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<title>
Geodesic lines, circles, envelopes in Google Maps (instructions)
</title>
<meta name="description"
content="Geodesic lines, circles,
envelopes in Google Maps (instructions)" />
<meta name="author" content="Charles F. F. Karney">
<meta name="keywords"
content="geodesics,
geodesic distance,
geographic distance,
shortest path,
direct geodesic problem,
inverse geodesic problem,
distance and azimuth,
distance and heading,
range and bearing,
geographic circle,
geodesic envelope,
geodesic astroid,
latitude and longitude,
Google Maps,
WGS84 ellipsoid,
GeographicLib" />
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<h2>
Geodesic lines, circles, envelopes in Google Maps (instructions)
</h2>
<p>
The <a href="geod-google.html">page</a> allows you to draw
accurate ellipsoidal geodesics on Google Maps. You can specify the
geodesic in one of two forms:
<ul>
<li>
The <b>direct</b> problem: specify a starting point, an
azimuth and a distance as <i>lat1 lon1 azi1 s12</i> as degrees
and meters.
<li>
The <b>inverse</b> problem: specify the two end points
as <i>lat1 lon1 lat2 lon2</i> as degrees; this finds the
shortest path between the two points.
</ul>
(Angles may be entered as decimal degrees or as degrees, minutes,
and seconds, e.g. -20.51125, 20°30′40.5″S,
S20d30'40.5", or -20:30:40.5.) Click on the
corresponding "compute" button. The display then shows
<ul>
<li>The requested geodesic as a <font color="blue">blue
line</font>; the WGS84 ellipsoid model is used.
<li>The geodesic circle as a <font color="green">green
curve</font>; this shows the locus of points a
distance <i>s12</i> from <i>lat1, lon1</i>.
<li>The geodesic envelopes as <font color="red">red
curves</font>; all the geodesics emanating from <i>lat1,
lon1</i> are tangent to the envelopes (providing they are
extended far enough). The number of solutions to the inverse
problem changes depending on whether <i>lat2, lon2</i> lies
inside the envelopes. For example, there are four (resp. two)
approximately hemispheroidal geodesics if this point lies
inside (resp. outside) the inner envelope (only one of which
is a shortest path).
</ul>
</p>
<p>
The sample data has <i>lat1, lon1</i> in Wellington, New
Zealand, <i>lat2, lon2</i> in Salamanca, Spain, and <i>s12</i>
about 1.5 times the earth's circumference. Try clicking on the
"compute" button next to the "Direct:" input box when the page
first loads. You can navigate around the map using the normal
Google Map controls.
</p>
<p>
The precision of output for the geodesic is 0.1" or 1 m.
A text-only <a href="geod-calc.html">geodesic calculator</a> based
on the same JavaScript library is also available; this calculator
solves the inverse and direct geodesic problems, computes
intermediate points on a geodesic, and finds the area of a
geodesic polygon; it allows you to specify the precision of the
output and choose between decimal degrees and degress, minutes,
and seconds.
<p>
The Javascipt code for computing the geodesic lines, circles, and
envelopes is part of
<a href="http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/">GeographicLib</a>.
The algorithms are derived in
<blockquote>
Charles F. F. Karney,<br>
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0578-z">
<i>Algorithms for geodesics</i></a>,<br>
J. Geodesy <b>87</b>(1), 43–55 (Jan. 2013);<br>
DOI:
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0578-z">
10.1007/s00190-012-0578-z</a>
(<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0578-z">pdf</a>);<br>
addenda: <a href="http://geographiclib.sf.net/geod-addenda.html">
geod-addenda.html</a>.
</blockquote>
In putting together this Google Maps demonstration, I started with
the sample code
<a href="https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/examples/geometry-headings">
geometry-headings</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<address>Charles Karney
<a href="mailto:charles@karney.com"><charles@karney.com></a>
(2011-08-02)</address>
<br>
<a href="http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net">Geographiclib Sourceforge</a>
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