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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00020000000000000000"></A><A NAME="xref_how_to_read_this_document"></A><A NAME="how_to"></A>
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How to read this document
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<P>
This document tells a programmer how to mix program segments written in FORTRAN
and C <I>in a portable way</I>.
It provides information on several levels from a quick ``how to get
started'' cookbook, down to machine-specific details.
The cookbook will tell you how to
write programs, but without much of the background information of what is
really going on. After you have tried a few programs, you will probably want to
read the rest of the document.
<P>
Before you embark upon mixed language programming, it may be worth reading the
<A HREF="node64.html#rationale">Rationale for mixed language programming</A>
which discusses the problems and
offers some alternatives.
<P>
The current system is supported for Sun systems running Solaris, DEC Alphas
running OSF/1, and PC's running Linux but in the past has run successfully on
SunOS, Ultrix and VAX/VMS.
Reference is made to the VAX/VMS system in this document as it is in
many respects very different from the Unix systems and so provides a useful
comparison. You should consult the VMS Starlink documentation set
about the VAX/VMS version however, as not all the facilities described here are
available in it, <I>even if a VAX/VMS example is given</I>.
<P>
Full descriptions of the C
<A HREF="node77.html#f77_description">macros</A>
and
<A HREF="node154.html#cnf_description">functions</A>
involved are
provided.
The macro names in the text will often include the
legend <TT><I>type</I></TT> to indicate a generic macro name. In this case,
<TT><I>type</I></TT> may normally be one of <TT>INTEGER</TT>,
<TT>REAL</TT>, <TT>DOUBLE</TT>, <TT>LOGICAL</TT> or <TT>CHARACTER</TT>.
Types <TT>BYTE</TT> and <TT>WORD</TT> and their unsigned versions
<TT>UBYTE</TT> and <TT>UWORD</TT> are also available but do not correspond to
standard FORTRAN types so should be avoided.
<TT><I>type</I></TT> may also be <TT>POINTER</TT> - again this is not a
standard FORTRAN type but it is more commonly
<A HREF="node31.html#f77_pointers">used in Starlink software</A>.
<P>
For consistency with other Starlink libraries the CNF function names were
changed (at Version 4.0) from the form <TT>cnf_name</TT> to the form
<TT>cnfName</TT>.
The old names are still permitted via macros defined in the <TT>f77.h</TT>
header file.
<P>
There is also a section on
<A HREF="node44.html#compiling_and_linking">how to compile and link the programs</A>.
<P>
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<ADDRESS>
<I>CNF and F77 Mixed Language Programming -- FORTRAN and C<BR>Starlink User Note 209<BR>P.M. Allan<BR>A.J. Chipperfield<BR>R.F. Warren-Smith<BR>19 January 2000<BR>E-mail:<A HREF="mailto:ussc@star.rl.ac.uk">ussc@star.rl.ac.uk</A></I>
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