer ranged
combat to mindless bashing. When wielding some launcher, the 'f' and 'F'
commands will fire appropriate missiles. See the section on Targeting in
the Items Chapter for more on this. Likewise, many magicians will prefer to
use spells from a safe distance. They can use the 'z' command to cast
spells previously memorised. Again, see the Targeting section.

Some monsters can be friendly; friendly monsters will follow you around and
fight on your behalf (but they gain some of the normal experience points
for any kills they make, so you get less). You can command your allies
using the 't' key, which lets you shout to attract them or tell them who to
attack, or else tell them to stay where they are or to follow you again.
You can also shout to get the attention of all monsters in range if, for
some reason, you want to do that.

Some special monsters are Uniques. You can identify a unique because he or
she will have a name and personality. Many of these come up with very nasty
ideas how to rid the dungeon of you. Treat them very carefully,
particularly if you meet one of them for the first time.

Other, even rarer, obstacles are statues. A variety of statues can appear,
ranging from harmless granite ones (who still often signify something of
interest) to really dreadful ones. Be alert whenever seeing such a statue.

When playing Crawl, you will undoubtedly want to develop a feeling for the
different monster types. For example, some monsters leave edible corpses
and others do not. Likewise, ranged or magic attackers will prove a
different kind of threat from melee fighters. Learn from past deaths and
remember which monsters pose the most problems. If particular monsters are
giving you trouble, try to alter your tactics for future encounters.

You can obtain information about a monster by using the 'x' (examine)
command, moving the cursor over the monster in question, and pressing 'v'
to view the monster's details; or by searching for a monster by name or
symbol with '?/m'. The details screen shows:

- The monster's name and description.

- Bars indicating its:

  * AC: armour class; how well it ignores most damage

  * EV: evasion; how well it avoids being hit

  * MR: magic resistance; how well it resists most Hexes and similar
    enchantments.

- Its difficulty level, speed (if different from average speed), size,
  resistances, and special attacks.

- Its spells and special abilities. Monster spells and abilities are
  of four types:

  * Natural abilities are innate, non-magical effects.

  * Magical abilities are innate magical effects. They are affected
    by antimagic.

  * Divine abilities call upon the monster's god for a magical effect.
    They are prevented by silence, but not affected by antimagic.

  * Spells are cast using memorised magical words. They are both
    prevented by silence and affected by antimagic.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
G.                                  ITEMS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the dungeons of Crawl there are many different kinds of normal and
magical items to be found and used. Some of them are useful, some are
nasty, and some give great power, but at a price. Some items are unique;
these have interesting properties which can make your life rather bizarre
for a while. They all fall into several classes of items, each of which is
used in a different way. Here is a general list of what you might find in
the course of your adventures, how they are displayed, and what commands
there are to use them:

=======  =============  ================================================
)        weapons        (use 'w'ield)
(        missiles       (use 'f'ire)
[        armour         (use 'W'ear and 'T'ake off)
%        food           (use 'e'at; also 'c'hop up corpses)
?        scrolls        (use 'r'ead)
!        potions        (use 'q'uaff)
/        wands          (use 'V' to evoke)
=        rings          (use 'P'ut on and 'R'emove)
"        amulets        (use 'P'ut on and 'R'emove)
\ or |  staves, rods   (use 'w'ield for staves; 'v' for evoking rods)
+ or :  spellbooks     (use 'r'ead and 'M'emorise and 'z'ap)
}        miscellaneous  (use 'V' for evoking from the inventory)
$        gold           (use 'g' to pick up)
=======  =============  ================================================

There are several general keys for item management:

d
  drop item; if you want to drop only some items from a stack (of arrows,
  for example), then press 'd' followed by a number and then the item's
  slot key

g
  pick up item from the ground (also with the comma key ',')

=
  reassign item slot (works also for spell slots and abilities)

i
  show inventory - pressing the key of an item shows additional information

{
  inscribe item (see Appendix 5. "Inscriptions")

\
  check list of already discovered items

Item usage
========================================

You pick up items with the 'g'et or ',' (comma) command, and drop them with
the 'd'rop command. When you are given a prompt like "drop which item?", if
you type a number before the letter of the item, you will drop that
quantity of the item (similarly when picking up). The same works if you
want to pick up only part of a stack and there are several types of items
on the square (so that they are shown in a list). When there is only a
single stack of arrows and you want to pick up only some of them, use the
';' command. Note that picking up items from one square takes exactly one
turn. However, dropping several items at once takes more turns.

Typing 'i' displays your inventory (what you are carrying). When you are
given a prompt like "Throw [or Wield, Wear, etc] which item?", you usually
get a list of all available options. You can press '*' in case you want to
wield something unusual. When the inventory screen shows "-more-", to show
you that there is another page of items, you can type the letter of the
item you want, even if it is not visible, instead of pressing Space or
Enter to see the next page.

You can carry at most 52 items at once, and your item slot usage is printed
at the top of the inventory screen.

You can use the adjust command (the '=' key) to change the letters to which
your possessions are assigned. This command can be used to change spell or
ability letters, too.

Some items can be sticky-cursed, in which case they weld themselves to your
body when you use them. Such items usually carry some kind of disadvantage:
a weapon or armour may be damaged or negatively enchanted, while rings can
have all manner of unpleasant effects on you. If you are lucky, you might
find magic which can rid you of these curses.

Items like scrolls, potions, and some other types each have a
characteristic, like a label or a colour, which will let you tell them
apart on the basis of their function. However, these characteristics change
between each game, so while in one game every potion of curing may be
yellow, in another game they might all be purple and bubbly. Once you have
discovered the function of such an item, you will remember it for the rest
of the current game. You can access your item discoveries with the '\' key.

In order to get a description of what an item does, bring up the inventory
(with 'i') and press the letter of that item. Try this when comparing
different types of armours and weapons, but don't expect too much
information from examining unidentified items.

Another useful command is the '{' key, which lets you inscribe items with a
comment. You can also inscribe items when looking at your inventory with
'i', simply by pressing the letter of an item. For more details, and how to
automate this process, check Appendix 5. "Inscriptions".

) Weapons
========================================

These are rather important. You will find a variety of weapons in the
dungeon, ranging from small and quick daggers to huge, cumbersome
battleaxes and polearms. Each type of weapon does a different amount of
damage, has a different chance of hitting its target, and takes a different
amount of time to swing. There are several weapon skills (press 'm' to show
a list of those that you are training) like Short Blades, Long Blades,
Axes, etc. These skills affect damage, accuracy, and speed (up to a point).
The same goes for Unarmed Combat.

Weapons can be enchanted; when you first wield or otherwise identify them,
you reveal values which tell you how much more effective they are than an
unenchanted version. Weapons which are not enchanted are simply '+0'. Some
weapons also have special magical effects which make them very effective
against vulnerable enemies.

You can wield weapons with the 'w' command, which is a very quick action.
If for some reason you want to go bare-handed, type 'w' followed by a
hyphen ('-').

The ' (apostrophe) key is a shortcut which automatically wields the item in
slot a. If item a is being wielded, ' causes you to wield item b instead,
if possible. Try assigning the letter a to your primary weapon, and b to
your bow or something else you need to wield only sometimes. Note that this
is just a typing shortcut and is not functionally different to wielding
these items normally.

( Missiles
========================================

If you would rather pick off monsters from a safe distance, you will need
missiles for your sling, bow or other appropriate launcher. Several kinds
of missiles, such as javelins, are effective when simply thrown; other
kinds require you to wield an appropriate device to inflict worthwhile
damage. Upon impact, missiles may become destroyed. The chance for this to
occur depends on the type of missile.

The 'f' command fires or throws a missile. The default missile to be fired
or thrown (your "quiver") is displayed on the main screen beneath your
wielded weapon. The quivered item will always be what Crawl thinks is most
likely to be what you want. Thus it will either be an item you previously
chose and fired (with 'f') or directly quivered (with 'Q'), or the item in
your inventory that ranks highest in fire_order - if there are several of
similar order, the one with the lowest inventory slot is chosen.

See Appendix 5. "Inscriptions" for inscriptions which let you fine-tune the
list of items to choose from. See also the Missiles section of
options_guide.txt.

The firing interface also allows you to manually select an item to throw
with 'i'; but it may not be very effective if you lack the correct
launcher.

Use the '(', ')' to cycle through your quiver without firing, and 'Q' to
choose the quivered item from a list. If you would like to choose something
to fire without inserting it into the quiver use 'F' instead.

The interface for shooting or throwing things is also used for evoking
wands and casting certain spells, and is described in detail in section I
(Targeting).

[ Armour
========================================

This is also rather important. Most worn armour improves your Armour Class,
which decreases the amount of damage you take from most types of injury.
The heavier an armour is, the more AC (armour class) it will provide, at
the expense of your EV (evasion) and stealth. Heavier types of armour also
hamper your melee accuracy, making it harder for you to hit monsters.
Wearing heavy armour also increases your chances of miscasting spells, an
effect which is only slightly reduced by your Armour skill. These penalties
are smaller if you have a high Armour skill, but larger if you have low
Strength. On the other hand, body armour will also provide some guaranteed
damage reduction against melee attacks, and heavier armours are better at
this.

A shield normally increases neither your AC nor your evasion, but it lets
you attempt to block melee attacks and some ranged attacks aimed at you.
Wearing a shield (especially larger shields) with insufficient Shields
skill makes you less effective in hand combat and hampers your ability to
cast spells. It also lowers your evasion if you do not have sufficient
skill, and you obviously cannot wield a two-handed weapon while wearing a
shield. Shields are most effective on the first attack on you each turn and
become less useful on every one after that. There are three types:
bucklers, shields, and large shields.

Some magical armours have special powers. These powers are sometimes
automatic, affecting you whenever you wear the armour, and sometimes must
be activated with the 'a' command.

You can wear armour with the 'W' command, and take it off with the 'T'
command. With '[' you can have a quick look at your current gear.

Most armours can be improved by reading the appropriate scroll. Body armour
and bardings can be enchanted up to the base value of AC they provide.
Shields can be enchanted up to +3, +5, or +8, depending on their size.
Other gear is limited to +2.

% Food and Carrion
========================================

Food is extremely important. You can find many different kinds of food in
the dungeon. If you don't eat when you get hungry, you will eventually die
of starvation. Fighting, casting spells, and using some magical items will
make you hungry. When you are starving, you fight much less effectively and
cannot cast spells or use many abilities. You can eat food with the 'e'
command.

You may wish to dine on the corpses of your casualties. Despite the fact
that corpses are represented by the same '%' sign as food, you can't eat
them without first cutting off the more edible pieces with the 'c' command.
Being hungry helps you choke down the raw flesh. Chopping up corpses will
take some time and will produce a number of 'chunks', which can be eaten
with the 'e' command as above.

Some species are happy to eat raw meat at any time, and others cannot eat
meat at all. Information on special diets is displayed on the 'A' screen.

Vampires are a special case. Members of this species can try to drink blood
directly from a fresh corpse (use the 'e' command). They can also bottle
potions of blood from corpses instead of chopping corpses into chunks with
the 'c' command.

? Magical Scrolls
========================================

Scrolls have many different magical spells inscribed on them, some good and
some bad. One of the most useful scrolls is the scroll of identify, which
will tell you the function of any item you have in your inventory; you
might want to save these up for items that are dangerous or wasteful to use
when unidentified, such as potions or other scrolls. You can read scrolls
(and by doing so invoke their magic) with the 'r' command.

! Magical Potions
========================================

While scrolls tend to affect your equipment or your environment, most
potions affect your character in some way. The most common type is the
simple curing potion, which restores some hit points and cures many
ailments, but there are many other varieties of potions to be found.
Potions can be quaffed (drunk) with the 'q' command.

/ Wands
========================================

Sometimes you will be lucky enough to find a stick which contains stored
magical energies. Wands each have a certain amount of charges, and a wand
will cease to function when its charges run out. You must identify a wand
to find out how many uses it has left. This can be done with a scroll of
identify; characters with a good Evocations skill may also deduce the
number of charges simply upon evoking the wand. Evoking a wand without
having fully identified the number of charges remaining will waste some
charges.

Wands are aimed in the same way as missile weapons, and you can release the
power of a wand by evoking it with 'V'. See section I for targeting. There
are also a number of wands that may be useful to aim at yourself.

=" Rings and Amulets
========================================

Magical rings are among the most useful of the items you will find in the
dungeon, but can also be some of the most hazardous. Use the 'P' command to
put on rings, and 'R' to remove them. You can wear up to two rings
simultaneously, one on each hand; which hand you put a ring on is
immaterial to its function. If you try to put on a ring while both ring
fingers are full, you will be asked which one to remove. Octopodes are an
exception, and may wear up to eight rings on their tentacles. Some rings
function automatically, while others require activation (with the 'a'
command).

Amulets are similar to rings, but have different range of effects. Amulets
are worn around the neck, and you can wear only one at a time.

You can press '"' to quickly check what jewellery you're wearing.

| Staves
========================================

There are a number of types of magical staves. Some enhance your general
spellcasting ability, while some greatly increase the power of a certain
class of spells (and possibly reduce your effectiveness with others). Some
can even be used in hand-to-hand combat, although with mediocre
effectiveness unless you can harness their special power, using a
combination of the Evocations skill and the skill specific to the staff's
type. Staves which do not enhance a destructive magic school tend to have
no combat powers at all.

| Rods
========================================

Rods ('|') hold unique spells that you can evoke while wielding the rod,
using the 'v' command. The effectiveness of these spells is increased by
Evocations skill. They have a pool of magical energy which regenerates
according to the rod's enchantment (which can be increased using scrolls of
recharging) and your Evocations skill.

: Books
========================================

Most books contain magical spells which your character may be able to
learn. You can read a book with the 'r' command, which lets you access a
description of each spell or memorise spells from it with the 'M' command.

Occasionally you will find manuals of some skill. Carrying these will cause
your experience to have twice the effect as usual when used for training
that skill.

{ Miscellaneous
========================================

These are items which don't fall into any other category. They can be
evoked with 'V', just like wands. Runes, a particular item in this
category, have no function whatsoever except to open the endgame. You must
collect at least three in order to enter the Realm of Zot. Some
particularly cocky adventurers brag about having retrieved ten or even
fifteen runes through their strength and cunning, but most scholars on the
subject of Zot agree that such a thing is probably impossible in the first
place, and secondly would be a meaningless achievement in any regard.

$ Gold
========================================

Gold can be used to buy items should you run across shops. There are also a
few more esoteric uses for gold.

Artefacts
========================================

Weapons, armour, jewellery and spellbooks can be artefacts. These come in
two flavours: randomly created artefacts ('randarts') and predefined ones
('unrandarts'). Randarts will always carry unusual names, such as "golden
double sword" or "shimmering scale mail". Artefacts cannot be modified in
any way, including enchantments.

Apart from that, otherwise mundane items can get one special property.
These are called 'ego items', and examples are: boots of running, a weapon
of flaming, a helmet of see invisible, and so on. Note that, unlike
artefacts, such items can be modified by enchanting scrolls.

All ego items are noted with special adjectives but not all items noted in
this way need have a special property (they often have some positive or
negative enchantment, though):

:general: glowing, runed;
:metal armours: shiny;
:leather armours: dyed;
:other armours: embroidered.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
H.                              SPELLCASTING
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Magical spells are a very important part of surviving in the dungeon. Every
character can make use of magical spells.

There are many skills related to magic, the principal one being
Spellcasting. Spellcasting determines the number of Magic Points available;
it also helps in several respects during the actual casting of spells.
Next, there are several general magical skill areas (Conjuration, Hexes,
Charms, Summoning, Necromancy, Translocation and Transmutation) as well as
several elemental areas (Fire, Ice, Air and Earth) and, finally, Poison. A
particular spell can belong to (and thus allow training of) up to three
areas. Being good in the areas of a spell will improve the casting chance
and, in many cases, the effect as well.

Spells are stored in books, which you will occasionally find in the
dungeon. You can read books with 'r' to check what spells they contain;
doing so will allow you to read the individual spells' descriptions. In
order to memorise a certain spell, use the 'M' command.

In addition to picking up new spells, your character may also wish to get
rid of old ones by reading a scroll of amnesia, which will let you pick a
spell to forget.

Each spell has a level. A spell's level denotes the amount of skill
required to use it and indicates how powerful it may be. You can only
memorise a certain number of levels of spells; type 'M' to find out how
many. When you gain experience levels or advance the Spellcasting skill,
your maximum increases; you will need to save up for several levels to
memorise the more powerful spells. When casting a spell, you temporarily
expend some of your magical energy and become hungrier (although high
intelligence and Spellcasting help against hunger from spells). Pressing
'II' (or 'I!') displays the relative hunger costs of your spells. The
hunger cost is approximately proportional to the square of the number of #
marks in this display.

You activate a memorised spell by pressing 'z' (for Zap). Use 'I' to
display a list of all memorised spells without actually casting one. The
spells available are labelled with letters; you are free to change this
labelling with the '=' command. You can assign both lowercase and uppercase
letters to spells. Some spells, for example most damage dealing ones,
require a target. See the next section for details on how to target.

Most spells have caps on their effects: no matter how intelligent and
proficient you are, there is a limit to the damage you can achieve with a
Magic Dart. In general, it is a good idea to look at the output of the 'I'
and 'II' screens to get a picture on your casting abilities. This is
especially useful if you're about to change armour or rings.

High level spells are difficult to cast, and you may miscast them every
once in a while (resulting in a waste of magic and possibly dangerous
side-effects). Your chance of failing to cast a spell properly depends on
your skills, your intelligence, the level of the spell and whether you are
wearing heavy armour. The chance of miscasting a spell is displayed on the
spell screen, and coloured based on potential severity (with yellow
representing a moderate chance, and red representing a severe chance).

Be careful of magic-using enemies! Some of them can use magic just as well
as you, if not better, and often use it intelligently.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.                                TARGETING
------------------------------------------------------------------------

When throwing something, evoking certain wands, or casting spells, you are
asked for a direction. There are several ways to tell Crawl which monster
to target.

You can press '?' when asked for a direction; this will bring up a help
screen. Otherwise, you use the following commands:

- The cursor will target on the monster which is closest to your position.
  Should you have been firing at something previously, with the offender
  still being in sight, the cursor will instead rest on the previous
  target.
- Pressing '+' or '=' moves the cursor to the next monster, going from
nearer to
  further away. Similarly, '-' cycles backwards.
- Any direction key moves the cursor by one square. Occasionally, it can be
  useful to target non-inhabited squares.
- When you are content with your choice of target, press one key of Enter,
Del,
  or Space to fire at the target. If you press '.', you also fire, but the
  spell/missile will stop at the target's square if it misses. This can be
  useful to keep friendlies out of the fire, or to make sure your precious
  missiles won't end up in deep water.
- You can press Escape if you changed your mind - no turns are deducted.

There are some shortcuts while targeting:

- Typing Shift-direction on your keypad fires straight away in that
direction. - Pressing 'p' or 'f' fires at the previous target (if it is
still alive and in
  sight). Due to this, most hunters can go a long way by pressing 'ff' to
  fire their ammunition at a monster and then keep firing at it with
  further 'ff' strokes. At times, it will be useful to switch targets with
  the '+' or '-' commands, though.

It is possible to target yourself: obviously beneficial effects like
hasting or healing will actually target the cursor on you, leaving to you
only the pressing of '.', Enter, etc. - except if you want to heal or haste
someone else. If you target yourself while firing something harmful (which
can be sensible at times), you will be asked for confirmation.

Finally, the ':' key allows you to hide the path of your
spell/wand/missile.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
J.                                RELIGION
------------------------------------------------------------------------

There are a number of gods, demons and other assorted powers who will
accept your character's worship, and sometimes give out favours in
exchange. You can use the '^' command to check the requirements of whoever
it is that you worship, and if you find religion to be an inconvenience you
can always renounce your faith (use the 'a' command - but most gods resent
being scorned). Further details can be seen with '!' while in the '^'
screen.

To use any powers which your god deems you fit for, access the abilities
menu via the 'a' command; god-given abilities are listed as invocations.
The god Fedhas Madash also has a corpse decay ability specially accessed
through 'p'.

Depending on background, some characters start out religious; others have
to pray at an altar to dedicate themselves to a life of servitude. There
are altars scattered all over the dungeon, and there are rumours of a
special temple somewhere near the surface.

At an altar, you can enter a god's service by pressing < or >. You'll first
be given a description of the god, and then be asked if you really want to
join. To see a list of the standard gods and which of their altars you've
seen in your current game, press 'Ctrl-O'. You can also learn about all
gods by pressing '?/G'.

Note that some gods are picky about who can enter their service; for
example, good gods will not accept demonic or undead devotees.

If you would like to start the game with a religion, choose your background
from Berserker, Chaos Knight or Abyssal Knight.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
K.                                MUTATIONS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Although it would doubtless be a nice thing if you could remain genetically
pure, there are too many toxic wastes and mutagenic radiations in the
Dungeon for that to be possible. If your character is so affected by these
that he or she undergoes physiological change, you can use the 'A' command
to see how much of a freak they've become and the 'a' command to activate
any mutations which can be controlled. Many mutations are actually
beneficial to your character, but there are plenty of nasty ones as well.
Many mutations have multiple levels, each of which counts as a single
mutation.

You can also become mutated by overusing certain powerful enchantments,
particularly 'Haste' and 'Invisibility', as your system absorbs too much
magical energy. A single use of those effects will never cause dangerous
levels of magical contamination, but multiple uses in short succession, or
usage with existing contamination from other sources (e.g. from miscasting
spells) can cause trouble. Mutations from magical contamination are almost
always harmful.

Mutations can also be caused by specific potions, very rare trap effects,
or spells cast by powerful enemies found deep in the dungeon. A few types
of monsters have mutagenic corpses; these will appear in magenta by
default.

It is much more difficult to get rid of bad mutations than to get one. A
lucky mutation attempt can actually remove mutations. However, the only
sure-fire ways are to quaff a potion of cure mutation, which will attempt
to remove one or more random mutations, or to join the gods Zin or Jivya,
each of whom provides some remedy against mutations.

Demonspawn are a special case. Characters of this species get certain
special mutations as they gain levels; these are listed in cyan. They are
permanent and can never be removed. If one of your Demonspawn powers has
been augmented by a random mutation, it is displayed in a lighter colour.

Many a species starts with some special intrinsic feats, like the greater
speed of Centaurs or Spriggans, or the eating habits of Trolls, Kobolds and
others. These are often, but not always, like a preset mutation. In case
such an innate feature gets amplified by an ordinary mutation, it is
displayed in a light blue colour.

Some mutations are only temporary and will dissipate after slaying more
enemies. These are listed in purple on the list of mutations, and marked as
temporary.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
L.                        LICENCE, CONTACT, HISTORY
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Licence
  See licence.txt for information about Crawl's licensing. Most of the
  game's components are licensed under version 2 or later of the GNU
  General Public License; those that aren't are under compatible licenses.

Disclaimer
  This software is provided as is, with absolutely no warranty express or
  implied. Use of it is at the sole risk of the user. No liability is
  accepted for any damage to the user or to any of the user's possessions.

If you'd like to discuss Crawl, a good place to do so is the official
forum:

  https://crawl.develz.org/tavern

All topics related to this game usually meet a warm response, including
tales of victories (going under 'YAVP', i.e. 'Yet Another Victory Post'),
especially first victories (YAFVP) as well as sad stories of deceased
characters (being 'YAAD' or 'YASD', i.e. 'Yet Another Annoying/Stupid
Death').

Many players, especially those on the online servers, also frequent ##crawl
on the freenode IRC network. This IRC channel also contains many bots
providing helpful information or statistics about the game.

Stone Soup's homepage is at:

  http://crawl.develz.org

Use this page for direct links to downloads of the most recent version. You
can also submit bug reports there at https://crawl.develz.org/mantis. Be
sure to make sure that your bug isn't already in the list. Feature requests
should be posted on the official forum or the development wiki on
crawl.develz.org instead.

The history of Crawl is somewhat convoluted: Crawl was created in 1995 by
Linley Henzell. Linley based Crawl loosely on Angband and NetHack, but
avoided several annoying aspects of these games, and added a lot of
original ideas of his own. Crawl was a hit, and Linley produced Crawl
versions up to 3.30 in March 1999. Further work was then carried out by a
group of developers who released 3.40 in February 2000. Of them, Brent Ross
emerged as the single maintainer, producing versions until 4.0 beta 26 in
2002. After a long period of silent work, he went a great step by releasing
4.1.2 alpha in August 2005. This alpha contained a lot of good ideas, but
was nearly unplayable due to balance issues. In the meantime, several
patchers appeared, improving Crawl's interface tremendously. Several of
them formed a new devteam; reasoning that rebalancing 4.1.2 was a very
difficult task, they decided to fork Crawl 4.0 beta 26 and selectively
include good ideas from 4.1.2 and other sources. This fork is Stone Soup,
and is the game this manual describes. Stone Soup's release versions were
restarted at 0.1 to avoid confusion with the existing plethora of Crawl versions.

It should be mentioned that there have been other Crawl variants over the
years, among them Ax-Crawl, Tile Crawl and Dungeon Crawl Alternative.

The object of your quest in Crawl (the Orb of Zot) was taken from Wizard's
Castle, a text adventure written in BASIC.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
M.                      MACROS, OPTIONS, PERFORMANCE
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Crawl supports redefining keys via key maps. This is useful when your
keyboard layout makes some key awkward to use. You can also define macros:
these are command sequences which can make playing a great deal more
convenient. Note that mapping 'a' to some other key will treat almost all
pressings of 'a' in that new way (including dropping and wielding, etc.),
so is not recommended. Macroing 'a' to some other key will only change the
command key 'a'.

You can set up key maps and macros in-game with the '~' key ('Ctrl-D' will
also work); this also allows for saving all current key bindings and
macros. Alternatively, you can directly edit the macro.txt file. For more
information on both and for examples, see macros_guide.txt.

Crawl supports a large number of options that allow for great flexibility
in the interface. They are fully documented in the file options_guide.txt.
The options themselves are set in the file ~/.crawlrc (for UNIX systems -
copy over init.txt to ~/.crawlrc) or init.txt (for Windows).

Several interface routines are outsourced to external Lua scripts. The
standard distribution has them in the dat/clua/ directory. Have a look at
the single scripts for short descriptions.

Generally, Crawl should run swiftly on all machines (it compiles out of the
box for Linux, Windows, and, to some lesser extent, OS X and other Unices).
If, for some reason, you find Crawl runs unacceptably slowly on your
machine, there are a few measures which may improve the situation:

  - set travel_delay = -1 to avoid screen redraws during travel (this might
  be
    especially useful if playing on a remote server)
  - try playing in console mode rather than tiles

------------------------------------------------------------------------
N.                         PHILOSOPHY (PAS DE FAQ)
------------------------------------------------------------------------

In a nutshell: This game aims to be a tactical fantasy-themed dungeon
crawl. We strive for strategy being a concern, too, and for exquisite
gameplay and interface. However, don't expect plots or quests.

You may ponder about the wisdom of certain design decisions of Crawl. This
section tries to explain some of them. It could also be of interest if you
are used to other roguelikes and want a bit of background on the
differences. Prime mainstays of Crawl development are the following, most
of which are explained in more detail below. Note that many of these date
back to Linley's first versions.

Major design goals
  * challenging and random gameplay, with skill making a real difference
  * meaningful decisions (no no-brainers)
  * avoidance of grinding (no scumming)
  * gameplay supporting painless interface and newbie support

Minor design goals
  * clarity (playability without need for spoilers)
  * internal consistency
  * replayability (using branches, species, playing styles and gods)
  * proper use of out of depth monsters

Balance
========================================

The notions of balance, or being imbalanced, are extremely vague. Here is
our definition: Crawl is designed to be a challenging game, and is also
renowned for its randomness. However, this does not mean that wins are an
arbitrary matter of luck: the skill of players will have the largest
impact. So, yes, there may be situations where you are doomed - no action
could have saved your life. But then, from the midgame on, most deaths are
not of this type: By this stage, almost all casualties can be traced back
to actual mistakes; if not tactical ones, then of a strategical type, like
wrong skilling (too broad or too narrow), unwise use of resources (too
conservative or too liberal), or wrong decisions about branch/god/gear.

The possibility of unavoidable deaths is a larger topic in computer games.
Ideally, a game like this would be really challenging and have both random
layout and random course of action, yet still be winnable with perfect
play. This goal seems out of reach. Thus, computer games can be soft in the
sense that optimal play ensures a win. Apart from puzzles, though, this
means that the game is solved from the outset; this is where the lack of a
human game-master is obvious. Alternatively, they can be hard in the sense
that unavoidable deaths can occur. We feel that the latter choice provides
much more fun in the long run.

Crawl has a huge number of handmade vaults/maps to tweak the randomness.
While the placement, and often parts of the contents, of such vaults are
random as well, they provide several advantages: vaults offer challenges
that are very hard to get via just random monster and layout generation;
they may centre on some theme, providing additional immersion; finally,
they will often contain some loot, forcing players to decide between safety
and greed.

(The next topic can also be filed under balance; see Replayability for what
balance does not mean to us.)

Crusade against no-brainers
========================================

A very important point in Crawl is steering away from no-brainers. Speaking
about games in general, wherever there's a no-brainer, that means the
development team put a lot of effort into providing a "choice" that's
really not an interesting choice at all. And that's a horrible lost
opportunity for fun. Examples for this are the resistances: there are very
few permanent sources, most involve a choice (like rings or specific
armour) or are only semi-permanent (like mutations). Another example is the
absence of clear-cut best items, which comes from the fact that most
artefacts are randomly generated. Furthermore, even non-random artefacts
cannot be wished for, as scrolls of acquirement produce random items in
general. Likewise, there are no sure-fire means of life saving (the closest
equivalents are controlled blinks, and good religious standings for some
deities).

Anti-grinding
========================================

Another basic design principle is avoidance of grinding (also known as
scumming). These are activities that have low risk, take a lot of time, and
bring some reward. This is bad for a game's design because it encourages
players to bore themselves. Even worse, it may be optimal to do so. We try
to avoid this!

This explains why shops don't buy: otherwise players would hoover the
dungeon for items to sell. Another instance: there's no infinite commodity
available: food, monster and item generation is generally not enough to
support infinite play. Not messing with lighting also falls into this
category: there might be a benefit to mood when players have to carry
candles/torches, but we don't see any gameplay benefit as yet. The deep
tactical gameplay Crawl aims for necessitates permanent dungeon levels.
Many a time characters have to choose between descending or battling. While
caution is a virtue in Crawl, as it is in many other roguelikes, there are
strong forces driving characters deeper.

Interface
========================================

The interface is radically designed to make gameplay easy - this sounds
trivial, but we mean it. All tedious, but necessary, chores should be
automated. Examples are long-distance travel, exploration and taking notes.
Also, we try to cater for different preferences: both ASCII and tiles are
supported; as are vi-keys and numpad. Documentation is plenty,
context-specific and always available in-game. Finally, we ease getting
started via tutorials.

Clarity
========================================

Things ought to work in an intuitive way. Crawl definitely is winnable
without spoiler access. Concerning important but hidden details (i.e. facts
subject to spoilers) our policy is this: the joy of discovering something
spoily is nice, once. (And disappears before it can start if you feel you
need to read spoilers - a legitimate feeling.) The joy of dealing with
ever-changing, unexpected and challenging strategic and tactical situations
that arise out of transparent rules, on the other hand, is nice again and
again. That said, we believe that qualitative feedback is often better than
precise numbers.

In concrete terms, we either spell out a gameplay mechanic explicitly
(either in the manual, or by in-game feedback) or leave it to min-maxers if
we feel that the naive approach is good enough.

Consistency
========================================

While there is no plot to speak of, the game should still be set in a
consistent Crawl universe. For example, names of artefacts should fit the
mood, vaults should be sensibly placed and monsters should somehow fit as
well. Essentially, this is about player immersion. As such, it's good to
have in mind, but consistency is always secondary to gameplay. A typical
example is player vs. monster behaviour: while we try to make these
identical (or similar), there are good reasons for keeping them distinct in
certain cases.

Replayability
========================================

This is actually quite important, but in some sense just a corollary to the
major design goals. Besides these, there are several other points helping
to make playing Crawl fun over and over again:

Diversity
  whenever there are choices to the player, be that choice of species, god,
  weapon or spell, the various options should be genuinely different. It is
  no good to provide dozens of weapons with different names (and perhaps
  even numbers) if, in the end, they all play the same.

Many different species
  This is partly due to the skills and aptitude system. Similarly important
  are the built-in starting bonuses/handicaps of species; these often have
  great impact on play. To us, balance does not mean that all combinations
  of background and species play equally well! Some are much more
  challenging than others, and this is fine with us. Each species has at
  least some backgrounds playing rather well, though.

Dungeon layout
  Even veteran players may find the Tomb or the Hells exciting (which are
  designed such that life endangering situations can always pop up). These
  and other branches may or may not fit a given character's buildup. By the
  way, we strongly believe that games are pointless if you can reach the
  invincible state.

Religion
  This addresses new players, as getting to the Temple and choosing a god
  becomes the first major task of most games. But religion is also a point
  in favour of replayability for experienced players, since the choice of
  god can matter as much as species does.

Playing styles
  Related to, but encompassing, species, background, god are fundamentally
  different playing styles like melee oriented fighter, stabber, etc.
  Deciding on whether (and when!) to make a transition of style can make or
  break games.

Out of the depths
========================================

From time to time a discussion about Crawl's unfair OOD (out of depth)
monsters turns up, like a dragon on the second dungeon level. These are not
bugs! Actually, they are part of the randomness design goal. In this case,
they also serve as additional motivation: in many situations, the OOD
monster can be survived somehow, and the mental bond with the character
will then surely grow. OOD monsters also help to keep players on their toes
by making shallow, or cleared, levels still not trivial. In a similar vein,
early trips to the Abyss are not deficits: there's more than one way out,
and successfully escaping is exciting for anyone.

########################################
Appendices
########################################

------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.                        LIST OF CHARACTER SPECIES
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note:  Use 'A' to check for which particular peculiarities a species might
          have. Also, some species have special abilities which can be
          accessed by the 'a' abilities menu. Some also have physical
          characteristics which allow them to make extra attacks.

Humans
  Humans tend to be hardworking and industrious, and learn new things
  quickly. The Human species is the most versatile of all the species
  available to players. Humans advance quickly in levels and have equal
  abilities in most skills.

Hill Orcs
  Hill Orcs are Orcs from the upper world who, jealous of the riches which
  their cousins (the Cave Orcs) possess below the ground, descend in search
  of plunder and adventure.

  Hill Orcs are more robust than Humans. Their forte is brute-force
  fighting, and they are skilled at using most hand weapons (particularly
  axes, with which they are experts), though they are not particularly good
  at using missile weapons. Hill Orcs are passable users of most types of
  magic and are particularly skilled with Fire.

  Many Orcs feel superior to all other species and beings, and they have
  formed a religion around that idea. Only Orcs can worship Beogh, the Orc
  god. They can join Beogh even without an altar whenever an orc priest is
  in sight.

Merfolk
  The Merfolk are a hybrid species of half-human, half-fish that typically
  live in the oceans and rivers, seldom venturing toward land. However,
  Merfolk aren't as limited on land as some myths suggest; their tails will
  quickly reform into legs once they leave the water (and, likewise, their
  legs will quickly reform into a tail should they ever enter water). They
  tend to be surprisingly nimble on land as well as in the water. Experts
  at swimming, they need not fear drowning and move very quickly through
  water.

  The Merfolk have developed their martial arts strongly on thrusting and
  grappling, since those are the most efficient ways to fight underwater.
  They therefore prefer polearms and short swords above all other weapons,
  though they can also use longer swords quite well.

  As spellcasters, they tend to be quite good in specific areas. Their
  mystical relationship with water makes it easier for them to use poison
  and ice magic, which use water occasionally as a material component. The
  legendary water magic of the Merfolk was lost in ancient times, but some
  of that affinity still remains. The instability of their own morphogenic
  matrix has made them very accomplished transmuters, but most other magic
  seems foreign to them.

Halflings
  Halflings, who are named for being about half the size of Humans, live in
  small villages. They live simple lives and have simple interests.
  Sometimes a particularly restless Halfling will leave his or her village
  in search of adventure.

  Halflings are very small but surprisingly hardy for their size, even
  having an innate resistance to mutagenic effects. They can use short
  blades and shields very well, are passable with long blades, and excel in
  ranged combat with slings. They are also very stealthy and dextrous, but
  are poor at magic (except for charms, translocations, and air magic).
  They advance in levels as rapidly as Humans. Halflings cannot wield large
  weapons.

Kobolds
  Kobolds are small, ugly creatures with few redeeming features. They are
  not the sort of people you would want to spend much time with, unless you
  happened to be a Kobold yourself.

  They tend to be more agile and weaker than Halflings, and are slightly
  more talented at using most types of magic, particularly necromancy. They
  are competent in combat, especially with short blades, maces or
  crossbows, and are also very adept at using magical devices. They often
  live as scavengers, surviving on carrion (which they can eat even when
  not hungry), but are carnivorous and can only eat meat. Kobolds advance
  in levels as quickly as Humans. Like Halflings, Kobolds cannot wield
  large weapons.

Spriggans
  Spriggans are small magical creatures distantly related to Elves. They
  love to frolic and cast mischievous spells.

  They are poor fighters and have little physical resilience, though they
  are incredibly skilled at dodging attacks. They are terrible at
  destructive magic - conjurations, summonings, necromancy and elemental
  spells. On the other hand, they are excellent at other forms of magic,
  and are very good at moving silently and quickly. So great is their speed
  that a Spriggan can overtake a Centaur. Due to their tiny size, they need
  very little food. However, they are herbivorous and cannot eat meat.
  Their size also makes them unable to wear most armour. They cannot wield
  large weapons, and even most smaller weapons require both hands to be
  wielded by a Spriggan.

Nagas
  Nagas are a hybrid species: Human from the waist up with a large snake
  tail instead of legs.

  They are reasonably good at most things and advance in experience levels
  at the same rate as Merfolk. They are naturally resistant to poisons, can
  see invisible creatures, and have tough skin, but their tails are
  relatively slow and cannot move them around as quickly as can other
  creatures' legs (this only affects their movement rate; all other actions
  are at normal speed). Their body shape also prevents them from gaining
  full protection from body armour. A Naga's biggest forte is stealth:
  Nagas are very good at moving unnoticed. Their tails eventually grow
  strong enough to constrict their foes in combat.

  Nagas can spit poison; the range, accuracy and damage of this poison
  increases with the Naga's experience level.

Centaurs
  The Centaurs are another species of hybrid creatures: horses with Human
  torsos. They usually live in forests, surviving by hunting.

  Centaurs can move very quickly on their four legs, and are excellent with
  bows and other missile weapons; they are also reasonable at fighting in
  general while being slow learners at specific weapon skills. They advance
  quite slowly in experience levels and are rather sub-par at using magic.
  Like Nagas, they receive reduced protection from the body armour they
  wear.

Ogres
  Ogres are huge, chunky creatures who typically are strong rather than
  smart, and not nimble at all. Ogres mature almost as quickly as Humans.

  Their preferred methods of avoiding beatings are dodging and the use of
  shields. Many Ogres find it natural to wield some large and blunt weapon.
  (Countless lethal incidents have taught them to leave most edged weapons
  be.) While all sophisticated forms of missile combat are too awkward for
  them, they are good at throwing things, in particular boulders.

  Contrary to expectations, Ogres are not reduced to mindless brutes. They
  possess a raw talent for witchcraft, letting them pick up the basics of
  spellcasting at an amazing speed. However, the more arcane schools of
  magic are foreign to them and are only learned at poor rates.

Trolls
  Trolls are like Ogres, but even nastier. They have thick, knobbly skins
  of any colour from putrid green to mucky brown, which are covered in
  patches of thick fur, and their mouths are full of ichor-dripping fangs.

  They can rip creatures apart with their claws, and regenerate very
  quickly from even the most terrible wounds. They learn slowly indeed - as
  slowly as High Elves - and need a great amount of food to survive.

Minotaurs
  The Minotaurs are yet another species of hybrids - Human bodies with
  bovine heads. They delve into the Dungeon because of their instinctive
  love of twisting passageways.

  Minotaurs are extremely good at all forms of physical combat, but are
  awful at using any type of magic. They can wear all armour except for
  some headgear. When in close combat, Minotaurs tend to reflexively
  headbutt those who dare attack them.

Tengu
  The Tengu are an ancient and feared species of bird-people with a
  legendary propensity for violence. Basically humanoid with bird-like
  heads and clawed feet, the Tengu can wear all types of armour except
  helmets and boots. Despite their lack of wings, powerful Tengu can fly
  magically, and very powerful members of this species can stay in the air
  indefinitely. Their movement speed and evasion are increased slightly
  while flying.

  They are experts at all forms of fighting, including the magical arts of
  combat (conjurations, summonings and, to a lesser extent, necromancy).
  They are good at air and fire elemental magic, but poor at ice and earth
  magic. Tengu do not appreciate any form of servitude, and so are poor at
  using invocations. Their light avian bodies cannot sustain a great deal
  of injury.

Demigods
  Demigods are mortals with some divine or angelic ancestry, however
  distant; they can be created by a number of processes, including magical
  experiments and the time-honoured practice of interplanar miscegenation.

  Demigods look more or less like members of their mortal part's species,
  but have excellent attributes (Str, Int, Dex) and are extremely robust;
  they can also draw on great supplies of magical energy. On the downside,
  they advance more slowly in experience than any other race, gain skills
  slightly less quickly than Humans and, due to their status, cannot
  worship the various gods and powers available to other races.

Demonspawn
  Demonspawn are horrible half-mortal, half-infernal creatures - the flip
  side of the Demigods. Demonspawn can be created in any number of ways:
  magical experiments, breeding, unholy pacts, etc. Although many
  Demonspawn may initially be indistinguishable from those of pure mortal
  stock, they will inevitably grow horns, scales or other unusual features.
  Powerful members of this class of beings also develop a range of unholy
  abilities, which are listed as mutations.

  Demonspawn advance slowly in experience and learn most skills at about
  the same rate as do Demigods. However, they are a little better at
  fighting and conjurations and much better at necromancy and invocations.
  Note that unlike Demigods, they can take on gods, although not all will
  accept them.

Deep Dwarves
  Deep Dwarves are short, hardy people who, unlike their extinct surface
  relatives, never left the underground homelands. Living there for
  countless generations made them turn pale and lose all ability to
  regenerate on their own, nor are they receptive to any effects which
  merely hasten regeneration. On the other hand, Deep Dwarves have
  developed the ability to instantly counteract small doses of damage.
  Their empathy with the earth makes them sense their surroundings; this
  ability increases in power as they gain experience levels.

  Given their lack of innate healing, few Deep Dwarves venture out for
  adventures or even combat. Those who do bring a wand of heal wounds, or
  rely on divine assistance.

  Naturally, Deep Dwarves are quite adept with all arts of avoiding blows
  and damage. Offensively, they are skilled users of axes, crossbows, and
  slings. Deep Dwarves are highly spiritual beings, often portrayed as
  actual spirits by outsiders; because of this, their skill with
  invocations is great. They are most at home with the magic of earth and
  death, eventually gaining some resistance to the dark powers of
  necromancy.

  Deep Dwarves can tinker with wands so as to recharge them. However, each
  time they do so, they lose a bit of their magical essence.

Felids
  Felids are a breed of cats that have been granted sentience. Originally
  they were witches' familiars that were magically augmented to provide
  help for their masters' rituals, yet many have abandoned, outlived, or,
  in at least one case, eviscerated their former masters and gone out into
  the world.

  While fully capable of using speech and most forms of magic, Felids are
  at a serious disadvantage due to their inability to use armour or
  weapons. Like all cats, Felids are incapable of thriving on vegetable
  food, and need meat to survive.

  Their agility and stealth are legendary, as is their ability to get to
  hard to reach places. They move faster than most races, but don't run as
  fast as Centaurs or Spriggans. Felids advance in levels very slowly. They
  are skilled with many forms of magic, though less so with raw elemental
  magic.

  Felids gain extra lives as they increase in levels. Upon death, they will
  be resurrected in a safe place, losing an experience level in the
  process.

Octopodes
  These land-capable relatives of common octopuses can move about as fast
  as humans and yet retain the ability to swim underwater, although their
  dual adaptation is not as good as that of the shapechanging merfolk.

  Octopodes have eight tentacle-shaped legs, and need four of them to move.
  While a tentacle lacks fingers, two tentacles are a rough equivalent of a
  human's arm where item manipulation is concerned - including wielding
  two-handed weapons with four. They can use no armour other than loose
  hats, but can handle shields just fine. Another peculiarity they have is
  the ability to wear eight rings, one on each tentacle.

  Their natural camouflage makes them excel at stealth, and they have good
  knowledge of poisons as well. They are also able to use their tentacles
  to constrict enemies - potentially several at a time!

Gargoyles
  A cross between ordinary stone gargoyles and living beings, Gargoyles are
  hideous humanoids with an affinity to rock. They have low health, but
  large amounts of innate armour which increases further as they gain
  levels. They eventually gain the ability to fly continuously.

  Gargoyles' partially living form grants them immunity to poison, as well
  as resistance to electricity, and protection from some effects of
  necromancy. Their natural armour makes them strong melee fighters, and
  they are naturally skilled with blunt weapons and in unarmed combat. They
  can also be exceptional earth-based conjurers.

Formicids
  The Formicids are a species of humanoid ants. Just like their tiny insect
  ancestors, the Formicids are well adept at earth work, both on the
  physical and magical sides. Their abilities have been used to tunnel
  immense underground communities and structures, many of which are tens of
  thousands of years old.

  Perhaps unfortunately, their strong ties to to earth have left them
  completely impervious to being teleported or hasted; Formicids are tied
  to the earth with a complete sense of stasis. While this is a seemingly
  bad property for a dungeon adventurer, stasis has the beneficial effect
  of preventing many types of nasty hexes and maledictions.

  With the ability to lift ten times their own weight, the Formicids have
  strength rivaling that of ogres. This, along with the fact that they have
  four arms, allows Formicid warriors to equip both a shield and a
  two-handed weapon at the same time.

  Formicids make good earth and venom mages, but are quite capable at both
  melee and ranged combat too. They are naturally bad at air magic and
  conjurations.

Vine Stalkers
  Limber in shape, Vine Stalkers are anthropomorphic masses of thick vines.
  They possess a once-humanoid core, parasitised moments before death by
  the magical vines. Lacking any other discernible features, their faces
  are dominated by the disproportionate, vicious maw with which they
  disrupt and devour the magical energies of their foes.

  Magic courses freely through their bodies, and any damage they take is
  split between their health and magical reserves. They also physically
  regenerate at an alarming rate. However these traits come at a price: the
  dual nature of their bodies makes them extremely frail, and they cannot
  benefit from potions or wands to heal their wounds.

  Living examples of adaptation, Vine Stalkers level up quickly and lend
  well to an all-out offensive style; trusting their stealth to choose
  their prey and then their regenerating capabilities to power through the
  wounds they may sustain in battle. Many members of the species however,
  are seen wielding magic quite competently and then switching to a hybrid
  style when their reserves start to run low, thus replenishing their
  shroud of magic and their spells' fuel with each voracious bite.

Elves
========================================

There are a number of distinct species of Elf. Elves are all physically
slight but long-lived people, quicker-witted than Humans, but sometimes
slower to learn new things. Elves are especially good at using those skills
which require a degree of finesse, such as stealth, sword-fighting and
archery, but tend to be poor at using brute force and inelegant forms of
combat. They find heavy armour to be uncomfortable.

Due to their fey natures, all Elves are good at using magic in general and
elemental magic in particular, while their affinity for other types of
magic varies among the different sub-species.

High Elves
  This is a tall and powerful Elven species who advance in levels slowly,
  requiring half again as much experience as Humans. They have good
  intelligence and dexterity, but suffer in strength. Compared with Humans,
  they have fewer HP but more magic. Among all races, they are best with
  blades and bows. They are not very good with necromancy or with earth or
  poison magic, but are highly skilled with most other forms of magic,
  especially Air and Charms.

Deep Elves
  This is an Elven species who long ago fled the overworld to live in
  darkness underground. There, they developed their mental powers, evolving
  a natural gift for all forms of magic (including necromancy and earth
  magic), and adapted physically to their new environment, becoming shorter
  and weaker than High Elves and losing all colouration. They are poor at
  hand-to-hand combat, but excellent at fighting from a distance. They
  advance in levels at the same speed as High Elves.

The Undead
========================================

As creatures brought back from beyond the grave, the undead are naturally
immune to poisons, negative energy and torment; have little warmth left to
be affected by cold; and are not susceptible to mutations.

There are three types of undead available to players: Mummies, Ghouls and
Vampires.

Mummies
  These are undead creatures who travel into the depths in search of
  revenge, redemption, or just because they want to.

  Mummies progress slowly in levels, half again as slowly as Humans in all
  skills except fighting, spellcasting and necromancy. As they increase in
  levels, they become increasingly in touch with the powers of death, but
  cannot use some types of necromancy which only affect living creatures.
  The side effects of necromantic magic tend to be relatively harmless to
  Mummies. However, their desiccated bodies are highly flammable. They also
  do not need to eat or drink and, in any case, are incapable of doing so.

Ghouls
  Ghouls are horrible undead creatures, slowly rotting away. Although
  Ghouls can sleep in their graves for years on end, when they rise to walk
  among the living, they must eat flesh to survive. Raw flesh is preferred,
  and Ghouls heal and reverse the effects of their eternal rotting by
  consuming it.

  They aren't very good at doing most things, although they make decent
  unarmed fighters with their claws and, due to their contact with the
  grave, can use ice, earth and death magic without too many difficulties.

Vampires
  Vampires are another form of undead, but with a peculiarity: by consuming
  fresh blood, they may become alive. A bloodless Vampire has all the
  traits of an undead, but cannot regain lost physical attributes or
  regenerate from wounds over time - in particular, magical items or spells
  which increase the rate of regeneration will not work (though divine ones
  will). On the other hand, a Vampire full with blood will regenerate very
  quickly, but lose all undead powers. Vampires can never starve. They can
  drink from fresh corpses with the 'e' command, or can bottle blood for
  later use with 'c'. Upon growing, they learn to transform into quick
  bats. Unlike other undead species, they may be mutated normally at all
  times.

Draconians
========================================

Draconians are human-dragon hybrids: humanoid in form and approximately
human-sized, with wings, tails and scaly skins. Draconians start out in an
immature form with brown scales, but as they grow in power they take on a
variety of colours. This happens at an early stage in their career, and the
colour is determined by chromosomes, not by behaviour.

Most types of Draconians have breath weapons or special resistances.
Draconians cannot wear body armour and advance very slowly in levels, but
are reasonably good at all skills other than missile weapons. Still, each
colour has its own strengths and some have complementary weaknesses, which
sometimes requires a bit of flexibility on the part of the player.

Red Draconians
  feel at home in fiery surroundings. They are bad with ice magic but very
  proficient with fire. Their scorchingly hot breath will leave a lingering
  cloud of flame.

White Draconians
  stem from frost-bitten lands, and are naturally resistant to frost. Their
  breath is piercing cold. They are versed in ice magic, but bad at fire.

Green Draconians
  are used to venomous surroundings and breathe clouds of mephitic vapours.
  They are especially good in the arts of poison and without deficiencies
  in other magic realms. Later on, they will develop a poisonous stinger.

Yellow Draconians
  have a sulphurous breath full of corrosive acid, and later gain an acidic
  bite attack. They are acid resistant, too.

Grey Draconians
  have no breath weapon, but also no need to breathe in order to live,
  which helps them survive in deep water. They are proficient with earth
  magic but bad with air magic, and also have harder scales than other
  Draconians.

Black Draconians
  can unleash huge electrical discharges, and are naturally insulated. They
  are good at air magic but feel cumbersome with earth magic. Their wings
  will eventually grow larger, which allows them to fly continuously when
  combined with their natural skill with air magic.

Mottled Draconians
  are somewhat in touch with fire, yet are not weak with ice. They can spit
  globs of sticky flame at those adjacent to them.

Purple Draconians
  are highly adapted to all spellcasting in general, and to hexes and
  charms in particular. They are a bit better at evoking things than most
  other Draconians. They can breathe dispelling energy which strips those
  it hits of their enchantments, and are naturally more resistant to
  hostile enchantments than other draconians.

Pale Draconians
  are better at air and fire magic, and have no deficiencies in other
  schools. They breathe steam and, like their Purple cousins, have a slight
  advantage at Evocations.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.                      LIST OF CHARACTER BACKGROUNDS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

In your quest, you play as one of a large number of different types of
characters. Although each has its own strengths and weaknesses, some are
definitely easier than others, at least to begin with. The best backgrounds
for a beginner are probably Gladiators and Berserkers; if you really want
to play a magician, try a Conjurer or a Wizard. However, not all species
are equally well suited for all backgrounds. The lighter coloured choices
on the selection screen are generally considered to be the more accessible
ones.

Each background starts out with a different set of skills and items, but
from there you can shape them as you will. Note that due to peculiarities
of size or body shape, some characters start with a different inventory.

Fighters
  Fighters usually start with a good weapon, a suit of heavy armour, a
  shield, and a potion of might. They have a good general grounding in the
  arts of fighting.

Gladiators
  The Gladiator has been trained to fight in the ring, and so is versed in
  the arts of fighting, but is not so good at anything else. In fact,
  Gladiators have never learned anything except bashing monsters with heavy
  things. They start with a nasty weapon, light armour, headgear and some
  nets.

Monks
  The Monk is a member of an ascetic order dedicated to the perfection of
  one's body and soul through the discipline of the martial arts. Monks
  start with very little equipment, but can survive without the weighty
  weapons and spellbooks needed by characters of other backgrounds. When
  they choose a god for the first time, their spiritual training gives them
  a piety boost.

Berserkers
  Berserkers are hardy warriors who worship Trog the Wrathful, from whom
  they get the power to go berserk (as well as a number of other powers,
  should they prove worthy), but who forbids the use of spell magic. They
  enter the dungeon with a weapon of their choice, and dressed in animal
  skins.

Chaos Knights
  The Chaos Knight is a plaything of Xom. Xom is a very unpredictable (and
  possibly psychotic) entity who rewards or punishes according to whim.

Abyssal Knights
  The Abyssal Knight is a fighter serving Lugonu the Unformed, ruler of the
  Abyss. They are granted some power over the Abyss, and must spread death
  and disorder in return.

Skalds
  Formidable warriors in their own rights, Skalds practice a form of
  augmenting battle magic that is either chanted or sung. Unique to the
  highlands in which they originate, these spells and formulae are second
  nature: they can either inspire greatness in themselves and their allies,
  or fear in the hearts of their enemies.

Warpers
  Warpers specialise in translocation magic, and are experts in traveling
  long distances and positioning themselves precisely and use this to their
  advantage in melee or missile combat. They start with a scroll of
  blinking.

Assassins
  An Assassin is a stealthy character who is especially good at killing,
  using daggers or blowguns. They start with some deadly curare needles.

Hunters
  The Hunter is a type of fighter who specialises in missile weapons. A
  Hunter starts with either some throwing weapons or a ranged weapon and
  some ammunition, as well as a short sword or club and a set of leathers.

Arcane Marksmen
  Arcane Marksmen are Hunters who use debilitating spells to assist their
  ranged attacks. They are particularly good at keeping their enemies at a
  distance.

Artificers
  Artificers are attuned to gadgets, mechanics and magic elicited from
  arcane items, as opposed to casting magic themselves. As a consequence,
  they enter the Dungeon with an assortment of wands. Artificers are
  skilled at evoking magical items, and also understand the basics of melee
  combat.

Wanderers
  Wanderers are people who have not learned a specific trade. Instead,
  they've travelled around becoming "jacks-of-all-trades, masters of none".
  They start the game with a large, random assortment of skills and maybe
  some small items they picked up along the way, but, other than that,
  they're pretty much on their own.

Magicians
========================================

A magician is not an available character background by itself, but a type
of background, encompassing Wizards, Conjurers, Enchanters, Summoners,
Necromancers, Transmuters, various Elementalists and Venom Mages. Magicians
are the best at using magic. Among other things, they start with a robe and
a book of spells which should see them through the first several levels.

Wizards
  A Wizard is a magician who does not specialise in any area of magic.
  Wizards start with a variety of magical skills and with Magic Dart
  memorised. Their book allows them to progress in many different branches
  of the arcane arts.

Conjurers
  The Conjurer specialises in the violent and destructive magic of
  conjuration spells. Like Wizards, the Conjurer starts with the Magic Dart
  spell.

Enchanters
  The Enchanter specialises in the subtle art of hexes. Instead of directly
  damaging foes, hexes disable and debilitate them, allowing the Enchanter
  to finish the helpless creatures in combat. The Enchanter begins with
  lightly enchanted weapons and armour, as well as the Corona spell.

Summoners
  The Summoner specialises in calling creatures from this and other worlds
  to give assistance. Although they can at first summon only very wimpy
  creatures, the more advanced summoning spells allow summoners to call on
  such powers as elementals and demons.

Necromancers
  The Necromancer is a magician who specialises in the less pleasant side
  of magic. Necromantic spells are a varied bunch, but many involve some
  degree of risk or harm to the caster.

Transmuters
  Transmuters specialise in transmutation magic, and can cause strange
  changes in themselves and others. They deal damage primarily in unarmed
  combat, often using transformations to enhance their defensive and
  offensive capabilities.

Venom Mages
  Venom Mages specialise in poison magic, which is extremely useful in the
  shallower levels of the dungeon where few creatures are immune to it.

Elementalists
  Elementalists are magicians who specialise in one of the four types of
  elemental magic: air, fire, earth or ice.

  Fire Magic
    tends towards destructive conjurations.

  Ice Magic
    offers a balance between destructive conjurations and protective
    charms.

  Air Magic
    provides many useful charms in addition to some unique destructive
    capabilities.

  Earth Magic
    is a mixed bag, with destructive, debilitating and utility spells
    available.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.                             LIST OF SKILLS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Here is a description of the skills you may have. You can check your
current skills with the 'm' command, and therein toggle between progress
display and aptitude display using '*'. You can also read the table of
aptitudes from the help menu using '?%', and during character choice with
'%'.

Fighting skills
========================================

Fighting is the basic skill used in ranged and hand-to-hand combat, and
applies no matter which weapon your character is wielding (if any).
Fighting is also the skill that determines the number of hit points your
character gets as they increase in levels (note that this is calculated so
that you don't get a long run advantage by starting out with a high
Fighting skill). Unlike the specific weapon skill, Fighting does not change
the speed with which you make your attacks.

Weapon skills affect your ability to fight with specific melee weapons.
Weapon skills include:

  * Short Blades
  * Long Blades
  * Maces & Flails
  * Axes
  * Staves
  * Polearms

If you are already good using a class of weapons, say Long Blades, you'll
get a bonus to using similar weapons, like Short Blades; this is called
crosstraining and is shown in blue in the skill menu. Similar types of
weapons are:

  * Short Blades and Long Blades
  * Maces & Flails and Axes
  * Polearms and Axes
  * Staves and Polearms
  * Staves and Maces & Flails

Being good at a specific weapon improves the speed with which you attack
with it. Both the base speed and the best (lowest) possible speed are
displayed in the inventory entry for a weapon. Although lighter weapons are
easier to use initially, as they strike quickly and accurately, heavier
weapons increase in damage potential very quickly as you improve your skill
with them. You can check the current delay of your weapon by swinging it at
air (using ctrl-direction) and looking at the number in parentheses next to
your turncount.

Some weapon types have special abilities. Axes are able to cleave through
multiple enemies in a single swing, hitting enemies in an arc around the
wielder with every attack. Polearms can reach farther and allow the wielder
to attack an opponent two squares away, and even reach over monsters. Use
the 'v' command to target a specific monster with a reaching attack, or use
Autofight ('tab') to reach automatically.

Unarmed Combat is a special fighting skill. It allows your character to
make a powerful attack when unarmed and also to punch with the off hand as
an additional melee attack. The Unarmed Combat skill continues to increase
your attack speed while unarmed until it can be raised no more.

Note that auxiliary attacks (such as a Centaur's kick or a Minotaur's
headbutt) are not affected by the Unarmed Combat skill.

Ranged combat skills
========================================

There are a number of individual weapon skills for missile weapons:

  * Throwing (includes blowguns)
  * Bows
  * Crossbows
  * Slings

Throwing is the skill for all things hurled without a launcher: tomahawks,
javelins, tomahawks, nets, etc. The other skills refer to various types of
missiles shot with a launcher. An exception to this are needles: these are
launched using blowguns, an action which uses the Throwing skill. Since
stones can be thrown without launchers to some effect, these skills
crosstrain:

  * Throwing and Slings

Magic skills
========================================

Spellcasting is the basic skill for magic use. It affects your reserves of
magical energy (Magic) in the same way that Fighting affects your hit
points: every time you increase the Spellcasting skill you gain some magic
points, and you gain a spell level every time you reach a skill level
divisible by 0.5. This skill greatly influences the amount by which casting
causes hunger. Spellcasting also helps with the power and success rate of
your spells, but to a lesser extent than the more specialised magical
skills.

There are also individual skills for each different type of magic; the
higher the skill, the more powerful the spell. Multidisciplinary spells use
an average of the two or three skills.

Miscellaneous skills
========================================

Armour
  Heavier body armours give more reliable protection from damage but have
  several disadvantages.

  Having a high Armour skill means that you are used to wearing heavy
  armour, allowing you to move more freely and gain more protection. When
  you look at an armour's description (from within the inventory), you can
  see in particular how cumbersome it is. This is measured by the
  encumbrance rating.

  This skill helps to overcome the evasion penalty of body armours, reduces
  the amount by which heavy armour hampers melee fighting and also somewhat
  mitigates the bad effects of heavy armour on spellcasting. High Armour
  skill also increases the AC provided by other types of armour (gloves,
  cloaks, etc.).

Dodging
  A high Dodging skill helps you to evade melee and ranged attacks more
  effectively. This is more easily done in light armour, but can still be
  useful in heavier armour.

Stealth
  Helps you avoid being noticed, and makes monsters more likely to lose
  track of you when you leave their line of sight. Wearing heavy armour
  penalises stealth attempts. Large creatures (like Trolls) are bad at
  stealth, except for Nagas, which are unusually stealthy.

  Stealth also helps you make a very powerful first strike against a
  sleeping/resting monster who hasn't noticed you yet. This is most
  effective with a dagger, slightly less effective with other short blades
  and Felid claws, and less useful (although still by no means negligible)
  with any other weapon.

  Stealth also improves some melee attacks against confused, distracted, or
  otherwise incapacitated monsters, though this is much less effective than
  when the monster is asleep or paralysed.

  Note that in addition to the bonus from weapon type, there is an
  additional stabbing bonus based on the average of your stealth skill and
  your skill with your wielded weapon.

Shields
  Affects the amount of protection you gain by using a shield, and the
  degree to which it hinders you. For most races, 5/15/25 skill is enough
  to mitigate the encumbrance of bucklers/shields/large shields
  respectively, though larger races need less skill and and smaller races
  more.

Invocations
  Affects your ability to call on your god for aid. Those skilled at
  Invocations have reduced failure rates and produce more powerful effects.
  Some gods (such as Trog) do not require followers to learn this skill, or
  use a different skill for their abilities instead (such as Necromancy
  under Kikubaaqudgha).

Evocations
  This skill lets you use wands much more effectively, in terms of both
  damage and precision. Furthermore, with high Evocations, you can easily
  deduce the number of charges in a wand through usage. Similarly, all
  other items that have certain powers (such as crystal balls, decks of
  cards, or elemental summoners) work better for characters trained in this
  skill.

  Invocations and Evocations can increase your maximum magical reserves,
  although both have a smaller effect than Spellcasting in this regard. The
  bonuses are not cumulative; the highest contribution from Spellcasting,
  Invocations or Evocations is used.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.                        LIST OF KEYS AND COMMANDS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Main screen
========================================

Crawl has many commands to be issued by single key strokes. This can become
confusing, since there are also several modes; here is the full list. Some
commands are particularly useful in combination with certain interface
options; such options are mentioned in the list. For a description of them,
please look into options_guide.txt. For a more terse list of all commands,
use '??' in-game. Most modes (targeting, level map, interlevel travel) also
have help menus via '?' on their own.

Movement
----------------------------------------

direction
  This moves one square. The direction is either one of the numpad cursor
  keys (try both Numlock on and off) or one of the Rogue vi keys
  (hjklyubn).

Shift-direction or / direction
  This moves straight until something interesting is found (like a
  monster). If the first square is a trap, movement starts nonetheless.

o
  Auto-explore. Setting the option explore_greedy to true makes
  auto-explore run to interesting items (those that get picked up
  automatically) or piles (checking the contents). Autoexploration will
  open doors on its own except if you set travel_open_doors to false.

G or Ctrl-G
  Interlevel travel (to arbitrary dungeon levels or waypoints). Remembers
  old destinations if interrupted. This command has its own set of
  shortcuts; use ? for help on them.

Ctrl-W
  Set waypoint (a digit between 0 and 9). Check the option show_waypoints.
  You can go to a waypoint by pressing Ctrl-G or G and the digit.

Resting
----------------------------------------

s, Del, . or Numpad 5
  Rests for one turn. This is most often used tactically for waiting a few
  turns. Serious resting should be done with the 5 command, for the sake of
  your keyboard and sanity.

5 or Shift-Numpad 5
  Long resting, until both health and magic points are full.

Resting is the only way to get rid of manticore spikes, but is otherwise
indistinguishable from any other action; healing, magic point restoration,
etc, proceed at the same rate, whether you're resting or not.

Dungeon interaction
----------------------------------------

O
  Open door. This is also done automatically by walking into the door.

C
  Close door.

Ctrl-direction or * direction
  Opens/closes a door in the specified direction (if there is one), or
  else attacks without moving (even if no monster is seen).

<
  Use staircase to go higher, or use a shop, altar, or portal.

>
  Use staircase to go deeper, or use a shop, altar, or portal.

;
  Examine occupied tile and auto-pickup eligible items. Can also be used to
  pick up only part of a stack with no other item on the same square.

x
  Examine surroundings, see below. Has '?' help.

X
  Examine level map, see below. Has '?' help.

Ctrl-X
  Lists all monsters, items and features in sight. You may read their
  descriptions and travel to an item or feature.

Ctrl-O
  Show dungeon overview (branches, shops, etc.).

!
  Annotate current level. You can enter any text. This annotation is then
  listed in the dungeon overview (Ctrl-O) and also shown whenever you enter
  that level again. If you use this command when standing on a staircase,
  you may also annotate the level that staircase leads to. Should your
  annotation contain an exclamation mark (!), you will be prompted before
  entering the level. An empty string clears annotations.

Character information
--------------------------------------

'display' below means usage of the message area, 'show' means usage of the
whole screen.

@
  Display character status.

[
  Display worn armour.

}
  Display list of runes collected.

"
  Display worn jewellery.

E
  Display experience info.

^
  Show religion screen.

A
  Show abilities/mutations.

a
  Show the ability menu, allowing you to activate an ability or read its
  description.

\
  Show item knowledge. You can toggle autopickup exceptions for item types
  in this screen. The screen has its own help text.

m
  Show skill screen. You can get descriptions of present skills from that
  screen, as well as the aptitudes. The screen has its own help text.

i
  Show inventory list. Inside this list, pressing a slot key shows
  information on that item.

I
  Show list of memorised spells.

%
  Show resistances and general character overview: health, experience,
  money, gear, and status, mutations, abilities (the latter three more
  terse than with the command @, A, a). This is a highly condensed
  conglomeration of [, ", E, ^, @, A, a, $ on a single screen. Pressing the
  key of a displayed item views it.

Other game-playing commands
----------------------------------------

z
  Cast a spell. Should the spell demand monsters as targets but there are
  none within range, casting will be stopped. In this case, neither turns
  nor magic are used. If you want to cast the spell nonetheless, use Z.

Z
  Cast a spell regardless of available targets.

t
  Tell commands to allies, or shout (with tt).

Ctrl-A
  Toggle autopickup. Note that encounters with invisible monsters always
  turns autopickup off. You need to switch it on with Ctrl-A afterwards.

|
  Toggle various display layers and overlays. (Console only)

`
  Re-do previous command

0
  Repeat next command a given number of times

Non-game playing commands
----------------------------------------

?
  The help menu.

Ctrl-P
  Show previous messages.

Ctrl-R
  Redraw screen.

Ctrl-C
  Clear main and level maps.

#
  Dump character to file (name.txt).

:
  Add note to dump file (see option take_notes).

?:
  Read the notes in-game.

?V
  Display version information.

?/
  Describe a monster, spell or feature. You can enter a partial name or a
  regex instead of the full name.

~ or Ctrl-D
  Add or save macros and key mappings.

=
  Reassign inventory/spell/abilities letters.

_ (console) or F12 (WebTiles)
  Read messages (when playing online; not for local games).

-
  Edit player doll (Tiles only).

Saving games
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

S
  Save game with query and exit.

Ctrl-S
  Save game without query and exit.

Ctrl-Q
  Quit without saving (with a confirmation prompt).

Stashes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Ctrl-F
  Find. This searches in stashes and shops, you can use regular expressions
  and also terms like 'long blades', 'shop', 'altar', 'artefact'. If you
  are looking for altars to a special god, a search for 'Trog' , etc.
  works. A string like 'D:13' will list all known items on that level.
  'D:1}' will search for items on level 1 only, as opposed to 'D:1', which
  will also list items on D:10 through D:19. Once the list of all found
  places is displayed, you can cause auto-travel to go there (press the
  associated letter) or you can examine the items (press ? followed by the
  letter).

Item interaction (inventory)
========================================

{
  Inscribe item (check the autoinscribe option). An empty inscription or
  inscribing only space will remove prior inscriptions. See Appendix 5.
  "Inscriptions". You can also inscribe items when viewing them by pressing
  their slot key in the inventory.

f
  Fire quivered missile. If some monster is in sight, either the last
  target or the nearest monster will be automatically targeted. Pressing f
  again shoots.

F
  Directly choose an item and fire. Contrary to fi this does not change the
  quiver.

( and )
  Cycle quiver to next/previous suitable missile, respectively.

Q
  Quiver item from a menu.

q
  Quaff a potion.

e
  Eat food (tries floor first, inventory next). In the eating prompt, e is
  synonymous to y.

r
  Read a scroll or book.

M
  Memorise a spell from a book.

w
  Wield an item ( - for none).

'
  Wield item a, or switch to b.

v
  Evoke power of wielded item. Also used to attack non-adjacent monsters
  with a polearm.

V
  Evoke an item from the inventory. This includes using wands.

W
  Wear armour.

T
  Take off armour.

P
  Put on jewellery.

R
  Remove jewellery.

Item interaction (floor)
========================================

g or ,
  Pick up items. Use a prefix to pick up smaller quantities. As with
  dropping, Ctrl-F allows you to pick up items matching regular expression.

d
  Drop an item. Within the drop list, you can select slots based on a
  regular expression by pressing Ctrl-F, followed by the regex.

d#
  Drop exact number of items, where # is a number.

D
  Drop item(s) picked up last.

c
  Chop up a corpse. In case there are several corpses on the ground, you
  are prompted one by one. There, you can answer

  =========  ================================
  y, c       yes (chop up this corpse)
  n, Space:  no (skip this corpse)
  a          yes to all (chop up all corpses)
  q, Esc     stop chopping altogether
  =========  ================================

Shortcuts in lists (like multidrop)
========================================

When dropping, the drop menu accepts several shortcuts. The same applies to
the pickup menu. In the following, if an item is already selected, the key
will deselect it (except for ',' and '-', obviously).

(
  Select all missiles.

)
  Select all hand weapons.

[
  Select all armour.

?
  Select all scrolls.

%
  Select all food.

&
  Select all carrion and inedible food.

+ or :
  Select all books.

/
  Select all wands.

|
  Select all staves.

\
  Select all rods.

!
  Select all potions.

=
  Select all rings.

"
  Select all amulets.

}
  Select all miscellaneous items.

,
  Global select (subject to drop_filter option).

-
  Global deselect (subject to drop_filter option).

*
  Invert selection. This will allow you to select all items even if you use
  the drop_filter option.

.
  Selects next item. (If you have pressed the key of an item in the list,
  '.' will toggle the next item. This can be repeated, quickly selecting
  several subsequent items).

Level map ('X')
========================================

The level map (brought up by 'X' in the main screen) uses the whole screen
to show the dungeon.

Esc, Space
  Leave level map.

?
  Level map help.

-
  Scroll level map up.

+
  Scroll level map down.

direction
  Move cursor.

Shift-direction
  Move cursor in bigger steps (determined by the the option
  level_map_cursor_step).

.
  Travel to cursor (also Enter, Del, ',' and ';'). If the cursor is on the
  character, move cursor to last travel destination instead.

o
  Move cursor to the next autoexplore target.

v
  Describe remembered feature or monster under the cursor.

<
  Cycle through up stairs.

>
  Cycle through down stairs.

^
  Cycle through traps.

_
  Cycle through altars.

Tab
  Cycle through shops and portals.

I
  Cycle forward through all items and piles.

O
  Cycle backward through all items and piles.

G
  Select another level (by branch and depth) to view the map of.

[
  View the previous level.

]
  View the next level.

!
  Add an annotation to the current level.

Ctrl-C
  Clear level and main maps (from temporarily seen monsters, clouds, etc.).

Ctrl-F
  Forget level map.

Ctrl-U
  Restore forgotten level map.

Waypoints can be set on the level map. You can travel to waypoints using G.
The commands are:

Ctrl-W
  Set waypoint.

W
  Cycle through waypoints.

Travel exclusions mark certain spots of the map as no-go areas for
autotravel and explore.

e
  Set travel exclusion. If an exclusion is already present, change size
  (from single square to full field of vision); after that, remove
  exclusion.

Ctrl-E
  Erase all travel exclusions at once.

E
  Cycle through travel exclusions.

Examining surroundings ('x')
========================================

When roaming the dungeon, the surroundings mode is activated by 'x'. It
lets you look at items, monsters or other features in line of sight.

Esc, Space, x
  Return to playing mode.

?
  Special help screen.

* or '
  Cycle objects forward.

/ or ;
  Cycle objects backward.

+ or =
  Cycle monsters forward.

-
  Cycle monsters backward.

direction
  Move cursor.

. or Enter
  Travel to cursor (also Del).

v
  Describe feature or monster under the cursor. Some branch entries have
  special information.

>
  Cycle downstairs.

<
  Cycle upstairs.

_
  Cycle through altars.

Tab
  Cycle shops and portals.

Targeting
========================================

Targeting mode is similar to examining surroundings. It is activated
whenever you fire projectiles, evoke a wand or cast spells which use
targets. All of the commands described for examination of surroundings
work, with the exception of Space (which fires).

Esc or x
  Stop targeting.

?
  Special help screen.

Enter
  Fire at cursor direction (also Del and Space).

.
  Fire at cursor position and stop there. This can be useful to avoid
  damaging allies, or to avoid losing arrows.

p
  Fire at previous target (if still in sight).

f
  Smart-firing: fire at previous target, if it is still in sight; and else
  fire at the cursor position. You can start shooting at an opponent with
  'ff' and then keep firing with 'ff'.

:
  Toggle display of the beam path.

( and )
  These two commands allow you to change ammunition while targeting. The
  choice is subject to the fire_order option. Usually, you change missiles
  according to your launcher; i.e. when wielding a bow, ( and ) will cycle
  through all stacks of arrows in your inventory.

Shift-direction
  Fire straight in that direction.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.                              INSCRIPTIONS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

You can use the { command to manually inscribe items; alternatively, you
can also inscribe when viewing items from the inventory (done by pressing
the item's letter). This adds a note in curly braces to the item
description. Besides simply allowing you to make comments about items,
there are several further uses.

Inscriptions as shortcuts
========================================

You can use inscriptions to define shortcuts for easy access to items,
regardless of their actual inventory letter. For example, if an item's
inscription contains "@w9", you can type 'w9' in order to wield it. Instead
of the 9, any other digit works as well. And instead of 'w'ield, any other
command used for handling items can be used: 'e'at, 'r'ead, 'q'uaff,
e'v'oke, 'f'ire, etc. Using "@*9" will make any action command followed by
'9' use this item.

Safety inscriptions
========================================

Inscriptions containing the following strings affect the behaviour of some
commands:

!*
  Prompt before any action using this item.

!w
  Prompt before wielding and unwielding this item.

!a
  Prompt before attacking when wielding this item. Non-weapons and ranged
  weapons prompt automatically. Also, if you answer 'y', you won't be
  prompted again until you switch weapons.

!d
  Prompt before dropping this item.

!e
  Prompt before eating this item.

!q
  Prompt before quaffing this item.

!r
  Prompt before reading this item.

!f
  Prompt before firing or throwing this item.

!W
  Prompt before wearing this armour.

!T
  Prompt before taking off this armour.

!P
  Prompt before putting on this jewellery.

!R
  Prompt before removing this jewellery.

!v
  Prompt before evoking this item.

!Q
  Prompt before explicitly quivering this item.

=g
  Pick this item up automatically if autopickup is on.

=f
  Exclude this item from automatic quivering.

+f
  Include this item in automatic quivering.

=F
  Exclude this item when cycling ammunition.

+F
  Include this item when cycling ammunition.

=R
  Do not offer to swap out this ring if another one can be removed instead.

!D
  Prompt before performing an action that might destroy this item. If
  you're attempting to destroy an item thus inscribed by turning it into a
  snake, or burning it in the name of Trog, the game won't even ask you for
  confirmation but will ignore the item. However, it won't protect against
  lava or deep water accidents.

You can use the autoinscribe option to have some items automatically
inscribed. See options_guide.txt for details. Some examples are:

  autoinscribe = royal jelly:=g
  autoinscribe = wand of heal wounds:!v

Artefact autoinscriptions
========================================

Artefacts are automatically inscribed with abbreviated descriptions of
their properties. The inscriptions use the following general ideas:

rXXX
  signifies a resistance; e.g. rF+ (a level of fire resistance), rN+++
  (three levels of negative energy resistance), rC- (cold vulnerability).

+XXX
  signifies an ability you can evoke via the 'a' command. E.g. +Fly
  (evocable, temporary flight).

-XXX
  signifies a suppressed ability. E.g. -Cast (spellcasting forbidden).

XX+6
  means a boost to some numerical stat (similar with XX-2, etc.). E.g.
  Slay+3 (+3 to accuracy and damage of melee and ranged combat).

For more information, examine an item (by selecting it in your
(i)nventory); each property of an artefact will be listed and described.