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<a name="Combining-MPI-and-Threads"></a>
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<p>
Next: <a href="FFTW-MPI-Reference.html#FFTW-MPI-Reference" accesskey="n" rel="next">FFTW MPI Reference</a>, Previous: <a href="FFTW-MPI-Performance-Tips.html#FFTW-MPI-Performance-Tips" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FFTW MPI Performance Tips</a>, Up: <a href="Distributed_002dmemory-FFTW-with-MPI.html#Distributed_002dmemory-FFTW-with-MPI" accesskey="u" rel="up">Distributed-memory FFTW with MPI</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<hr>
<a name="Combining-MPI-and-Threads-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">6.11 Combining MPI and Threads</h3>
<a name="index-threads-2"></a>

<p>In certain cases, it may be advantageous to combine MPI
(distributed-memory) and threads (shared-memory) parallelization.
FFTW supports this, with certain caveats.  For example, if you have a
cluster of 4-processor shared-memory nodes, you may want to use
threads within the nodes and MPI between the nodes, instead of MPI for
all parallelization.
</p>
<p>In particular, it is possible to seamlessly combine the MPI FFTW
routines with the multi-threaded FFTW routines (see <a href="Multi_002dthreaded-FFTW.html#Multi_002dthreaded-FFTW">Multi-threaded FFTW</a>). However, some care must be taken in the initialization code,
which should look something like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">int threads_ok;

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int provided;
    MPI_Init_thread(&amp;argc, &amp;argv, MPI_THREAD_FUNNELED, &amp;provided);
    threads_ok = provided &gt;= MPI_THREAD_FUNNELED;

    if (threads_ok) threads_ok = fftw_init_threads();
    fftw_mpi_init();

    ...
    if (threads_ok) fftw_plan_with_nthreads(...);
    ...
    
    MPI_Finalize();
}
</pre></div>
<a name="index-fftw_005fmpi_005finit-3"></a>
<a name="index-fftw_005finit_005fthreads-2"></a>
<a name="index-fftw_005fplan_005fwith_005fnthreads-1"></a>

<p>First, note that instead of calling <code>MPI_Init</code>, you should call
<code>MPI_Init_threads</code>, which is the initialization routine defined
by the MPI-2 standard to indicate to MPI that your program will be
multithreaded.  We pass <code>MPI_THREAD_FUNNELED</code>, which indicates
that we will only call MPI routines from the main thread.  (FFTW will
launch additional threads internally, but the extra threads will not
call MPI code.)  (You may also pass <code>MPI_THREAD_SERIALIZED</code> or
<code>MPI_THREAD_MULTIPLE</code>, which requests additional multithreading
support from the MPI implementation, but this is not required by
FFTW.)  The <code>provided</code> parameter returns what level of threads
support is actually supported by your MPI implementation; this
<em>must</em> be at least <code>MPI_THREAD_FUNNELED</code> if you want to call
the FFTW threads routines, so we define a global variable
<code>threads_ok</code> to record this.  You should only call
<code>fftw_init_threads</code> or <code>fftw_plan_with_nthreads</code> if
<code>threads_ok</code> is true.  For more information on thread safety in
MPI, see the
<a href="http://www.mpi-forum.org/docs/mpi-20-html/node162.htm">MPI and
Threads</a> section of the MPI-2 standard.
<a name="index-thread-safety-2"></a>
</p>

<p>Second, we must call <code>fftw_init_threads</code> <em>before</em>
<code>fftw_mpi_init</code>.  This is critical for technical reasons having
to do with how FFTW initializes its list of algorithms.
</p>
<p>Then, if you call <code>fftw_plan_with_nthreads(N)</code>, <em>every</em> MPI
process will launch (up to) <code>N</code> threads to parallelize its transforms.
</p>
<p>For example, in the hypothetical cluster of 4-processor nodes, you
might wish to launch only a single MPI process per node, and then call
<code>fftw_plan_with_nthreads(4)</code> on each process to use all
processors in the nodes.
</p>
<p>This may or may not be faster than simply using as many MPI processes
as you have processors, however.  On the one hand, using threads
within a node eliminates the need for explicit message passing within
the node.  On the other hand, FFTW&rsquo;s transpose routines are not
multi-threaded, and this means that the communications that do take
place will not benefit from parallelization within the node.
Moreover, many MPI implementations already have optimizations to
exploit shared memory when it is available, so adding the
multithreaded FFTW on top of this may be superfluous.
<a name="index-transpose-4"></a>
</p>
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Next: <a href="FFTW-MPI-Reference.html#FFTW-MPI-Reference" accesskey="n" rel="next">FFTW MPI Reference</a>, Previous: <a href="FFTW-MPI-Performance-Tips.html#FFTW-MPI-Performance-Tips" accesskey="p" rel="prev">FFTW MPI Performance Tips</a>, Up: <a href="Distributed_002dmemory-FFTW-with-MPI.html#Distributed_002dmemory-FFTW-with-MPI" accesskey="u" rel="up">Distributed-memory FFTW with MPI</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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