This file is indexed.

/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/sqlobject/dbconnection.py is in python-sqlobject 1.6.0-1.

This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o644.

The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
import atexit
from cgi import parse_qsl
import inspect
import new
import os
import sys
import threading
import types
import urllib
import warnings
import weakref

from cache import CacheSet
import classregistry
import col
from converters import sqlrepr
import main
import sqlbuilder
from util.threadinglocal import local as threading_local

warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "DB-API extension cursor.lastrowid used")

_connections = {}

def _closeConnection(ref):
    conn = ref()
    if conn is not None:
        conn.close()

class ConsoleWriter:
    def __init__(self, connection, loglevel):
        # loglevel: None or empty string for stdout; or 'stderr'
        self.loglevel = loglevel or "stdout"
        self.dbEncoding = getattr(connection, "dbEncoding", None) or "ascii"
    def write(self, text):
        logfile = getattr(sys, self.loglevel)
        if isinstance(text, unicode):
            try:
                text = text.encode(self.dbEncoding)
            except UnicodeEncodeError:
                text = repr(text)[2:-1] # Remove u'...' from the repr
        logfile.write(text + '\n')

class LogWriter:
    def __init__(self, connection, logger, loglevel):
        self.logger = logger
        self.loglevel = loglevel
        self.logmethod = getattr(logger, loglevel)
    def write(self, text):
        self.logmethod(text)

def makeDebugWriter(connection, loggerName, loglevel):
    if not loggerName:
        return ConsoleWriter(connection, loglevel)
    import logging
    logger = logging.getLogger(loggerName)
    return LogWriter(connection, logger, loglevel)

class Boolean(object):
    """A bool class that also understands some special string keywords (yes/no, true/false, on/off, 1/0)"""
    _keywords = {'1': True, 'yes': True, 'true': True, 'on': True,
                 '0': False, 'no': False, 'false': False, 'off': False}
    def __new__(cls, value):
        try:
            return Boolean._keywords[value.lower()]
        except (AttributeError, KeyError):
            return bool(value)

class DBConnection:

    def __init__(self, name=None, debug=False, debugOutput=False,
                 cache=True, style=None, autoCommit=True,
                 debugThreading=False, registry=None,
                 logger=None, loglevel=None):
        self.name = name
        self.debug = Boolean(debug)
        self.debugOutput = Boolean(debugOutput)
        self.debugThreading = Boolean(debugThreading)
        self.debugWriter = makeDebugWriter(self, logger, loglevel)
        self.doCache = Boolean(cache)
        self.cache = CacheSet(cache=self.doCache)
        self.style = style
        self._connectionNumbers = {}
        self._connectionCount = 1
        self.autoCommit = Boolean(autoCommit)
        self.registry = registry or None
        classregistry.registry(self.registry).addCallback(self.soClassAdded)
        registerConnectionInstance(self)
        atexit.register(_closeConnection, weakref.ref(self))

    def oldUri(self):
        auth = getattr(self, 'user', '') or ''
        if auth:
            if self.password:
                auth = auth + ':' + self.password
            auth = auth + '@'
        else:
            assert not getattr(self, 'password', None), (
                'URIs cannot express passwords without usernames')
        uri = '%s://%s' % (self.dbName, auth)
        if self.host:
            uri += self.host
            if self.port:
                uri += ':%d' % self.port
        uri += '/'
        db = self.db
        if db.startswith('/'):
            db = db[1:]
        return uri + db

    def uri(self):
        auth = getattr(self, 'user', '') or ''
        if auth:
            auth = urllib.quote(auth)
            if self.password:
                auth = auth + ':' + urllib.quote(self.password)
            auth = auth + '@'
        else:
            assert not getattr(self, 'password', None), (
                'URIs cannot express passwords without usernames')
        uri = '%s://%s' % (self.dbName, auth)
        if self.host:
            uri += self.host
            if self.port:
                uri += ':%d' % self.port
        uri += '/'
        db = self.db
        if db.startswith('/'):
            db = db[1:]
        return uri + urllib.quote(db)

    @classmethod
    def connectionFromOldURI(cls, uri):
        return cls._connectionFromParams(*cls._parseOldURI(uri))

    @classmethod
    def connectionFromURI(cls, uri):
        return cls._connectionFromParams(*cls._parseURI(uri))

    @staticmethod
    def _parseOldURI(uri):
        schema, rest = uri.split(':', 1)
        assert rest.startswith('/'), "URIs must start with scheme:/ -- you did not include a / (in %r)" % rest
        if rest.startswith('/') and not rest.startswith('//'):
            host = None
            rest = rest[1:]
        elif rest.startswith('///'):
            host = None
            rest = rest[3:]
        else:
            rest = rest[2:]
            if rest.find('/') == -1:
                host = rest
                rest = ''
            else:
                host, rest = rest.split('/', 1)
        if host and host.find('@') != -1:
            user, host = host.rsplit('@', 1)
            if user.find(':') != -1:
                user, password = user.split(':', 1)
            else:
                password = None
        else:
            user = password = None
        if host and host.find(':') != -1:
            _host, port = host.split(':')
            try:
                port = int(port)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError, "port must be integer, got '%s' instead" % port
            if not (1 <= port <= 65535):
                raise ValueError, "port must be integer in the range 1-65535, got '%d' instead" % port
            host = _host
        else:
            port = None
        path = '/' + rest
        if os.name == 'nt':
            if (len(rest) > 1) and (rest[1] == '|'):
                path = "%s:%s" % (rest[0], rest[2:])
        args = {}
        if path.find('?') != -1:
            path, arglist = path.split('?', 1)
            arglist = arglist.split('&')
            for single in arglist:
                argname, argvalue = single.split('=', 1)
                argvalue = urllib.unquote(argvalue)
                args[argname] = argvalue
        return user, password, host, port, path, args

    @staticmethod
    def _parseURI(uri):
        protocol, request = urllib.splittype(uri)
        user, password, port = None, None, None
        host, path = urllib.splithost(request)

        if host:
            # Python < 2.7 have a problem - splituser() calls unquote() too early
            #user, host = urllib.splituser(host)
            if '@' in host:
                user, host = host.split('@', 1)
            if user:
                user, password = [x and urllib.unquote(x) or None for x in urllib.splitpasswd(user)]
            host, port = urllib.splitport(host)
            if port: port = int(port)
        elif host == '':
            host = None

        # hash-tag is splitted but ignored
        path, tag = urllib.splittag(path)
        path, query = urllib.splitquery(path)

        path = urllib.unquote(path)
        if (os.name == 'nt') and (len(path) > 2):
            # Preserve backward compatibility with URIs like /C|/path;
            # replace '|' by ':'
            if path[2] == '|':
                path = "%s:%s" % (path[0:2], path[3:])
            # Remove leading slash
            if (path[0] == '/') and (path[2] == ':'):
                path = path[1:]

        args = {}
        if query:
            for name, value in parse_qsl(query):
                args[name] = value

        return user, password, host, port, path, args

    def soClassAdded(self, soClass):
        """
        This is called for each new class; we use this opportunity
        to create an instance method that is bound to the class
        and this connection.
        """
        name = soClass.__name__
        assert not hasattr(self, name), (
            "Connection %r already has an attribute with the name "
            "%r (and you just created the conflicting class %r)"
            % (self, name, soClass))
        setattr(self, name, ConnWrapper(soClass, self))

    def expireAll(self):
        """
        Expire all instances of objects for this connection.
        """
        cache_set = self.cache
        cache_set.weakrefAll()
        for item in cache_set.getAll():
            item.expire()

class ConnWrapper(object):

    """
    This represents a SQLObject class that is bound to a specific
    connection (instances have a connection instance variable, but
    classes are global, so this is binds the connection variable
    lazily when a class method is accessed)
    """
    # @@: methods that take connection arguments should be explicitly
    # marked up instead of the implicit use of a connection argument
    # and inspect.getargspec()

    def __init__(self, soClass, connection):
        self._soClass = soClass
        self._connection = connection

    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
        kw['connection'] = self._connection
        return self._soClass(*args, **kw)

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        meth = getattr(self._soClass, attr)
        if not isinstance(meth, types.MethodType):
            # We don't need to wrap non-methods
            return meth
        try:
            takes_conn = meth.takes_connection
        except AttributeError:
            args, varargs, varkw, defaults = inspect.getargspec(meth)
            assert not varkw and not varargs, (
                "I cannot tell whether I must wrap this method, "
                "because it takes **kw: %r"
                % meth)
            takes_conn = 'connection' in args
            meth.im_func.takes_connection = takes_conn
        if not takes_conn:
            return meth
        return ConnMethodWrapper(meth, self._connection)

class ConnMethodWrapper(object):

    def __init__(self, method, connection):
        self._method = method
        self._connection = connection

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        return getattr(self._method, attr)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
        kw['connection'] = self._connection
        return self._method(*args, **kw)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<Wrapped %r with connection %r>' % (
            self._method, self._connection)

class DBAPI(DBConnection):

    """
    Subclass must define a `makeConnection()` method, which
    returns a newly-created connection object.

    ``queryInsertID`` must also be defined.
    """

    dbName = None

    def __init__(self, **kw):
        self._pool = []
        self._poolLock = threading.Lock()
        DBConnection.__init__(self, **kw)
        self._binaryType = type(self.module.Binary(''))

    def _runWithConnection(self, meth, *args):
        conn = self.getConnection()
        try:
            val = meth(conn, *args)
        finally:
            self.releaseConnection(conn)
        return val

    def getConnection(self):
        self._poolLock.acquire()
        try:
            if not self._pool:
                conn = self.makeConnection()
                self._connectionNumbers[id(conn)] = self._connectionCount
                self._connectionCount += 1
            else:
                conn = self._pool.pop()
            if self.debug:
                s = 'ACQUIRE'
                if self._pool is not None:
                    s += ' pool=[%s]' % ', '.join([str(self._connectionNumbers[id(v)]) for v in self._pool])
                self.printDebug(conn, s, 'Pool')
            return conn
        finally:
            self._poolLock.release()

    def releaseConnection(self, conn, explicit=False):
        if self.debug:
            if explicit:
                s = 'RELEASE (explicit)'
            else:
                s = 'RELEASE (implicit, autocommit=%s)' % self.autoCommit
            if self._pool is None:
                s += ' no pooling'
            else:
                s += ' pool=[%s]' % ', '.join([str(self._connectionNumbers[id(v)]) for v in self._pool])
            self.printDebug(conn, s, 'Pool')
        if self.supportTransactions and not explicit:
            if self.autoCommit == 'exception':
                if self.debug:
                    self.printDebug(conn, 'auto/exception', 'ROLLBACK')
                conn.rollback()
                raise Exception, 'Object used outside of a transaction; implicit COMMIT or ROLLBACK not allowed'
            elif self.autoCommit:
                if self.debug:
                    self.printDebug(conn, 'auto', 'COMMIT')
                if not getattr(conn, 'autocommit', False):
                    conn.commit()
            else:
                if self.debug:
                    self.printDebug(conn, 'auto', 'ROLLBACK')
                conn.rollback()
        if self._pool is not None:
            if conn not in self._pool:
                # @@: We can get duplicate releasing of connections with
                # the __del__ in Iteration (unfortunately, not sure why
                # it happens)
                self._pool.insert(0, conn)
        else:
            conn.close()

    def printDebug(self, conn, s, name, type='query'):
        if name == 'Pool' and self.debug != 'Pool':
            return
        if type == 'query':
            sep = ': '
        else:
            sep = '->'
            s = repr(s)
        n = self._connectionNumbers[id(conn)]
        spaces = ' '*(8-len(name))
        if self.debugThreading:
            threadName = threading.currentThread().getName()
            threadName = (':' + threadName + ' '*(8-len(threadName)))
        else:
            threadName = ''
        msg = '%(n)2i%(threadName)s/%(name)s%(spaces)s%(sep)s %(s)s' % locals()
        self.debugWriter.write(msg)

    def _executeRetry(self, conn, cursor, query):
        if self.debug:
            self.printDebug(conn, query, 'QueryR')
        return cursor.execute(query)

    def _query(self, conn, s):
        if self.debug:
            self.printDebug(conn, s, 'Query')
        self._executeRetry(conn, conn.cursor(), s)

    def query(self, s):
        return self._runWithConnection(self._query, s)

    def _queryAll(self, conn, s):
        if self.debug:
            self.printDebug(conn, s, 'QueryAll')
        c = conn.cursor()
        self._executeRetry(conn, c, s)
        value = c.fetchall()
        if self.debugOutput:
            self.printDebug(conn, value, 'QueryAll', 'result')
        return value

    def queryAll(self, s):
        return self._runWithConnection(self._queryAll, s)

    def _queryAllDescription(self, conn, s):
        """
        Like queryAll, but returns (description, rows), where the
        description is cursor.description (which gives row types)
        """
        if self.debug:
            self.printDebug(conn, s, 'QueryAllDesc')
        c = conn.cursor()
        self._executeRetry(conn, c, s)
        value = c.fetchall()
        if self.debugOutput:
            self.printDebug(conn, value, 'QueryAll', 'result')
        return c.description, value

    def queryAllDescription(self, s):
        return self._runWithConnection(self._queryAllDescription, s)

    def _queryOne(self, conn, s):
        if self.debug:
            self.printDebug(conn, s, 'QueryOne')
        c = conn.cursor()
        self._executeRetry(conn, c, s)
        value = c.fetchone()
        if self.debugOutput:
            self.printDebug(conn, value, 'QueryOne', 'result')
        return value

    def queryOne(self, s):
        return self._runWithConnection(self._queryOne, s)

    def _insertSQL(self, table, names, values):
        return ("INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s)" %
                (table, ', '.join(names),
                 ', '.join([self.sqlrepr(v) for v in values])))

    def transaction(self):
        return Transaction(self)

    def queryInsertID(self, soInstance, id, names, values):
        return self._runWithConnection(self._queryInsertID, soInstance, id, names, values)

    def iterSelect(self, select):
        return select.IterationClass(self, self.getConnection(),
                         select, keepConnection=False)

    def accumulateSelect(self, select, *expressions):
        """ Apply an accumulate function(s) (SUM, COUNT, MIN, AVG, MAX, etc...)
            to the select object.
        """
        q = select.queryForSelect().newItems(expressions).unlimited().orderBy(None)
        q = self.sqlrepr(q)
        val = self.queryOne(q)
        if len(expressions) == 1:
            val = val[0]
        return val

    def queryForSelect(self, select):
        return self.sqlrepr(select.queryForSelect())

    def _SO_createJoinTable(self, join):
        self.query(self._SO_createJoinTableSQL(join))

    def _SO_createJoinTableSQL(self, join):
        return ('CREATE TABLE %s (\n%s %s,\n%s %s\n)' %
                (join.intermediateTable,
                 join.joinColumn,
                 self.joinSQLType(join),
                 join.otherColumn,
                 self.joinSQLType(join)))

    def _SO_dropJoinTable(self, join):
        self.query("DROP TABLE %s" % join.intermediateTable)

    def _SO_createIndex(self, soClass, index):
        self.query(self.createIndexSQL(soClass, index))

    def createIndexSQL(self, soClass, index):
        assert 0, 'Implement in subclasses'

    def createTable(self, soClass):
        createSql, constraints = self.createTableSQL(soClass)
        self.query(createSql)

        return constraints

    def createReferenceConstraints(self, soClass):
        refConstraints = [self.createReferenceConstraint(soClass, column) \
                          for column in soClass.sqlmeta.columnList \
                          if isinstance(column, col.SOForeignKey)]
        refConstraintDefs = [constraint \
                             for constraint in refConstraints \
                             if constraint]
        return refConstraintDefs

    def createSQL(self, soClass):
        tableCreateSQLs = getattr(soClass.sqlmeta, 'createSQL', None)
        if tableCreateSQLs:
            assert isinstance(tableCreateSQLs,(str,list,dict,tuple)), (
                '%s.sqlmeta.createSQL must be a str, list, dict or tuple.' %
                (soClass.__name__))
            if isinstance(tableCreateSQLs, dict):
                tableCreateSQLs = tableCreateSQLs.get(soClass._connection.dbName, [])
            if isinstance(tableCreateSQLs, str):
                tableCreateSQLs = [tableCreateSQLs]
            if isinstance(tableCreateSQLs, tuple):
                tableCreateSQLs = list(tableCreateSQLs)
            assert isinstance(tableCreateSQLs,list), (
                'Unable to create a list from %s.sqlmeta.createSQL' %
                (soClass.__name__))
        return tableCreateSQLs or []

    def createTableSQL(self, soClass):
        constraints = self.createReferenceConstraints(soClass)
        extraSQL = self.createSQL(soClass)
        createSql = ('CREATE TABLE %s (\n%s\n)' %
                (soClass.sqlmeta.table, self.createColumns(soClass)))
        return createSql, constraints + extraSQL

    def createColumns(self, soClass):
        columnDefs = [self.createIDColumn(soClass)] \
                     + [self.createColumn(soClass, col)
                        for col in soClass.sqlmeta.columnList]
        return ",\n".join(["    %s" % c for c in columnDefs])

    def createReferenceConstraint(self, soClass, col):
        assert 0, "Implement in subclasses"

    def createColumn(self, soClass, col):
        assert 0, "Implement in subclasses"

    def dropTable(self, tableName, cascade=False):
        self.query("DROP TABLE %s" % tableName)

    def clearTable(self, tableName):
        # 3-03 @@: Should this have a WHERE 1 = 1 or similar
        # clause?  In some configurations without the WHERE clause
        # the query won't go through, but maybe we shouldn't override
        # that.
        self.query("DELETE FROM %s" % tableName)

    def createBinary(self, value):
        """
        Create a binary object wrapper for the given database.
        """
        # Default is Binary() function from the connection driver.
        return self.module.Binary(value)

    # The _SO_* series of methods are sorts of "friend" methods
    # with SQLObject.  They grab values from the SQLObject instances
    # or classes freely, but keep the SQLObject class from accessing
    # the database directly.  This way no SQL is actually created
    # in the SQLObject class.

    def _SO_update(self, so, values):
        self.query("UPDATE %s SET %s WHERE %s = (%s)" %
                   (so.sqlmeta.table,
                    ", ".join(["%s = (%s)" % (dbName, self.sqlrepr(value))
                               for dbName, value in values]),
                    so.sqlmeta.idName,
                    self.sqlrepr(so.id)))

    def _SO_selectOne(self, so, columnNames):
        return self._SO_selectOneAlt(so, columnNames, so.q.id==so.id)


    def _SO_selectOneAlt(self, so, columnNames, condition):
        if columnNames:
            columns = [isinstance(x, basestring) and sqlbuilder.SQLConstant(x) or x for x in columnNames]
        else:
            columns = None
        return self.queryOne(self.sqlrepr(sqlbuilder.Select(columns,
                                                            staticTables=[so.sqlmeta.table],
                                                            clause=condition)))

    def _SO_delete(self, so):
        self.query("DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s = (%s)" %
                   (so.sqlmeta.table,
                    so.sqlmeta.idName,
                    self.sqlrepr(so.id)))

    def _SO_selectJoin(self, soClass, column, value):
        return self.queryAll("SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s = (%s)" %
                             (soClass.sqlmeta.idName,
                              soClass.sqlmeta.table,
                              column,
                              self.sqlrepr(value)))

    def _SO_intermediateJoin(self, table, getColumn, joinColumn, value):
        return self.queryAll("SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s = (%s)" %
                             (getColumn,
                              table,
                              joinColumn,
                              self.sqlrepr(value)))

    def _SO_intermediateDelete(self, table, firstColumn, firstValue,
                               secondColumn, secondValue):
        self.query("DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s = (%s) AND %s = (%s)" %
                   (table,
                    firstColumn,
                    self.sqlrepr(firstValue),
                    secondColumn,
                    self.sqlrepr(secondValue)))

    def _SO_intermediateInsert(self, table, firstColumn, firstValue,
                               secondColumn, secondValue):
        self.query("INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%s, %s)" %
                   (table,
                    firstColumn,
                    secondColumn,
                    self.sqlrepr(firstValue),
                    self.sqlrepr(secondValue)))

    def _SO_columnClause(self, soClass, kw):
        ops = {None: "IS"}
        data = {}
        if 'id' in kw:
            data[soClass.sqlmeta.idName] = kw.pop('id')
        for key, col in soClass.sqlmeta.columns.items():
            if key in kw:
                value = kw.pop(key)
                if col.from_python:
                    value = col.from_python(value, sqlbuilder.SQLObjectState(soClass, connection=self))
                data[col.dbName] = value
            elif col.foreignName in kw:
                obj = kw.pop(col.foreignName)
                if isinstance(obj, main.SQLObject):
                    data[col.dbName] = obj.id
                else:
                    data[col.dbName] = obj
        if kw:
            # pick the first key from kw to use to raise the error,
            raise TypeError, "got an unexpected keyword argument(s): %r" % kw.keys()

        if not data:
            return None
        return ' AND '.join(
            ['%s %s %s' %
             (dbName, ops.get(value, "="), self.sqlrepr(value))
             for dbName, value
             in data.items()])

    def sqlrepr(self, v):
        return sqlrepr(v, self.dbName)

    def __del__(self):
        self.close()

    def close(self):
        if not hasattr(self, '_pool'):
            # Probably there was an exception while creating this
            # instance, so it is incomplete.
            return
        if not self._pool:
            return
        self._poolLock.acquire()
        try:
            if not self._pool: # _pool could be filled in a different thread
                return
            conns = self._pool[:]
            self._pool[:] = []
            for conn in conns:
                try:
                    conn.close()
                except self.module.Error:
                    pass
            del conn
            del conns
        finally:
            self._poolLock.release()

    def createEmptyDatabase(self):
        """
        Create an empty database.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

class Iteration(object):

    def __init__(self, dbconn, rawconn, select, keepConnection=False):
        self.dbconn = dbconn
        self.rawconn = rawconn
        self.select = select
        self.keepConnection = keepConnection
        self.cursor = rawconn.cursor()
        self.query = self.dbconn.queryForSelect(select)
        if dbconn.debug:
            dbconn.printDebug(rawconn, self.query, 'Select')
        self.dbconn._executeRetry(self.rawconn, self.cursor, self.query)

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def next(self):
        result = self.cursor.fetchone()
        if result is None:
            self._cleanup()
            raise StopIteration
        if result[0] is None:
            return None
        if self.select.ops.get('lazyColumns', 0):
            obj = self.select.sourceClass.get(result[0], connection=self.dbconn)
            return obj
        else:
            obj = self.select.sourceClass.get(result[0], selectResults=result[1:], connection=self.dbconn)
            return obj

    def _cleanup(self):
        if getattr(self, 'query', None) is None:
            # already cleaned up
            return
        self.query = None
        if not self.keepConnection:
            self.dbconn.releaseConnection(self.rawconn)
        self.dbconn = self.rawconn = self.select = self.cursor = None

    def __del__(self):
        self._cleanup()

class Transaction(object):

    def __init__(self, dbConnection):
        # this is to skip __del__ in case of an exception in this __init__
        self._obsolete = True
        self._dbConnection = dbConnection
        self._connection = dbConnection.getConnection()
        self._dbConnection._setAutoCommit(self._connection, 0)
        self.cache = CacheSet(cache=dbConnection.doCache)
        self._deletedCache = {}
        self._obsolete = False

    def assertActive(self):
        assert not self._obsolete, "This transaction has already gone through ROLLBACK; begin another transaction"

    def query(self, s):
        self.assertActive()
        return self._dbConnection._query(self._connection, s)

    def queryAll(self, s):
        self.assertActive()
        return self._dbConnection._queryAll(self._connection, s)

    def queryOne(self, s):
        self.assertActive()
        return self._dbConnection._queryOne(self._connection, s)

    def queryInsertID(self, soInstance, id, names, values):
        self.assertActive()
        return self._dbConnection._queryInsertID(
            self._connection, soInstance, id, names, values)

    def iterSelect(self, select):
        self.assertActive()
        # We can't keep the cursor open with results in a transaction,
        # because we might want to use the connection while we're
        # still iterating through the results.
        # @@: But would it be okay for psycopg, with threadsafety
        # level 2?
        return iter(list(select.IterationClass(self, self._connection,
                                   select, keepConnection=True)))

    def _SO_delete(self, inst):
        cls = inst.__class__.__name__
        if not cls in self._deletedCache:
            self._deletedCache[cls] = []
        self._deletedCache[cls].append(inst.id)
        meth = new.instancemethod(self._dbConnection._SO_delete.im_func, self, self.__class__)
        return meth(inst)

    def commit(self, close=False):
        if self._obsolete:
            # @@: is it okay to get extraneous commits?
            return
        if self._dbConnection.debug:
            self._dbConnection.printDebug(self._connection, '', 'COMMIT')
        self._connection.commit()
        subCaches = [(sub[0], sub[1].allIDs()) for sub in self.cache.allSubCachesByClassNames().items()]
        subCaches.extend([(x[0], x[1]) for x in self._deletedCache.items()])
        for cls, ids in subCaches:
            for id in ids:
                inst = self._dbConnection.cache.tryGetByName(id, cls)
                if inst is not None:
                    inst.expire()
        if close:
            self._makeObsolete()

    def rollback(self):
        if self._obsolete:
            # @@: is it okay to get extraneous rollbacks?
            return
        if self._dbConnection.debug:
            self._dbConnection.printDebug(self._connection, '', 'ROLLBACK')
        subCaches = [(sub, sub.allIDs()) for sub in self.cache.allSubCaches()]
        self._connection.rollback()

        for subCache, ids in subCaches:
            for id in ids:
                inst = subCache.tryGet(id)
                if inst is not None:
                    inst.expire()
        self._makeObsolete()

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        """
        If nothing else works, let the parent connection handle it.
        Except with this transaction as 'self'.  Poor man's
        acquisition?  Bad programming?  Okay, maybe.
        """
        self.assertActive()
        attr = getattr(self._dbConnection, attr)
        try:
            func = attr.im_func
        except AttributeError:
            if isinstance(attr, ConnWrapper):
                return ConnWrapper(attr._soClass, self)
            else:
                return attr
        else:
            meth = new.instancemethod(func, self, self.__class__)
            return meth

    def _makeObsolete(self):
        self._obsolete = True
        if self._dbConnection.autoCommit:
            self._dbConnection._setAutoCommit(self._connection, 1)
        self._dbConnection.releaseConnection(self._connection,
                                             explicit=True)
        self._connection = None
        self._deletedCache = {}

    def begin(self):
        # @@: Should we do this, or should begin() be a no-op when we're
        # not already obsolete?
        assert self._obsolete, "You cannot begin a new transaction session without rolling back this one"
        self._obsolete = False
        self._connection = self._dbConnection.getConnection()
        self._dbConnection._setAutoCommit(self._connection, 0)

    def __del__(self):
        if self._obsolete:
            return
        self.rollback()

    def close(self):
        raise TypeError('You cannot just close transaction - you should either call rollback(), commit() or commit(close=True) to close the underlying connection.')

class ConnectionHub(object):

    """
    This object serves as a hub for connections, so that you can pass
    in a ConnectionHub to a SQLObject subclass as though it was a
    connection, but actually bind a real database connection later.
    You can also bind connections on a per-thread basis.

    You must hang onto the original ConnectionHub instance, as you
    cannot retrieve it again from the class or instance.

    To use the hub, do something like::

        hub = ConnectionHub()
        class MyClass(SQLObject):
            _connection = hub

        hub.threadConnection = connectionFromURI('...')

    """

    def __init__(self):
        self.threadingLocal = threading_local()

    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
        # I'm a little surprised we have to do this, but apparently
        # the object's private dictionary of attributes doesn't
        # override this descriptor.
        if (obj is not None) and '_connection' in obj.__dict__:
            return obj.__dict__['_connection']
        return self.getConnection()

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        obj.__dict__['_connection'] = value

    def getConnection(self):
        try:
            return self.threadingLocal.connection
        except AttributeError:
            try:
                return self.processConnection
            except AttributeError:
                raise AttributeError(
                    "No connection has been defined for this thread "
                    "or process")

    def doInTransaction(self, func, *args, **kw):
        """
        This routine can be used to run a function in a transaction,
        rolling the transaction back if any exception is raised from
        that function, and committing otherwise.

        Use like::

            sqlhub.doInTransaction(process_request, os.environ)

        This will run ``process_request(os.environ)``.  The return
        value will be preserved.
        """
        # @@: In Python 2.5, something usable with with: should also
        # be added.
        try:
            old_conn = self.threadingLocal.connection
            old_conn_is_threading = True
        except AttributeError:
            old_conn = self.processConnection
            old_conn_is_threading = False
        conn = old_conn.transaction()
        if old_conn_is_threading:
            self.threadConnection = conn
        else:
            self.processConnection = conn
        try:
            try:
                value = func(*args, **kw)
            except:
                conn.rollback()
                raise
            else:
                conn.commit(close=True)
                return value
        finally:
            if old_conn_is_threading:
                self.threadConnection = old_conn
            else:
                self.processConnection = old_conn

    def _set_threadConnection(self, value):
        self.threadingLocal.connection = value

    def _get_threadConnection(self):
        return self.threadingLocal.connection

    def _del_threadConnection(self):
        del self.threadingLocal.connection

    threadConnection = property(_get_threadConnection,
                                _set_threadConnection,
                                _del_threadConnection)

class ConnectionURIOpener(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.schemeBuilders = {}
        self.instanceNames = {}
        self.cachedURIs = {}

    def registerConnection(self, schemes, builder):
        for uriScheme in schemes:
            assert not uriScheme in self.schemeBuilders \
                   or self.schemeBuilders[uriScheme] is builder, \
                   "A driver has already been registered for the URI scheme %s" % uriScheme
            self.schemeBuilders[uriScheme] = builder

    def registerConnectionInstance(self, inst):
        if inst.name:
            assert not inst.name in self.instanceNames \
                   or self.instanceNames[inst.name] is cls, \
                   "A instance has already been registered with the name %s" % inst.name
            assert inst.name.find(':') == -1, "You cannot include ':' in your class names (%r)" % cls.name
            self.instanceNames[inst.name] = inst

    def connectionForURI(self, uri, oldUri=False, **args):
        if args:
            if '?' not in uri:
                uri += '?' + urllib.urlencode(args)
            else:
                uri += '&' + urllib.urlencode(args)
        if uri in self.cachedURIs:
            return self.cachedURIs[uri]
        if uri.find(':') != -1:
            scheme, rest = uri.split(':', 1)
            connCls = self.dbConnectionForScheme(scheme)
            if oldUri:
                conn = connCls.connectionFromOldURI(uri)
            else:
                conn = connCls.connectionFromURI(uri)
        else:
            # We just have a name, not a URI
            assert uri in self.instanceNames, \
                   "No SQLObject driver exists under the name %s" % uri
            conn = self.instanceNames[uri]
        # @@: Do we care if we clobber another connection?
        self.cachedURIs[uri] = conn
        return conn

    def dbConnectionForScheme(self, scheme):
        assert scheme in self.schemeBuilders, (
               "No SQLObject driver exists for %s (only %s)"
               % (scheme, ', '.join(self.schemeBuilders.keys())))
        return self.schemeBuilders[scheme]()

TheURIOpener = ConnectionURIOpener()

registerConnection = TheURIOpener.registerConnection
registerConnectionInstance = TheURIOpener.registerConnectionInstance
connectionForURI = TheURIOpener.connectionForURI
dbConnectionForScheme = TheURIOpener.dbConnectionForScheme

# Register DB URI schemas
import firebird
import maxdb
import mssql
import mysql
import postgres
import rdbhost
import sqlite
import sybase