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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<title>7.1.2.3 Authentication</title>
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<H3><A NAME="SECTION009123000000000000000"></A><A NAME="hand-pub-alg-auth"></A>
<BR>
7.1.2.3 Authentication
</H3>

<P>
The publisher handler provides simple ways to control access to
modules and functions.

<P>
At every traversal step, the Publisher handler checks for presence of
<tt class="method">__auth__</tt> and <tt class="method">__access__</tt> attributes (in this order), as 
well as <tt class="method">__auth_realm__</tt> attribute. 

<P>
If <tt class="method">__auth__</tt> is found and it is callable, it will be called
with three arguments: the <tt class="class">Request</tt> object, a string containing
the user name and a string containing the password. If the return
value of
<code>__auth__</code> is false, then <tt class="constant">HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED</tt> is
returned to the client (which will usually cause a password dialog box
to appear).

<P>
If <tt class="method">__auth__</tt> is a dictionary, then the user name will be
matched against the key and the password against the value associated
with this key. If the key and password do not match, 
<tt class="constant">HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED</tt> is returned. Note that this requires
storing passwords as clear text in source code, which is not very secure.

<P>
<tt class="method">__auth__</tt> can also be a constant. In this case, if it is false
(i.e. <tt class="constant">None</tt>, <code>0</code>, <code>""</code>, etc.), then 
<tt class="constant">HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED</tt> is returned.

<P>
If there exists an <code>__auth_realm__</code> string, it will be sent
to the client as Authorization Realm (this is the text that usually
appears at the top of the password dialog box).

<P>
If <tt class="method">__access__</tt> is found and it is callable, it will be called
with two arguments: the <tt class="class">Request</tt> object and a string containing
the user name. If the return value of <code>__access__</code> is false, then
<tt class="constant">HTTP_FORBIDDEN</tt> is returned to the client.

<P>
If <tt class="method">__access__</tt> is a list, then the user name will be matched
against the list elements. If the user name is not in the list, 
<tt class="constant">HTTP_FORBIDDEN</tt> is returned.

<P>
Similarly to <tt class="method">__auth__</tt>, <tt class="method">__access__</tt> can be a constant.

<P>
In the example below, only user "<tt class="samp">eggs</tt>" with password "<tt class="samp">spam</tt>"can access the <code>hello</code> function:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
  __auth_realm__ = "Members only"

  def __auth__(req, user, passwd):

      if user == "eggs" and passwd == "spam" or \
          user == "joe" and passwd == "eoj":
          return 1
      else:
          return 0

  def __access__(req, user):
      if user == "eggs":
          return 1
      else:
          return 0

  def hello(req):
      return "hello"
</pre></div>

<P>
Here is the same functionality, but using an alternative technique:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
  __auth_realm__ = "Members only"
  __auth__ = {"eggs":"spam", "joe":"eoj"}
  __access__ = ["eggs"]

  def hello(req):
      return "hello"
</pre></div>

<P>
Since functions cannot be assigned attributes, to protect a function,
an <code>__auth__</code> or <code>__access__</code> function can be defined within
the function, e.g.:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
  def sensitive(req):

      def __auth__(req, user, password):
          if user == 'spam' and password == 'eggs':
              # let them in
              return 1
          else:
              # no access
              return 0

      # something involving sensitive information
      return 'sensitive information`
</pre></div>

<P>
Note that this technique will also work if <code>__auth__</code> or
<code>__access__</code> is a constant, but will not work is they are
a dictionary or a list. 

<P>
The <code>__auth__</code> and <code>__access__</code> mechanisms exist
independently of the standard 
<em class="citetitle"><a
 href="dir-handlers-auh.html"
 title="PythonAuthenHandler"
 >PythonAuthenHandler</a></em>. It
is possible to use, for example, the handler to authenticate, then the
<code>__access__</code> list to verify that the authenticated user is
allowed to a particular function. 

<P>
<div class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b>
In order for mod_python to access <tt class="function">__auth__</tt>,
the module containing it must first be imported. Therefore, any
module-level code will get executed during the import even if
<tt class="function">__auth__</tt> is false.  To truly protect a module from
being accessed, use other authentication mechanisms, e.g. the Apache
<code>mod_auth</code> or with a mod_python <em class="citetitle"><a
 href="dir-handlers-auh.html"
 title="PythonAuthenHandler"
 >PythonAuthenHandler</a></em> handler.
</div>

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