gap-libs 4r7p5-2 / usr / share / gap / lib / ctblfuns.gd

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##
#W  ctblfuns.gd                 GAP library                     Thomas Breuer
##
##
#Y  Copyright (C)  1997,  Lehrstuhl D für Mathematik,  RWTH Aachen,  Germany
#Y  (C) 1998 School Math and Comp. Sci., University of St Andrews, Scotland
#Y  Copyright (C) 2002 The GAP Group
##
##  This file contains the definition of categories of class functions,
##  and the corresponding properties, attributes, and operations.
##
##  1. Why Class Functions?
##  2. Basic Operations for Class Functions
##  3. Comparison of Class Functions
##  4. Arithmetic Operations for Class Functions
##  5. Printing Class Functions
##  6. Creating Class Functions from Values Lists
##  7. Creating Class Functions using Groups
##  8. Operations for Class Functions
##  9. Restricted and Induced Class Functions
##  10. Reducing Virtual Characters
##  11. Symmetrizations of Class Functions
##  12. Operations for Brauer Characters
##  13. Domains Generated by Class Functions
##  14. Auxiliary operations
##


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##
#C  IsClassFunction( <obj> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsClassFunction">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Filt Name="IsClassFunction" Arg='obj' Type='Category'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index>class function</Index><Index>class function objects</Index>
##  A <E>class function</E> (in characteristic <M>p</M>) of a finite group
##  <M>G</M> is a map from the set of (<M>p</M>-regular) elements in <M>G</M>
##  to the field of cyclotomics
##  that is constant on conjugacy classes of <M>G</M>.
##  <P/>
##  Each class function in &GAP; is represented by an <E>immutable list</E>,
##  where at the <M>i</M>-th position the value on the <M>i</M>-th conjugacy
##  class of the character table of <M>G</M> is stored.
##  The ordering of the conjugacy classes is the one used in the underlying
##  character table.
##  Note that if the character table has access to its underlying group then
##  the ordering of conjugacy classes in the group and in the character table
##  may differ
##  (see <Ref Sect="The Interface between Character Tables and Groups"/>);
##  class functions always refer to the ordering of classes in the character
##  table.
##  <P/>
##  <E>Class function objects</E> in &GAP; are not just plain lists,
##  they store the character table of the group <M>G</M> as value of the
##  attribute <Ref Func="UnderlyingCharacterTable"/>.
##  The group <M>G</M> itself is accessible only via the character table
##  and thus only if the character table stores its group, as value of the
##  attribute <Ref Attr="UnderlyingGroup" Label="for character tables"/>.
##  The reason for this is that many computations with class functions are
##  possible without using their groups,
##  for example class functions of character tables in the &GAP;
##  character table library do in general not have access to their
##  underlying groups.
##  <P/>
##  There are (at least) two reasons why class functions in &GAP; are
##  <E>not</E> implemented as mappings.
##  First, we want to distinguish class functions in different
##  characteristics, for example to be able to define the Frobenius character
##  of a given Brauer character;
##  viewed as mappings, the trivial characters in all characteristics coprime
##  to the order of <M>G</M> are equal.
##  Second, the product of two class functions shall be again a class
##  function, whereas the product of general mappings is defined as
##  composition.
##  <P/>
##  A further argument is that the typical operations for mappings such as
##  <Ref Func="Image" Label="set of images of the source of a general mapping"/>
##  and
##  <Ref Func="PreImage" Label="set of preimages of the range of a general mapping"/>
##  play no important role for class functions.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareCategory( "IsClassFunction",
    IsScalar and IsCommutativeElement and IsAssociativeElement
             and IsHomogeneousList and IsScalarCollection and IsFinite
             and IsGeneralizedRowVector );


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##
#F  CharacterString( <char>, <str> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="CharacterString" Arg='char, str'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "CharacterString" );


#############################################################################
##
##  1. Why Class Functions?
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[1]{ctblfuns}">
##  In principle it is possible to represent group characters or more general
##  class functions by the plain lists of their values,
##  and in fact many operations for class functions work with plain lists of
##  class function values.
##  But this has two disadvantages.
##  <P/>
##  First, it is then necessary to regard a values list explicitly as a class
##  function of a particular character table, by supplying this character
##  table as an argument.
##  In practice this means that with this setup,
##  the user has the task to put the objects into the right context.
##  For example, forming the scalar product or the tensor product of two
##  class functions or forming an induced class function or a conjugate
##  class function then needs three arguments in this case;
##  this is particularly inconvenient in cases where infix operations cannot
##  be used because of the additional argument, as for tensor products and
##  induced class functions.
##  <P/>
##  Second, when one says that
##  <Q><M>\chi</M> is a character of a group <M>G</M></Q>
##  then this object <M>\chi</M> carries a lot of information.
##  <M>\chi</M> has certain properties such as being irreducible or not.
##  Several subgroups of <M>G</M> are related to <M>\chi</M>,
##  such as the kernel and the centre of <M>\chi</M>.
##  Other attributes of characters are the determinant and the central
##  character.
##  This knowledge cannot be stored in a plain list.
##  <P/>
##  For dealing with a group together with its characters, and maybe also
##  subgroups and their characters, it is desirable that &GAP; keeps track
##  of the interpretation of characters.
##  On the other hand, for using characters without accessing their groups,
##  such as characters of tables from the &GAP; table library,
##  dealing just with values lists is often sufficient.
##  In particular, if one deals with incomplete character tables then it is
##  often necessary to specify the arguments explicitly,
##  for example one has to choose a fusion map or power map from a set of
##  possibilities.
##  <P/>
##  The main idea behind class function objects is that a class function
##  object is equal to its values list in the sense of <Ref Func="\="/>,
##  so class function objects can be used wherever their values lists
##  can be used,
##  but there are operations for class function objects that do not work
##  just with values lists.
##  <!-- Note that a class function object lies in the same family as its list of-->
##  <!-- values.-->
##  <!-- As a consequence, there is no filter <C>IsClassFunctionCollection</C>,-->
##  <!-- so we have no special treatment of spaces and algebras without hacks.-->
##  &GAP; library functions prefer to return class function objects
##  rather than returning just values lists,
##  for example <Ref Attr="Irr" Label="for a group"/> lists
##  consist of class function objects,
##  and <Ref Func="TrivialCharacter" Label="for a group"/>
##  returns a class function object.
##  <P/>
##  Here is an <E>example</E> that shows both approaches.
##  First we define some groups.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> S4:= SymmetricGroup( 4 );;  SetName( S4, "S4" );
##  gap> D8:= SylowSubgroup( S4, 2 );; SetName( D8, "D8" );
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  We do some computations using the functions described later in this
##  Chapter, first with class function objects.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> irrS4:= Irr( S4 );;
##  gap> irrD8:= Irr( D8 );;
##  gap> chi:= irrD8[4];
##  Character( CharacterTable( D8 ), [ 1, -1, 1, -1, 1 ] )
##  gap> chi * chi;
##  Character( CharacterTable( D8 ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> ind:= chi ^ S4;
##  Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 3, -1, -1, 0, 1 ] )
##  gap> List( irrS4, x -> ScalarProduct( x, ind ) );
##  [ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ]
##  gap> det:= Determinant( ind );
##  Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> cent:= CentralCharacter( ind );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, -2, -1, 0, 2 ] )
##  gap> rest:= Restricted( cent, D8 );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( D8 ), [ 1, -2, -1, -1, 2 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  Now we repeat these calculations with plain lists of character values.
##  Here we need the character tables in some places.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> tS4:= CharacterTable( S4 );;
##  gap> tD8:= CharacterTable( D8 );;
##  gap> chi:= ValuesOfClassFunction( irrD8[4] );
##  [ 1, -1, 1, -1, 1 ]
##  gap> Tensored( [ chi ], [ chi ] )[1];
##  [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
##  gap> ind:= InducedClassFunction( tD8, chi, tS4 );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 3, -1, -1, 0, 1 ] )
##  gap> List( Irr( tS4 ), x -> ScalarProduct( tS4, x, ind ) );
##  [ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ]
##  gap> det:= DeterminantOfCharacter( tS4, ind );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> cent:= CentralCharacter( tS4, ind );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, -2, -1, 0, 2 ] )
##  gap> rest:= Restricted( tS4, cent, tD8 );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( D8 ), [ 1, -2, -1, -1, 2 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  If one deals with character tables from the &GAP; table library then
##  one has no access to their groups,
##  but often the tables provide enough information for computing induced or
##  restricted class functions, symmetrizations etc.,
##  because the relevant class fusions and power maps are often stored on
##  library tables.
##  In these cases it is possible to use the tables instead of the groups
##  as arguments.
##  (If necessary information is not uniquely determined by the tables then
##  an error is signalled.)
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> s5 := CharacterTable( "A5.2" );; irrs5 := Irr( s5  );;
##  gap> m11:= CharacterTable( "M11"  );; irrm11:= Irr( m11 );;
##  gap> chi:= TrivialCharacter( s5 );
##  Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> chi ^ m11;
##  Character( CharacterTable( "M11" ), [ 66, 10, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 
##   ] )
##  gap> Determinant( irrs5[4] );
##  Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  Functions that compute <E>normal</E> subgroups related to characters
##  have counterparts that return the list of class positions corresponding
##  to these groups.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> ClassPositionsOfKernel( irrs5[2] );
##  [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
##  gap> ClassPositionsOfCentre( irrs5[2] );
##  [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  Non-normal subgroups cannot be described this way,
##  so for example inertia subgroups (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="InertiaSubgroup"/>)
##  can in general not be computed from character tables without access to
##  their groups.
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


#############################################################################
##
##  2. Basic Operations for Class Functions
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[2]{ctblfuns}">
##  Basic operations for class functions are
##  <Ref Func="UnderlyingCharacterTable"/>,
##  <Ref Func="ValuesOfClassFunction"/>,
##  and the basic operations for lists
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Basic Operations for Lists"/>).
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


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##
#A  UnderlyingCharacterTable( <psi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="UnderlyingCharacterTable">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="UnderlyingCharacterTable" Arg='psi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  For a class function <A>psi</A> of the group <M>G</M>, say,
##  the character table of <M>G</M> is stored as value of
##  <Ref Attr="UnderlyingCharacterTable"/>.
##  The ordering of entries in the list <A>psi</A>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="ValuesOfClassFunction"/>)
##  refers to the ordering of conjugacy classes in this character table.
##  <P/>
##  If <A>psi</A> is an ordinary class function then the underlying character
##  table is the ordinary character table of <M>G</M>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="OrdinaryCharacterTable" Label="for a group"/>),
##  if <A>psi</A> is a class function in characteristic <M>p \neq 0</M> then
##  the underlying character table is the <M>p</M>-modular Brauer table of
##  <M>G</M>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="BrauerTable"
##  Label="for a group, and a prime integer"/>).
##  So the underlying characteristic of <A>psi</A> can be read off from the
##  underlying character table.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "UnderlyingCharacterTable", IsClassFunction );


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##
#A  ValuesOfClassFunction( <psi> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . list of values
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ValuesOfClassFunction">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="ValuesOfClassFunction" Arg='psi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the list of values of the class function <A>psi</A>,
##  the <M>i</M>-th entry being the value on the <M>i</M>-th conjugacy class
##  of the underlying character table
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="UnderlyingCharacterTable"/>).
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> g:= SymmetricGroup( 4 );
##  Sym( [ 1 .. 4 ] )
##  gap> psi:= TrivialCharacter( g );
##  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> UnderlyingCharacterTable( psi );
##  CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) )
##  gap> ValuesOfClassFunction( psi );
##  [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
##  gap> IsList( psi );
##  true
##  gap> psi[1];
##  1
##  gap> Length( psi );
##  5
##  gap> IsBound( psi[6] );
##  false
##  gap> Concatenation( psi, [ 2, 3 ] );
##  [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3 ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "ValuesOfClassFunction", IsClassFunction );


#############################################################################
##
##  3. Comparison of Class Functions
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[3]{ctblfuns}">
##  With respect to <Ref Func="\="/> and <Ref Func="\&lt;"/>,
##  class functions behave equally to their lists of values
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="ValuesOfClassFunction"/>).
##  So two class functions are equal if and only if their lists of values are
##  equal, no matter whether they are class functions of the same character
##  table, of the same group but w.r.t.&nbsp;different class ordering,
##  or of different groups.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> grps:= Filtered( AllSmallGroups( 8 ), g -> not IsAbelian( g ) );
##  [ <pc group of size 8 with 3 generators>, 
##    <pc group of size 8 with 3 generators> ]
##  gap> t1:= CharacterTable( grps[1] );  SetName( t1, "t1" );
##  CharacterTable( <pc group of size 8 with 3 generators> )
##  gap> t2:= CharacterTable( grps[2] );  SetName( t2, "t2" );
##  CharacterTable( <pc group of size 8 with 3 generators> )
##  gap> irr1:= Irr( grps[1] );
##  [ Character( t1, [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( t1, [ 1, -1, -1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( t1, [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( t1, [ 1, 1, -1, 1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( t1, [ 2, 0, 0, -2, 0 ] ) ]
##  gap> irr2:= Irr( grps[2] );
##  [ Character( t2, [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( t2, [ 1, -1, -1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( t2, [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( t2, [ 1, 1, -1, 1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( t2, [ 2, 0, 0, -2, 0 ] ) ]
##  gap> irr1 = irr2;
##  true
##  gap> IsSSortedList( irr1 );
##  false
##  gap> irr1[1] < irr1[2];
##  false
##  gap> irr1[2] < irr1[3];
##  true
##  ]]></Example>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


#############################################################################
##
##  4. Arithmetic Operations for Class Functions
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[4]{ctblfuns}">
##  Class functions are <E>row vectors</E> of cyclotomics.
##  The <E>additive</E> behaviour of class functions is defined such that
##  they are equal to the plain lists of class function values except that
##  the results are represented again as class functions whenever this makes
##  sense.
##  The <E>multiplicative</E> behaviour, however, is different.
##  This is motivated by the fact that the tensor product of class functions
##  is a more interesting operation than the vector product of plain lists.
##  (Another candidate for a multiplication of compatible class functions
##  would have been the inner product, which is implemented via the function
##  <Ref Func="ScalarProduct" Label="for characters"/>.
##  In terms of filters, the arithmetic of class functions is based on the
##  decision that they lie in <Ref Func="IsGeneralizedRowVector"/>,
##  with additive nesting depth <M>1</M>, but they do <E>not</E> lie in
##  <Ref Func="IsMultiplicativeGeneralizedRowVector"/>.
##  <P/>
##  More specifically, the scalar multiple of a class function with a
##  cyclotomic is a class function,
##  and the sum and the difference of two class functions
##  of the same underlying character table
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="UnderlyingCharacterTable"/>)
##  are again class functions of this table.
##  The sum and the difference of a class function and a list that is
##  <E>not</E> a class function are plain lists,
##  as well as the sum and the difference of two class functions of different
##  character tables.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> g:= SymmetricGroup( 4 );;  tbl:= CharacterTable( g );;
##  gap> SetName( tbl, "S4" );  irr:= Irr( g );
##  [ Character( S4, [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( S4, [ 3, -1, -1, 0, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( S4, [ 2, 0, 2, -1, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( S4, [ 3, 1, -1, 0, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( S4, [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ) ]
##  gap> 2 * irr[5];
##  Character( S4, [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ] )
##  gap> irr[1] / 7;
##  ClassFunction( S4, [ 1/7, -1/7, 1/7, 1/7, -1/7 ] )
##  gap> lincomb:= irr[3] + irr[1] - irr[5];
##  VirtualCharacter( S4, [ 2, -2, 2, -1, -2 ] )
##  gap> lincomb:= lincomb + 2 * irr[5];
##  VirtualCharacter( S4, [ 4, 0, 4, 1, 0 ] )
##  gap> IsCharacter( lincomb );
##  true
##  gap> lincomb;
##  Character( S4, [ 4, 0, 4, 1, 0 ] )
##  gap> irr[5] + 2;
##  [ 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]
##  gap> irr[5] + [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
##  [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]
##  gap> zero:= 0 * irr[1];
##  VirtualCharacter( S4, [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
##  gap> zero + Z(3);
##  [ Z(3), Z(3), Z(3), Z(3), Z(3) ]
##  gap> irr[5] + TrivialCharacter( DihedralGroup( 8 ) );
##  [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  <Index Subkey="as ring elements">class functions</Index>
##  The product of two class functions of the same character table is the
##  tensor product (pointwise product) of these class functions.
##  Thus the set of all class functions of a fixed group forms a ring,
##  and for any field <M>F</M> of cyclotomics, the <M>F</M>-span of a given
##  set of class functions forms an algebra.
##  <P/>
##  The product of two class functions of <E>different</E> tables and the
##  product of a class function and a list that is <E>not</E> a class
##  function are not defined, an error is signalled in these cases.
##  Note that in this respect, class functions behave differently from their
##  values lists, for which the product is defined as the standard scalar
##  product.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> tens:= irr[3] * irr[4];
##  Character( S4, [ 6, 0, -2, 0, 0 ] )
##  gap> ValuesOfClassFunction( irr[3] ) * ValuesOfClassFunction( irr[4] );
##  4
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  <Index Subkey="of class function">inverse</Index>
##  Class functions without zero values are invertible,
##  the <E>inverse</E> is defined pointwise.
##  As a consequence, for example groups of linear characters can be formed.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> tens / irr[1];
##  Character( S4, [ 6, 0, -2, 0, 0 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  Other (somewhat strange) implications of the definition of arithmetic
##  operations for class functions, together with the general rules of list
##  arithmetic (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Arithmetic for Lists"/>),
##  apply to the case of products involving <E>lists</E> of class functions.
##  No inverse of the list of irreducible characters as a matrix is defined;
##  if one is interested in the inverse matrix then one can compute it from
##  the matrix of class function values.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> Inverse( List( irr, ValuesOfClassFunction ) );
##  [ [ 1/24, 1/8, 1/12, 1/8, 1/24 ], [ -1/4, -1/4, 0, 1/4, 1/4 ], 
##    [ 1/8, -1/8, 1/4, -1/8, 1/8 ], [ 1/3, 0, -1/3, 0, 1/3 ], 
##    [ -1/4, 1/4, 0, -1/4, 1/4 ] ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  Also the product of a class function with a list of class functions is
##  <E>not</E> a vector-matrix product but the list of pointwise products.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> irr[1] * irr{ [ 1 .. 3 ] };
##  [ Character( S4, [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( S4, [ 3, 1, -1, 0, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( S4, [ 2, 0, 2, -1, 0 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  And the product of two lists of class functions is <E>not</E> the matrix
##  product but the sum of the pointwise products.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> irr * irr;
##  Character( S4, [ 24, 4, 8, 3, 4 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  <P/>
##  <Index Subkey="of group element using powering operator">character value</Index>
##  <Index Subkey="meaning for class functions">power</Index>
##  <Index Subkey="for class functions"><C>^</C></Index>
##  The <E>powering</E> operator <Ref Func="\^"/> has several meanings
##  for class functions.
##  The power of a class function by a nonnegative integer is clearly the
##  tensor power.
##  The power of a class function by an element that normalizes the
##  underlying group or by a Galois automorphism is the conjugate class
##  function.
##  (As a consequence, the application of the permutation induced by such an
##  action cannot be denoted by <Ref Func="\^"/>; instead one can use
##  <Ref Func="Permuted"/>.)
##  The power of a class function by a group or a character table is the
##  induced class function (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="InducedClassFunction"
##  Label="for the character table of a supergroup"/>).
##  The power of a group element by a class function is the class function
##  value at (the conjugacy class containing) this element.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> irr[3] ^ 3;
##  Character( S4, [ 8, 0, 8, -1, 0 ] )
##  gap> lin:= LinearCharacters( DerivedSubgroup( g ) );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), 
##      [ 1, 1, E(3)^2, E(3) ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), 
##      [ 1, 1, E(3), E(3)^2 ] ) ]
##  gap> List( lin, chi -> chi ^ (1,2) );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), 
##      [ 1, 1, E(3), E(3)^2 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), 
##      [ 1, 1, E(3)^2, E(3) ] ) ]
##  gap> Orbit( GaloisGroup( CF(3) ), lin[2] );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), 
##      [ 1, 1, E(3)^2, E(3) ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), 
##      [ 1, 1, E(3), E(3)^2 ] ) ]
##  gap> lin[1]^g;
##  Character( S4, [ 2, 0, 2, 2, 0 ] )
##  gap> (1,2,3)^lin[2];
##  E(3)^2
##  ]]></Example>
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="Characteristic" Arg='chi' Label="for a class function"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  The <E>characteristic</E> of class functions is zero,
##  as for all list of cyclotomics.
##  For class functions of a <M>p</M>-modular character table, such as Brauer
##  characters, the prime <M>p</M> is given by the
##  <Ref Attr="UnderlyingCharacteristic" Label="for a character table"/>
##  value of the character table.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> Characteristic( irr[1] );
##  0
##  gap> irrmod2:= Irr( g, 2 );
##  [ Character( BrauerTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 4 ] ), 2 ), [ 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( BrauerTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 4 ] ), 2 ), [ 2, -1 ] ) ]
##  gap> Characteristic( irrmod2[1] );
##  0
##  gap> UnderlyingCharacteristic( UnderlyingCharacterTable( irrmod2[1] ) );
##  2
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="ComplexConjugate" Arg='chi' Label="for a class function"/>
##  <Func Name="GaloisCyc" Arg='chi, k' Label="for a class function"/>
##  <Func Name="Permuted" Arg='chi, pi' Label="for a class function"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  The operations
##  <Ref Func="ComplexConjugate" Label="for a class function"/>,
##  <Ref Func="GaloisCyc" Label="for a class function"/>,
##  and <Ref Func="Permuted" Label="for a class function"/> return
##  a class function when they are called with a class function;
##  The complex conjugate of a class function that is known to be a (virtual)
##  character is again known to be a (virtual) character, and applying an
##  arbitrary Galois automorphism to an ordinary (virtual) character yields
##  a (virtual) character.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> ComplexConjugate( lin[2] );
##  Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), [ 1, 1, E(3), E(3)^2 
##   ] )
##  gap> GaloisCyc( lin[2], 5 );
##  Character( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), [ 1, 1, E(3), E(3)^2 
##   ] )
##  gap> Permuted( lin[2], (2,3,4) );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) ), 
##  [ 1, E(3), 1, E(3)^2 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <P/>
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="Order" Arg='chi' Label="for a class function"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  By definition of <Ref Func="Order"/> for arbitrary monoid elements,
##  the return value of <Ref Func="Order"/> for a character must be its
##  multiplicative order.
##  The <E>determinantal order</E>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="DeterminantOfCharacter"/>) of a character <A>chi</A>
##  can be computed as <C>Order( Determinant( <A>chi</A> ) )</C>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> det:= Determinant( irr[3] );
##  Character( S4, [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1 ] )
##  gap> Order( det );
##  2
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


#############################################################################
##
#A  GlobalPartitionOfClasses( <tbl> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="GlobalPartitionOfClasses" Arg='tbl'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <M>n</M> be the number of conjugacy classes of the character table
##  <A>tbl</A>.
##  <Ref Func="GlobalPartitionOfClasses"/> returns a list of subsets of the
##  range <M>[ 1 .. n ]</M> that forms a partition of <M>[ 1 .. n ]</M>.
##  This partition is respected by each table automorphism of <A>tbl</A>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="AutomorphismsOfTable"/>);
##  <E>note</E> that also fixed points occur.
##  <P/>
##  This is useful for the computation of table automorphisms
##  and of conjugate class functions.
##  <P/>
##  Since group automorphisms induce table automorphisms, the partition is
##  also respected by the permutation group that occurs in the computation
##  of inertia groups and conjugate class functions.
##  <P/>
##  If the group of table automorphisms is already known then its orbits
##  form the finest possible global partition.
##  <P/>
##  Otherwise the subsets in the partition are the sets of classes with
##  same centralizer order and same element order, and
##  &ndash;if more about the character table is known&ndash;
##  also with the same number of <M>p</M>-th root classes,
##  for all <M>p</M> for which the power maps are stored.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareAttribute( "GlobalPartitionOfClasses", IsNearlyCharacterTable );


#############################################################################
##
#O  CorrespondingPermutations( <tbl>[, <chi>], <elms> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="CorrespondingPermutations" Arg='tbl[, chi], elms'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Called with two arguments <A>tbl</A> and <A>elms</A>,
##  <Ref Oper="CorrespondingPermutations"/> returns the list of those
##  permutations of conjugacy classes of the character table <A>tbl</A>
##  that are induced by the action of the group elements in the list
##  <A>elms</A>.
##  If an element of <A>elms</A> does <E>not</E> act on the classes of
##  <A>tbl</A> then either <K>fail</K> or a (meaningless) permutation
##  is returned.
##  <P/>
##  In the call with three arguments, the second argument <A>chi</A> must be
##  (the values list of) a class function of <A>tbl</A>,
##  and the returned permutations will at least yield the same
##  conjugate class functions as the permutations of classes that are induced
##  by <A>elms</A>,
##  that is, the images are not necessarily the same for orbits on which
##  <A>chi</A> is constant.
##  <P/>
##  This function is used for computing conjugate class functions.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareOperation( "CorrespondingPermutations",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );
DeclareOperation( "CorrespondingPermutations",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsClassFunction, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
##  5. Printing Class Functions
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[5]{ctblfuns}">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Meth Name="ViewObj" Arg='chi' Label="for class functions"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  The default <Ref Func="ViewObj"/> methods for class functions
##  print one of the strings <C>"ClassFunction"</C>,
##  <C>"VirtualCharacter"</C>, <C>"Character"</C> (depending on whether the
##  class function is known to be a character or virtual character,
##  see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsCharacter"/>, <Ref Func="IsVirtualCharacter"/>),
##  followed by the <Ref Func="ViewObj"/> output for the underlying character
##  table (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Printing Character Tables"/>),
##  and the list of values.
##  The table is chosen (and not the group) in order to distinguish class
##  functions of different underlying characteristic
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Attr="UnderlyingCharacteristic" Label="for a character"/>).
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Meth Name="PrintObj" Arg='chi' Label="for class functions"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  The default <Ref Func="PrintObj"/> method for class functions
##  does the same as <Ref Func="ViewObj"/>,
##  except that the character table is is <Ref Func="Print"/>-ed instead of
##  <Ref Func="View"/>-ed.
##  <P/>
##  <E>Note</E> that if a class function is shown only with one of the
##  strings <C>"ClassFunction"</C>, <C>"VirtualCharacter"</C>,
##  it may still be that it is in fact a character;
##  just this was not known at the time when the class function was printed.
##  <P/>
##  In order to reduce the space that is needed to print a class function,
##  it may be useful to give a name (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="Name"/>) to the
##  underlying character table.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Meth Name="Display" Arg='chi' Label="for class functions"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  The default <Ref Func="Display"/> method for a class function <A>chi</A>
##  calls <Ref Func="Display"/> for its underlying character table
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Printing Character Tables"/>),
##  with <A>chi</A> as the only entry in the <C>chars</C> list of the options
##  record.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> chi:= TrivialCharacter( CharacterTable( "A5" ) );
##  Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> Display( chi );
##  A5
##  
##       2  2  2  .  .  .
##       3  1  .  1  .  .
##       5  1  .  .  1  1
##  
##         1a 2a 3a 5a 5b
##      2P 1a 1a 3a 5b 5a
##      3P 1a 2a 1a 5b 5a
##      5P 1a 2a 3a 1a 1a
##  
##  Y.1     1  1  1  1  1
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


#############################################################################
##
##  6. Creating Class Functions from Values Lists
##


#############################################################################
##
#O  ClassFunction( <tbl>, <values> )
#O  ClassFunction( <G>, <values> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ClassFunction">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="ClassFunction" Arg='tbl, values'
##   Label="for a character table and a list"/>
##  <Oper Name="ClassFunction" Arg='G, values'
##   Label="for a group and a list"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  In the first form,
##  <Ref Oper="ClassFunction" Label="for a character table and a list"/>
##  returns the class function of the character table <A>tbl</A> with values
##  given by the list <A>values</A> of cyclotomics.
##  In the second form, <A>G</A> must be a group,
##  and the class function of its ordinary character table is returned.
##  <P/>
##  Note that <A>tbl</A> determines the underlying characteristic of the
##  returned class function
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Attr="UnderlyingCharacteristic" Label="for a character"/>).
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "ClassFunction", [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsDenseList ] );
DeclareOperation( "ClassFunction", [ IsGroup, IsDenseList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  VirtualCharacter( <tbl>, <values> )
#O  VirtualCharacter( <G>, <values> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="VirtualCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="VirtualCharacter" Arg='tbl, values'
##   Label="for a character table and a list"/>
##  <Oper Name="VirtualCharacter" Arg='G, values'
##   Label="for a group and a list"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Ref Oper="VirtualCharacter" Label="for a character table and a list"/>
##  returns the virtual character
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsVirtualCharacter"/>)
##  of the character table <A>tbl</A> or the group <A>G</A>,
##  respectively, with values given by the list <A>values</A>.
##  <P/>
##  It is <E>not</E> checked whether the given values really describe a
##  virtual character.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "VirtualCharacter",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsDenseList ] );
DeclareOperation( "VirtualCharacter", [ IsGroup, IsDenseList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  Character( <tbl>, <values> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="Character">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="Character" Arg='tbl, values'
##   Label="for a character table and a list"/>
##  <Oper Name="Character" Arg='G, values'
##   Label="for a group and a list"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Ref Oper="Character" Label="for a character table and a list"/>
##  returns the character (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsCharacter"/>)
##  of the character table <A>tbl</A> or the group <A>G</A>,
##  respectively, with values given by the list <A>values</A>.
##  <P/>
##  It is <E>not</E> checked whether the given values really describe a
##  character.
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> g:= DihedralGroup( 8 );  tbl:= CharacterTable( g );
##  <pc group of size 8 with 3 generators>
##  CharacterTable( <pc group of size 8 with 3 generators> )
##  gap> SetName( tbl, "D8" );
##  gap> phi:= ClassFunction( g, [ 1, -1, 0, 2, -2 ] );
##  ClassFunction( D8, [ 1, -1, 0, 2, -2 ] )
##  gap> psi:= ClassFunction( tbl,
##  >              List( Irr( g ), chi -> ScalarProduct( chi, phi ) ) );
##  ClassFunction( D8, [ -3/8, 9/8, 5/8, 1/8, -1/4 ] )
##  gap> chi:= VirtualCharacter( g, [ 0, 0, 8, 0, 0 ] );
##  VirtualCharacter( D8, [ 0, 0, 8, 0, 0 ] )
##  gap> reg:= Character( tbl, [ 8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] );
##  Character( D8, [ 8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "Character", [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsDenseList ] );
DeclareOperation( "Character", [ IsGroup, IsDenseList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#F  ClassFunctionSameType( <tbl>, <chi>, <values> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ClassFunctionSameType">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="ClassFunctionSameType" Arg='tbl, chi, values'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>tbl</A> be a character table, <A>chi</A> a class function object
##  (<E>not</E> necessarily a class function of <A>tbl</A>),
##  and <A>values</A> a list of cyclotomics.
##  <Ref Func="ClassFunctionSameType"/> returns the class function
##  <M>\psi</M> of <A>tbl</A> with values list <A>values</A>,
##  constructed with
##  <Ref Func="ClassFunction" Label="for a character table and a list"/>.
##  <P/>
##  If <A>chi</A> is known to be a (virtual) character then <M>\psi</M>
##  is also known to be a (virtual) character.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> h:= Centre( g );;
##  gap> centbl:= CharacterTable( h );;  SetName( centbl, "C2" );
##  gap> ClassFunctionSameType( centbl, phi, [ 1, 1 ] );
##  ClassFunction( C2, [ 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> ClassFunctionSameType( centbl, chi, [ 1, 1 ] );
##  VirtualCharacter( C2, [ 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> ClassFunctionSameType( centbl, reg, [ 1, 1 ] );
##  Character( C2, [ 1, 1 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "ClassFunctionSameType" );


#############################################################################
##
##  7. Creating Class Functions using Groups
##


#############################################################################
##
#A  TrivialCharacter( <tbl> )
#A  TrivialCharacter( <G> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="TrivialCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Heading>TrivialCharacter</Heading>
##  <Attr Name="TrivialCharacter" Arg='tbl' Label="for a character table"/>
##  <Attr Name="TrivialCharacter" Arg='G' Label="for a group"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the <E>trivial character</E> of the group <A>G</A>
##  or its character table <A>tbl</A>, respectively.
##  This is the class function with value equal to <M>1</M> for each class.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> TrivialCharacter( CharacterTable( "A5" ) );
##  Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> TrivialCharacter( SymmetricGroup( 3 ) );
##  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 3 ] ) ), [ 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "TrivialCharacter", IsNearlyCharacterTable );
DeclareAttribute( "TrivialCharacter", IsGroup );


#############################################################################
##
#A  NaturalCharacter( <G> )
#A  NaturalCharacter( <hom> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="NaturalCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="NaturalCharacter" Arg='G' Label="for a group"/>
##  <Attr Name="NaturalCharacter" Arg='hom' Label="for a homomorphism"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  If the argument is a permutation group <A>G</A> then
##  <Ref Attr="NaturalCharacter" Label="for a group"/>
##  returns the (ordinary) character of the natural permutation
##  representation of <A>G</A> on the set of moved points (see
##  <Ref Func="MovedPoints" Label="for a list or collection of permutations"/>),
##  that is, the value on each class is the number of points among the moved
##  points of <A>G</A> that are fixed by any permutation in that class.
##  <P/>
##  If the argument is a matrix group <A>G</A> in characteristic zero then
##  <Ref Attr="NaturalCharacter" Label="for a group"/> returns the
##  (ordinary) character of the natural matrix representation of <A>G</A>,
##  that is, the value on each class is the trace of any matrix in that class.
##  <P/>
##  If the argument is a group homomorphism <A>hom</A> whose image is a
##  permutation group or a matrix group then
##  <Ref Attr="NaturalCharacter" Label="for a homomorphism"/> returns the
##  restriction of the natural character of the image of <A>hom</A> to the
##  preimage of <A>hom</A>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> NaturalCharacter( SymmetricGroup( 3 ) );
##  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 3 ] ) ), [ 3, 1, 0 ] )
##  gap> NaturalCharacter( Group( [ [ 0, -1 ], [ 1, -1 ] ] ) );
##  Character( CharacterTable( Group([ [ [ 0, -1 ], [ 1, -1 ] ] ]) ), 
##  [ 2, -1, -1 ] )
##  gap> d8:= DihedralGroup( 8 );;  hom:= IsomorphismPermGroup( d8 );;
##  gap> NaturalCharacter( hom );
##  Character( CharacterTable( <pc group of size 8 with 3 generators> ), 
##  [ 8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "NaturalCharacter", IsGroup );
DeclareAttribute( "NaturalCharacter", IsGeneralMapping );


#############################################################################
##
#O  PermutationCharacter( <G>, <D>, <opr> )
#O  PermutationCharacter( <G>, <U> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="PermutationCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Heading>PermutationCharacter</Heading>
##  <Oper Name="PermutationCharacter" Arg='G, D, opr'
##   Label="for a group, an action domain, and a function"/>
##  <Oper Name="PermutationCharacter" Arg='G, U' Label="for two groups"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Called with a group <A>G</A>, an action domain or proper set <A>D</A>,
##  and an action function <A>opr</A>
##  (see Chapter&nbsp;<Ref Chap="Group Actions"/>),
##  <Ref Oper="PermutationCharacter"
##  Label="for a group, an action domain, and a function"/>
##  returns the <E>permutation character</E> of the action
##  of <A>G</A> on <A>D</A> via <A>opr</A>,
##  that is, the value on each class is the number of points in <A>D</A>
##  that are fixed by an element in this class under the action <A>opr</A>.
##  <P/>
##  If the arguments are a group <A>G</A> and a subgroup <A>U</A> of <A>G</A>
##  then <Ref Oper="PermutationCharacter" Label="for two groups"/> returns
##  the permutation character of the action of <A>G</A> on the right cosets
##  of <A>U</A> via right multiplication.
##  <P/>
##  To compute the permutation character of a
##  <E>transitive permutation group</E>
##  <A>G</A> on the cosets of a point stabilizer <A>U</A>,
##  the attribute <Ref Func="NaturalCharacter" Label="for a group"/>
##  of <A>G</A> can be used instead of
##  <C>PermutationCharacter( <A>G</A>, <A>U</A> )</C>.
##  <P/>
##  More facilities concerning permutation characters are the transitivity
##  test (see Section&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Operations for Class Functions"/>)
##  and several tools for computing possible permutation characters
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Possible Permutation Characters"/>,
##  <Ref Sect="Computing Possible Permutation Characters"/>).
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> PermutationCharacter( GL(2,2), AsSSortedList( GF(2)^2 ), OnRight );
##  Character( CharacterTable( SL(2,2) ), [ 4, 2, 1 ] )
##  gap> s3:= SymmetricGroup( 3 );;  a3:= DerivedSubgroup( s3 );;
##  gap> PermutationCharacter( s3, a3 );
##  Character( CharacterTable( Sym( [ 1 .. 3 ] ) ), [ 2, 0, 2 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "PermutationCharacter",
    [ IsGroup, IsCollection, IsFunction ] );
DeclareOperation( "PermutationCharacter", [ IsGroup, IsGroup ] );


#############################################################################
##
##  8. Operations for Class Functions
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[6]{ctblfuns}">
##  In the description of the following operations,
##  the optional first argument <A>tbl</A> is needed only if the argument
##  <A>chi</A> is a plain list and not a class function object.
##  In this case, <A>tbl</A> must always be the character table of which
##  <A>chi</A> shall be regarded as a class function.
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


#############################################################################
##
#P  IsCharacter( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Prop Name="IsCharacter" Arg='[tbl, ]chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index>ordinary character</Index>
##  An <E>ordinary character</E> of a group <M>G</M> is a class function of
##  <M>G</M> whose values are the traces of a complex matrix representation
##  of <M>G</M>.
##  <P/>
##  <Index>Brauer character</Index>
##  A <E>Brauer character</E> of <M>G</M> in characteristic <M>p</M> is
##  a class function of <M>G</M> whose values are the complex lifts of a
##  matrix representation of <M>G</M> with image a finite field of
##  characteristic <M>p</M>.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareProperty( "IsCharacter", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "IsCharacter", [ IsCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#P  IsVirtualCharacter( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsVirtualCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Prop Name="IsVirtualCharacter" Arg='[tbl, ]chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index>virtual character</Index>
##  A <E>virtual character</E> is a class function that can be written as the
##  difference of two proper characters (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsCharacter"/>).
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareProperty( "IsVirtualCharacter", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "IsVirtualCharacter",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#M  IsVirtualCharacter( <chi> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for a character
##
##  Each character is of course a virtual character.
##
InstallTrueMethod( IsVirtualCharacter, IsCharacter and IsClassFunction );


#############################################################################
##
#P  IsIrreducibleCharacter( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsIrreducibleCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Prop Name="IsIrreducibleCharacter" Arg='[tbl, ]chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index>irreducible character</Index>
##  A character is <E>irreducible</E> if it cannot be written as the sum of
##  two characters.
##  For ordinary characters this can be checked using the scalar product
##  of class functions
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="ScalarProduct" Label="for characters"/>).
##  For Brauer characters there is no generic method for checking
##  irreducibility.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> S4:= SymmetricGroup( 4 );;  SetName( S4, "S4" );
##  gap> psi:= ClassFunction( S4, [ 1, 1, 1, -2, 1 ] );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, 1, 1, -2, 1 ] )
##  gap> IsVirtualCharacter( psi );
##  true
##  gap> IsCharacter( psi );
##  false
##  gap> chi:= ClassFunction( S4, SizesCentralizers( CharacterTable( S4 ) ) );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 24, 4, 8, 3, 4 ] )
##  gap> IsCharacter( chi );
##  true
##  gap> IsIrreducibleCharacter( chi );
##  false
##  gap> IsIrreducibleCharacter( TrivialCharacter( S4 ) );
##  true
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareProperty( "IsIrreducibleCharacter", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "IsIrreducibleCharacter",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  ScalarProduct( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <psi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ScalarProduct:ctblfuns">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="ScalarProduct" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, psi' Label="for characters"/>
##
##  <Returns>
##  the scalar product of the class functions <A>chi</A> and <A>psi</A>,
##  which belong to the same character table <A>tbl</A>.
##  </Returns>
##  <Description>
##  <Index Subkey="of a group character">constituent</Index>
##  <Index Subkey="a group character">decompose</Index>
##  <Index Subkey="of constituents of a group character">multiplicity</Index>
##  <Index Subkey="of group characters">inner product</Index>
##  If <A>chi</A> and <A>psi</A> are class function objects,
##  the argument <A>tbl</A> is not needed,
##  but <A>tbl</A> is necessary if at least one of <A>chi</A>, <A>psi</A>
##  is just a plain list.
##  <P/>
##  The scalar product of two <E>ordinary</E> class functions <M>\chi</M>,
##  <M>\psi</M> of a group <M>G</M> is defined as
##  <P/>
##  <M>( \sum_{{g \in G}} \chi(g) \psi(g^{{-1}}) ) / |G|</M>.
##  <P/>
##  For two <E><M>p</M>-modular</E> class functions,
##  the scalar product is defined as
##  <M>( \sum_{{g \in S}} \chi(g) \psi(g^{{-1}}) ) / |G|</M>,
##  where <M>S</M> is the set of <M>p</M>-regular elements in <M>G</M>.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "ScalarProduct",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsRowVector, IsRowVector ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  MatScalarProducts( [<tbl>, ]<list>[, <list2>] )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="MatScalarProducts">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="MatScalarProducts" Arg='[tbl, ]list[, list2]'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Called with two lists <A>list</A>, <A>list2</A> of class functions of the
##  same character table (which may be given as the argument <A>tbl</A>),
##  <Ref Oper="MatScalarProducts"/> returns the matrix of scalar products
##  (see <Ref Oper="ScalarProduct" Label="for characters"/>)
##  More precisely, this matrix contains in the <M>i</M>-th row the list of
##  scalar products of <M><A>list2</A>[i]</M>
##  with the entries of <A>list</A>.
##  <P/>
##  If only one list <A>list</A> of class functions is given then
##  a lower triangular matrix of scalar products is returned,
##  containing (for <M>j \leq i</M>) in the <M>i</M>-th row in column
##  <M>j</M> the value
##  <C>ScalarProduct</C><M>( <A>tbl</A>, <A>list</A>[j], <A>list</A>[i] )</M>.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "MatScalarProducts",
    [ IsHomogeneousList, IsHomogeneousList ] );
DeclareOperation( "MatScalarProducts",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsHomogeneousList ] );
DeclareOperation( "MatScalarProducts", [ IsHomogeneousList ] );
DeclareOperation( "MatScalarProducts",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#A  Norm( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="Norm:ctblfuns">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="Norm" Arg='[tbl, ]chi' Label="for a class function"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index Subkey="of character" Key="Norm"><C>Norm</C></Index>
##  For an ordinary class function <A>chi</A> of the group <M>G</M>, say,
##  we have <M><A>chi</A> = \sum_{{\chi \in Irr(G)}} a_{\chi} \chi</M>,
##  with complex coefficients <M>a_{\chi}</M>.
##  The <E>norm</E> of <A>chi</A> is defined as
##  <M>\sum_{{\chi \in Irr(G)}} a_{\chi} \overline{{a_{\chi}}}</M>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "A5" );;
##  gap> ScalarProduct( TrivialCharacter( tbl ), Sum( Irr( tbl ) ) );
##  1
##  gap> ScalarProduct( tbl, [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], Sum( Irr( tbl ) ) );
##  1
##  gap> tbl2:= tbl mod 2;  
##  BrauerTable( "A5", 2 )
##  gap> chi:= Irr( tbl2 )[1];
##  Character( BrauerTable( "A5", 2 ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> ScalarProduct( chi, chi );
##  3/4
##  gap> ScalarProduct( tbl2, [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ], [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] );
##  3/4
##  gap> chars:= Irr( tbl ){ [ 2 .. 4 ] };;
##  gap> chars:= Set( Tensored( chars, chars ) );;
##  gap> MatScalarProducts( Irr( tbl ), chars );
##  [ [ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ], [ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1 ], [ 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 ], 
##    [ 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 ], [ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 ], [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ]
##  gap> MatScalarProducts( tbl, chars );
##  [ [ 2 ], [ 1, 3 ], [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 2, 2, 1, 3 ], [ 2, 1, 2, 2, 3 ], 
##    [ 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5 ] ]
##  gap> List( chars, Norm );
##  [ 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5 ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "Norm", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "Norm", [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#A  CentreOfCharacter( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="CentreOfCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="CentreOfCharacter" Arg='[tbl, ]chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index Subkey="of a character">centre</Index>
##  For a character <A>chi</A> of the group <M>G</M>, say,
##  <Ref Func="CentreOfCharacter"/> returns the <E>centre</E> of <A>chi</A>,
##  that is, the normal subgroup of all those elements of <M>G</M> for which
##  the quotient of the value of <A>chi</A> by the degree of <A>chi</A> is
##  a root of unity.
##  <P/>
##  If the underlying character table of <A>psi</A> does not store the group
##  <M>G</M> then an error is signalled.
##  (See&nbsp;<Ref Attr="ClassPositionsOfCentre" Label="for a character"/>
##  for a way to handle the centre implicitly,
##  by listing the positions of conjugacy classes in the centre.)
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> List( Irr( S4 ), CentreOfCharacter );
##  [ Group([ (), (1,2), (1,2)(3,4), (1,2,3), (1,2,3,4) ]), Group(()), 
##    Group([ (1,2)(3,4), (1,3)(2,4) ]), Group(()), 
##    Group([ (), (1,2), (1,2)(3,4), (1,2,3), (1,2,3,4) ]) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "CentreOfCharacter", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "CentreOfCharacter",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );

DeclareSynonym( "CenterOfCharacter", CentreOfCharacter );


#############################################################################
##
#A  ClassPositionsOfCentre( <chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ClassPositionsOfCentre:ctblfuns">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="ClassPositionsOfCentre" Arg='chi' Label="for a character"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the list of positions of classes forming the centre of the character
##  <A>chi</A> (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="CentreOfCharacter"/>).
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> List( Irr( S4 ), ClassPositionsOfCentre );
##  [ [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ], [ 1 ], [ 1, 3 ], [ 1 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "ClassPositionsOfCentre", IsHomogeneousList );


#############################################################################
##
#A  ConstituentsOfCharacter( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ConstituentsOfCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="ConstituentsOfCharacter" Arg='[tbl, ]chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the set of irreducible characters that occur in the decomposition of
##  the (virtual) character <A>chi</A> with nonzero coefficient.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> nat:= NaturalCharacter( S4 );
##  Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 4, 2, 0, 1, 0 ] )
##  gap> ConstituentsOfCharacter( nat );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 3, 1, -1, 0, -1 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "ConstituentsOfCharacter", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "ConstituentsOfCharacter",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#A  DegreeOfCharacter( <chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="DegreeOfCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="DegreeOfCharacter" Arg='chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the value of the character <A>chi</A> on the identity element.
##  This can also be obtained as <A>chi</A><C>[1]</C>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> List( Irr( S4 ), DegreeOfCharacter );
##  [ 1, 3, 2, 3, 1 ]
##  gap> nat:= NaturalCharacter( S4 );
##  Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 4, 2, 0, 1, 0 ] )
##  gap> nat[1];
##  4
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "DegreeOfCharacter", IsClassFunction );


#############################################################################
##
#O  InertiaSubgroup( [<tbl>, ]<G>, <chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="InertiaSubgroup">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="InertiaSubgroup" Arg='[tbl, ]G, chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>chi</A> be a character of the group <M>H</M>, say,
##  and <A>tbl</A> the character table of <M>H</M>;
##  if the argument <A>tbl</A> is not given then the underlying character
##  table of <A>chi</A> (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="UnderlyingCharacterTable"/>) is
##  used instead.
##  Furthermore, let <A>G</A> be a group that contains <M>H</M> as a normal
##  subgroup.
##  <P/>
##  <Ref Func="InertiaSubgroup"/> returns the stabilizer in <A>G</A> of
##  <A>chi</A>, w.r.t.&nbsp;the action of <A>G</A> on the classes of <M>H</M>
##  via conjugation.
##  In other words, <Ref Func="InertiaSubgroup"/> returns the group of all
##  those elements <M>g \in <A>G</A></M> that satisfy
##  <M><A>chi</A>^g = <A>chi</A></M>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> der:= DerivedSubgroup( S4 );
##  Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] )
##  gap> List( Irr( der ), chi -> InertiaSubgroup( S4, chi ) );
##  [ S4, Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ), Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ), S4 ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "InertiaSubgroup", [ IsGroup, IsClassFunction ] );
DeclareOperation( "InertiaSubgroup",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsGroup, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#A  KernelOfCharacter( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="KernelOfCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="KernelOfCharacter" Arg='[tbl, ]chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  For a class function <A>chi</A> of the group <M>G</M>, say,
##  <Ref Func="KernelOfCharacter"/> returns the normal subgroup of <M>G</M>
##  that is formed by those conjugacy classes for which the value of
##  <A>chi</A> equals the degree of <A>chi</A>.
##  If the underlying character table of <A>chi</A> does not store the group
##  <M>G</M> then an error is signalled.
##  (See&nbsp;<Ref Func="ClassPositionsOfKernel"/> for a way to handle the
##  kernel implicitly,
##  by listing the positions of conjugacy classes in the kernel.)
##  <P/>
##  The returned group is the kernel of any representation of <M>G</M> that
##  affords <A>chi</A>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> List( Irr( S4 ), KernelOfCharacter );
##  [ Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ), Group(()), Group([ (1,2)(3,4), (1,3)(2,4) ]), 
##    Group(()), Group([ (), (1,2), (1,2)(3,4), (1,2,3), (1,2,3,4) ]) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "KernelOfCharacter", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "KernelOfCharacter",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#A  ClassPositionsOfKernel( <chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ClassPositionsOfKernel">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="ClassPositionsOfKernel" Arg='chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the list of positions of those conjugacy classes that form the kernel
##  of the character <A>chi</A>, that is, those positions with character
##  value equal to the character degree.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> List( Irr( S4 ), ClassPositionsOfKernel );
##  [ [ 1, 3, 4 ], [ 1 ], [ 1, 3 ], [ 1 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "ClassPositionsOfKernel", IsHomogeneousList );


#############################################################################
##
#O  CycleStructureClass( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <class> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="CycleStructureClass">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="CycleStructureClass" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, class'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>permchar</A> be a permutation character, and <A>class</A> be the
##  position of a conjugacy class of the character table of <A>permchar</A>.
##  <Ref Oper="CycleStructureClass"/> returns a list describing
##  the cycle structure of each element in class <A>class</A> in the
##  underlying permutation representation, in the same format as the result
##  of <Ref Func="CycleStructurePerm"/>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> nat:= NaturalCharacter( S4 );
##  Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 4, 2, 0, 1, 0 ] )
##  gap> List( [ 1 .. 5 ], i -> CycleStructureClass( nat, i ) );
##  [ [  ], [ 1 ], [ 2 ], [ , 1 ], [ ,, 1 ] ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "CycleStructureClass",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsPosInt ] );
DeclareOperation( "CycleStructureClass", [ IsClassFunction, IsPosInt ] );


#############################################################################
##
#P  IsTransitive( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="IsTransitive:ctblfuns">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Prop Name="IsTransitive" Arg='[tbl, ]chi' Label="for a character"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  For a permutation character <A>chi</A> of the group <M>G</M> that
##  corresponds to an action on the <M>G</M>-set <M>\Omega</M>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="PermutationCharacter"
##  Label="for a group, an action domain, and a function"/>),
##  <Ref Prop="IsTransitive" Label="for a group, an action domain, etc."/>
##  returns <K>true</K> if the action of <M>G</M> on <M>\Omega</M> is
##  transitive, and <K>false</K> otherwise.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareProperty( "IsTransitive", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "IsTransitive", [ IsCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#A  Transitivity( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="Transitivity:ctblfuns">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="Transitivity" Arg='[tbl, ]chi' Label="for a character"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  For a permutation character <A>chi</A> of the group <M>G</M>
##  that corresponds to an action on the <M>G</M>-set <M>\Omega</M>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="PermutationCharacter"
##  Label="for a group, an action domain, and a function"/>),
##  <Ref Attr="Transitivity" Label="for a character"/> returns the maximal
##  nonnegative integer <M>k</M> such that the action of <M>G</M> on
##  <M>\Omega</M> is <M>k</M>-transitive.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> IsTransitive( nat );  Transitivity( nat );
##  true
##  4
##  gap> Transitivity( 2 * TrivialCharacter( S4 ) );
##  0
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "Transitivity", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "Transitivity", [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#A  CentralCharacter( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="CentralCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="CentralCharacter" Arg='[tbl, ]chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index>central character</Index>
##  For a character <A>chi</A> of the group <M>G</M>, say,
##  <Ref Func="CentralCharacter"/> returns
##  the <E>central character</E> of <A>chi</A>.
##  <P/>
##  The central character of <M>\chi</M> is the class function
##  <M>\omega_{\chi}</M> defined by
##  <M>\omega_{\chi}(g) = |g^G| \cdot \chi(g)/\chi(1)</M> for each
##  <M>g \in G</M>.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "CentralCharacter", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "CentralCharacter",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#A  DeterminantOfCharacter( [<tbl>, ]<chi> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="DeterminantOfCharacter">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="DeterminantOfCharacter" Arg='[tbl, ]chi'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index>determinant character</Index>
##  <Ref Func="DeterminantOfCharacter"/> returns the
##  <E>determinant character</E> of the character <A>chi</A>.
##  This is defined to be the character obtained by taking the determinant of
##  representing matrices of any representation affording <A>chi</A>;
##  the determinant can be computed using <Ref Func="EigenvaluesChar"/>.
##  <P/>
##  It is also possible to call <Ref Func="Determinant"/> instead of
##  <Ref Func="DeterminantOfCharacter"/>.
##  <P/>
##  Note that the determinant character is well-defined for virtual
##  characters.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> CentralCharacter( TrivialCharacter( S4 ) );
##  ClassFunction( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, 6, 3, 8, 6 ] )
##  gap> DeterminantOfCharacter( Irr( S4 )[3] );
##  Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1 ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "DeterminantOfCharacter", IsClassFunction );
DeclareOperation( "DeterminantOfCharacter",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  EigenvaluesChar( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <class> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="EigenvaluesChar">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="EigenvaluesChar" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, class'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>chi</A> be a character of the group <M>G</M>, say.
##  For an element <M>g \in G</M> in the <A>class</A>-th conjugacy class,
##  of order <M>n</M>, let <M>M</M> be a matrix of a representation affording
##  <A>chi</A>.
##  <P/>
##  <Ref Func="EigenvaluesChar"/> returns the list of length <M>n</M>
##  where at position <M>k</M> the multiplicity
##  of <C>E</C><M>(n)^k = \exp(2 \pi i k / n)</M>
##  as an eigenvalue of <M>M</M> is stored.
##  <P/>
##  We have
##  <C><A>chi</A>[ <A>class</A> ] = List( [ 1 .. n ], k -> E(n)^k )
##           * EigenvaluesChar( <A>tbl</A>, <A>chi</A>, <A>class</A> )</C>.
##  <P/>
##  It is also possible to call <Ref Func="Eigenvalues"/> instead of
##  <Ref Func="EigenvaluesChar"/>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> chi:= Irr( CharacterTable( "A5" ) )[2];
##  Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##  [ 3, -1, 0, -E(5)-E(5)^4, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3 ] )
##  gap> List( [ 1 .. 5 ], i -> Eigenvalues( chi, i ) );
##  [ [ 3 ], [ 2, 1 ], [ 1, 1, 1 ], [ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1 ], [ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "EigenvaluesChar", [ IsClassFunction, IsPosInt ] );
DeclareOperation( "EigenvaluesChar",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsPosInt ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  Tensored( <chars1>, <chars2> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="Tensored">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="Tensored" Arg='chars1, chars2'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>chars1</A> and <A>chars2</A> be lists of (values lists of) class
##  functions of the same character table.
##  <Ref Func="Tensored"/> returns the list of tensor products of all entries
##  in <A>chars1</A> with all entries in <A>chars2</A>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> irra5:= Irr( CharacterTable( "A5" ) );;
##  gap> chars1:= irra5{ [ 1 .. 3 ] };;  chars2:= irra5{ [ 2, 3 ] };;
##  gap> Tensored( chars1, chars2 );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 3, -1, 0, -E(5)-E(5)^4, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 3, -1, 0, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3, -E(5)-E(5)^4 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 9, 1, 0, -2*E(5)-E(5)^2-E(5)^3-2*E(5)^4, 
##        -E(5)-2*E(5)^2-2*E(5)^3-E(5)^4 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 9, 1, 0, -1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 9, 1, 0, -1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 9, 1, 0, -E(5)-2*E(5)^2-2*E(5)^3-E(5)^4, 
##        -2*E(5)-E(5)^2-E(5)^3-2*E(5)^4 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "Tensored", [ IsHomogeneousList, IsHomogeneousList ] );


#############################################################################
##
##  9. Restricted and Induced Class Functions
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[7]{ctblfuns}">
##  For restricting a class function of a group <M>G</M> to a subgroup
##  <M>H</M> and for inducing a class function of <M>H</M> to <M>G</M>,
##  the <E>class fusion</E> from <M>H</M> to <M>G</M> must be known
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Class Fusions between Character Tables"/>).
##  <P/>
##  <Index>inflated class functions</Index>
##  If <M>F</M> is the factor group of <M>G</M> by the normal subgroup
##  <M>N</M> then each class function of <M>F</M> can be naturally regarded
##  as a class function of <M>G</M>, with <M>N</M> in its kernel.
##  For a class function of <M>F</M>, the corresponding class function of
##  <M>G</M> is called the <E>inflated</E> class function.
##  Restriction and inflation are in principle the same,
##  namely indirection of a class function by the appropriate fusion map,
##  and thus no extra operation is needed for this process.
##  But note that contrary to the case of a subgroup fusion, the factor
##  fusion can in general not be computed from the groups <M>G</M> and
##  <M>F</M>;
##  either one needs the natural homomorphism, or the factor fusion to the
##  character table of <M>F</M> must be stored on the table of <M>G</M>.
##  This explains the different syntax for computing restricted and inflated
##  class functions.
##  <P/>
##  In the following,
##  the meaning of the optional first argument <A>tbl</A> is the same as in
##  Section&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Operations for Class Functions"/>.
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


#############################################################################
##
#O  RestrictedClassFunction( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <H> )
#O  RestrictedClassFunction( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <hom> )
#O  RestrictedClassFunction( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <subtbl> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="RestrictedClassFunction">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="RestrictedClassFunction" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, target'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>chi</A> be a class function of the group <M>G</M>, say,
##  and let <A>target</A> be either a subgroup <M>H</M> of <M>G</M>
##  or an injective homomorphism from <M>H</M> to <M>G</M>
##  or the character table of <A>H</A>.
##  Then <Ref Oper="RestrictedClassFunction"/> returns the class function of
##  <M>H</M> obtained by restricting <A>chi</A> to <M>H</M>.
##  <P/>
##  If <A>chi</A> is a class function of a <E>factor group</E> <M>G</M>of
##  <M>H</M>, where <A>target</A> is either the group <M>H</M>
##  or a homomorphism from <M>H</M> to <M>G</M>
##  or the character table of <M>H</M>
##  then the restriction can be computed in the case of the homomorphism;
##  in the other cases, this is possible only if the factor fusion from
##  <M>H</M> to <M>G</M> is stored on the character table of <M>H</M>.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunction", [ IsClassFunction, IsGroup ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunction",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsGroup ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunction",
    [ IsClassFunction, IsGeneralMapping ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunction",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsGeneralMapping ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunction",
    [ IsClassFunction, IsNearlyCharacterTable ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunction",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsNearlyCharacterTable ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  RestrictedClassFunctions( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <H> )
#O  RestrictedClassFunctions( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <hom> )
#O  RestrictedClassFunctions( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <subtbl> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="RestrictedClassFunctions">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="RestrictedClassFunctions" Arg='[tbl, ]chars, target'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Ref Oper="RestrictedClassFunctions"/> is similar to
##  <Ref Oper="RestrictedClassFunction"/>,
##  the only difference is that it takes a list <A>chars</A> of class
##  functions instead of one class function,
##  and returns the list of restricted class functions.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> a5:= CharacterTable( "A5" );;  s5:= CharacterTable( "S5" );;
##  gap> RestrictedClassFunction( Irr( s5 )[2], a5 );
##  Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> RestrictedClassFunctions( Irr( s5 ), a5 );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 6, -2, 0, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 4, 0, 1, -1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 4, 0, 1, -1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 5, 1, -1, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 5, 1, -1, 0, 0 ] ) ]
##  gap> hom:= NaturalHomomorphismByNormalSubgroup( S4, der );;
##  gap> RestrictedClassFunctions( Irr( Image( hom ) ), hom );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( S4 ), [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunctions", [ IsList, IsGroup ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunctions",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsList, IsGroup ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunctions", [ IsList, IsGeneralMapping ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunctions",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsList, IsGeneralMapping ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunctions",
    [ IsList, IsNearlyCharacterTable ] );
DeclareOperation( "RestrictedClassFunctions",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsList, IsNearlyCharacterTable ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  Restricted( <tbl>, <subtbl>, <chars> )
#O  Restricted( <tbl>, <subtbl>, <chars>, <specification> )
#O  Restricted( <chars>, <fusionmap> )
#O  Restricted( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <H> )
#O  Restricted( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <hom> )
#O  Restricted( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <subtbl> )
#O  Restricted( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <H> )
#O  Restricted( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <hom> )
#O  Restricted( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <subtbl> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='tbl, subtbl, chars'/>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='tbl, subtbl, chars, specification'/>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='chars, fusionmap'/>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, H'/>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, hom'/>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, subtbl'/>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='[tbl, ]chars, H'/>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='[tbl, ]chars, hom'/>
##  <Oper Name="Restricted" Arg='[tbl, ]chars, subtbl'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  This is mainly for convenience and compatibility with &GAP;&nbsp;3.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareOperation( "Restricted", [ IsObject, IsObject ] );
DeclareOperation( "Restricted", [ IsObject, IsObject, IsObject ] );
DeclareOperation( "Restricted", [ IsObject, IsObject, IsObject, IsObject ] );
DeclareSynonym( "Inflated", Restricted );


#############################################################################
##
#O  InducedClassFunction( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <H> )
#O  InducedClassFunction( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <hom> )
#O  InducedClassFunction( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <suptbl> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="InducedClassFunction">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Heading>InducedClassFunction</Heading>
##  <Oper Name="InducedClassFunction" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, H'
##   Label="for a supergroup"/>
##  <Oper Name="InducedClassFunction" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, hom'
##   Label="for a given monomorphism"/>
##  <Oper Name="InducedClassFunction" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, suptbl'
##   Label="for the character table of a supergroup"/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>chi</A> be a class function of the group <M>G</M>, say,
##  and let <A>target</A> be either a supergroup <M>H</M> of <M>G</M>
##  or an injective homomorphism from <M>H</M> to <M>G</M>
##  or the character table of <A>H</A>.
##  Then <Ref Oper="InducedClassFunction" Label="for a supergroup"/>
##  returns the class function of <M>H</M> obtained by inducing <A>chi</A>
##  to <M>H</M>.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunction", [ IsClassFunction, IsGroup ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunction",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsGroup ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunction",
    [ IsClassFunction, IsGeneralMapping ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunction",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsGeneralMapping ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunction",
    [ IsClassFunction, IsNearlyCharacterTable ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunction",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsNearlyCharacterTable ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  InducedClassFunctions( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <H> )
#O  InducedClassFunctions( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <hom> )
#O  InducedClassFunctions( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <suptbl> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="InducedClassFunctions">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="InducedClassFunctions" Arg='[tbl, ]chars, target'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Ref Oper="InducedClassFunctions"/> is similar to
##  <Ref Oper="InducedClassFunction" Label="for a supergroup"/>,
##  the only difference is that it takes a list <A>chars</A> of class
##  functions instead of one class function,
##  and returns the list of induced class functions.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> InducedClassFunctions( Irr( a5 ), s5 );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 6, -2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 6, -2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 8, 0, 2, -2, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 10, 2, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunctions", [ IsList, IsGroup ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsList, IsGroup ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsList, IsGeneralMapping ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsList, IsGeneralMapping ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsList, IsNearlyCharacterTable ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsList, IsNearlyCharacterTable ] );


#############################################################################
##
#F  InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap( <subtbl>, <tbl>, <chars>, <fusionmap> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap"
##   Arg='subtbl, tbl, chars, fusionmap'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>subtbl</A> and <A>tbl</A> be two character tables of groups
##  <M>H</M> and <M>G</M>, such that <M>H</M> is a subgroup of <M>G</M>,
##  let <A>chars</A> be a list of class functions of <A>subtbl</A>, and
##  let <A>fusionmap</A> be a fusion map from <A>subtbl</A> to <A>tbl</A>.
##  The function returns the list of induced class functions of <A>tbl</A>
##  that correspond to <A>chars</A>, w.r.t. the given fusion map.
##  <P/>
##  <Ref Func="InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap"/> is the function that does
##  the work for <Ref Oper="InducedClassFunction"
##  Label="for the character table of a supergroup"/> and
##  <Ref Oper="InducedClassFunctions"/>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( a5, s5 );
##  [ [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 4 ] ]
##  gap> InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap( a5, s5, Irr( a5 ), fus[1] );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 6, -2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 6, -2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 8, 0, 2, -2, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 10, 2, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap" );


#############################################################################
##
#O  Induced( <subtbl>, <tbl>, <chars> )
#O  Induced( <subtbl>, <tbl>, <chars>, <specification> )
#O  Induced( <subtbl>, <tbl>, <chars>, <fusionmap> )
#O  Induced( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <H> )
#O  Induced( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <hom> )
#O  Induced( [<tbl>, ]<chi>, <suptbl> )
#O  Induced( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <H> )
#O  Induced( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <hom> )
#O  Induced( [<tbl>, ]<chars>, <suptbl> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='subtbl, tbl, chars'/>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='subtbl, tbl, chars, specification'/>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='subtbl, tbl, chars, fusionmap'/>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, H'/>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, hom'/>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='[tbl, ]chi, suptbl'/>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='[tbl, ]chars, H'/>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='[tbl, ]chars, hom'/>
##  <Oper Name="Induced" Arg='[tbl, ]chars, suptbl'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  This is mainly for convenience and compatibility with &GAP;&nbsp;3.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareOperation( "Induced", [ IsObject, IsObject ] );
DeclareOperation( "Induced", [ IsObject, IsObject, IsObject ] );
DeclareOperation( "Induced", [ IsObject, IsObject, IsObject, IsObject ] );


#############################################################################
##
#O  InducedCyclic( <tbl>[, <classes>][, "all"] )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="InducedCyclic">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="InducedCyclic" Arg='tbl[, classes][, "all"]'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Ref Oper="InducedCyclic"/> calculates characters induced up from
##  cyclic subgroups of the ordinary character table <A>tbl</A>
##  to <A>tbl</A>, and returns the strictly sorted list of the induced
##  characters.
##  <P/>
##  If the string <C>"all"</C> is specified then all irreducible characters
##  of these subgroups are induced,
##  otherwise only the permutation characters are calculated.
##  <P/>
##  If a list <A>classes</A> is specified then only those cyclic subgroups
##  generated by these classes are considered,
##  otherwise all classes of <A>tbl</A> are considered.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> InducedCyclic( a5, "all" );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 12, 0, 0, 2, 2 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 12, 0, 0, E(5)^2+E(5)^3, E(5)+E(5)^4 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 12, 0, 0, E(5)+E(5)^4, E(5)^2+E(5)^3 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 20, 0, -1, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 20, 0, 2, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 30, -2, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 30, 2, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 60, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "InducedCyclic", [ IsOrdinaryTable ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedCyclic", [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsList ] );
DeclareOperation( "InducedCyclic", [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsList, IsString ] );


#############################################################################
##
##  10. Reducing Virtual Characters
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[8]{ctblfuns}">
##  The following operations are intended for the situation that one is
##  given a list of virtual characters of a character table and is interested
##  in the irreducible characters of this table.
##  The idea is to compute virtual characters of small norm from the given
##  ones, hoping to get eventually virtual characters of norm <M>1</M>.
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


#############################################################################
##
#O  ReducedClassFunctions( [<tbl>, ][<constituents>, ]<reducibles> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ReducedClassFunctions">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="ReducedClassFunctions"
##   Arg='[tbl, ][constituents, ]reducibles'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>reducibles</A> be a list of ordinary virtual characters
##  of the group <M>G</M>, say.
##  If <A>constituents</A> is given then it must also be a list of ordinary
##  virtual characters of <M>G</M>,
##  otherwise we have <A>constituents</A> equal to <A>reducibles</A>
##  in the following.
##  <P/>
##  <Ref Oper="ReducedClassFunctions"/> returns a record with the components
##  <C>remainders</C> and <C>irreducibles</C>,
##  both lists of virtual characters of <M>G</M>.
##  These virtual characters are computed as follows.
##  <P/>
##  Let <C>rems</C> be the set of nonzero class functions obtained by
##  subtraction of
##  <Display Mode="M">
##  \sum_{\chi} ( [<A>reducibles</A>[i], \chi] / [\chi, \chi] ) \cdot \chi
##  </Display>
##  from <M><A>reducibles</A>[i]</M>,
##  where the summation runs over <A>constituents</A>
##  and <M>[\chi, \psi]</M> denotes the scalar product of <M>G</M>-class
##  functions.
##  Let <C>irrs</C> be the list of irreducible characters in <C>rems</C>.
##  <P/>
##  We project <C>rems</C> into the orthogonal space of <C>irrs</C> and
##  all those irreducibles found this way until no new irreducibles arise.
##  Then the <C>irreducibles</C> list is the set of all found irreducible
##  characters, and the <C>remainders</C> list is the set of all nonzero
##  remainders.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "ReducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsHomogeneousList, IsHomogeneousList ] );
DeclareOperation( "ReducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsHomogeneousList ] );
DeclareOperation( "ReducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsHomogeneousList ] );
DeclareOperation( "ReducedClassFunctions",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList ] );

DeclareSynonym( "Reduced", ReducedClassFunctions );


#############################################################################
##
#O  ReducedCharacters( [<tbl>, ]<constituents>, <reducibles> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="ReducedCharacters">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="ReducedCharacters" Arg='[tbl, ]constituents, reducibles'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Ref Oper="ReducedCharacters"/> is similar to
##  <Ref Oper="ReducedClassFunctions"/>,
##  the only difference is that <A>constituents</A> and <A>reducibles</A>
##  are assumed to be lists of characters.
##  This means that only those scalar products must be formed where the
##  degree of the character in <A>constituents</A> does not exceed the degree
##  of the character in <A>reducibles</A>.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "A5" );;
##  gap> chars:= Irr( tbl ){ [ 2 .. 4 ] };;
##  gap> chars:= Set( Tensored( chars, chars ) );;
##  gap> red:= ReducedClassFunctions( chars );
##  rec( 
##    irreducibles := 
##      [ Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##        Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##          [ 3, -1, 0, -E(5)-E(5)^4, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3 ] ), 
##        Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##          [ 3, -1, 0, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3, -E(5)-E(5)^4 ] ), 
##        Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 4, 0, 1, -1, -1 ] ), 
##        Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 5, 1, -1, 0, 0 ] ) ], 
##    remainders := [  ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "ReducedCharacters",
    [ IsHomogeneousList, IsHomogeneousList ] );
DeclareOperation( "ReducedCharacters",
    [ IsOrdinaryTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsHomogeneousList ] );

DeclareSynonym( "ReducedOrdinary", ReducedCharacters );


#############################################################################
##
#F  IrreducibleDifferences( <tbl>, <reducibles>, <reducibles2>[, <scprmat>] )
#F  IrreducibleDifferences( <tbl>, <reducibles>, "triangle"[, <scprmat>] )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="IrreducibleDifferences">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="IrreducibleDifferences"
##   Arg='tbl, reducibles, reducibles2[, scprmat]'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Ref Func="IrreducibleDifferences"/> returns the list of irreducible
##  characters which occur as difference of an element of <A>reducibles</A>
##  and an element of <A>reducibles2</A>,
##  where these two arguments are lists of class functions of the character
##  table <A>tbl</A>.
##  <P/>
##  If <A>reducibles2</A> is the string <C>"triangle"</C> then the
##  differences of elements in <A>reducibles</A> are considered.
##  <P/>
##  If <A>scprmat</A> is not specified then it will be calculated,
##  otherwise we must have
##  <C><A>scprmat</A> =
##  MatScalarProducts( <A>tbl</A>, <A>reducibles</A>, <A>reducibles2</A> )</C>
##  or <C><A>scprmat</A> =
##  MatScalarProducts( <A>tbl</A>, <A>reducibles</A> )</C>,
##  respectively.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> IrreducibleDifferences( a5, chars, "triangle" );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 3, -1, 0, -E(5)-E(5)^4, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 3, -1, 0, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3, -E(5)-E(5)^4 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "IrreducibleDifferences" );


#############################################################################
##
##  11. Symmetrizations of Class Functions
##


#############################################################################
##
#O  Symmetrizations( [<tbl>, ]<characters>, <n> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="Symmetrizations">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Oper Name="Symmetrizations" Arg='[tbl, ]characters, n'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index Subkey="symmetrizations of">characters</Index>
##  <Ref Oper="Symmetrizations"/> returns the list of symmetrizations
##  of the characters <A>characters</A> of the ordinary character table
##  <A>tbl</A> with the ordinary irreducible characters of the symmetric
##  group of degree <A>n</A>;
##  instead of the integer <A>n</A>,
##  the character table of the symmetric group can be entered.
##  <P/>
##  The symmetrization <M>\chi^{[\lambda]}</M> of the character <M>\chi</M>
##  of <A>tbl</A> with the character <M>\lambda</M> of the symmetric group
##  <M>S_n</M> of degree <M>n</M> is defined by
##  <Display Mode="M">
##  \chi^{[\lambda]}(g) = \left( \sum_{{\rho \in S_n}}
##      \lambda(\rho) \prod_{{k=1}}^n \chi(g^k)^{{a_k(\rho)}} \right) / n! ,
##  </Display>
##  where <M>a_k(\rho)</M> is the number of cycles of length <M>k</M>
##  in <M>\rho</M>.
##  <P/>
##  For special kinds of symmetrizations,
##  see&nbsp;<Ref Func="SymmetricParts"/>, <Ref Func="AntiSymmetricParts"/>,
##  <Ref Func="MinusCharacter"/> and <Ref Func="OrthogonalComponents"/>,
##  <Ref Func="SymplecticComponents"/>.
##  <P/>
##  <E>Note</E> that the returned list may contain zero class functions,
##  and duplicates are not deleted.
##  <!-- describe the succession!!-->
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "A5" );;
##  gap> Symmetrizations( Irr( tbl ){ [ 1 .. 3 ] }, 3 );
##  [ VirtualCharacter( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    VirtualCharacter( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 8, 0, -1, -E(5)-E(5)^4, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 10, -2, 1, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), 
##      [ 8, 0, -1, -E(5)^2-E(5)^3, -E(5)-E(5)^4 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 10, -2, 1, 0, 0 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation( "Symmetrizations",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsInt ] );
DeclareOperation( "Symmetrizations",
    [ IsNearlyCharacterTable, IsHomogeneousList, IsCharacterTable ] );
DeclareOperation( "Symmetrizations", [ IsHomogeneousList, IsInt ] );
DeclareOperation( "Symmetrizations",
    [ IsHomogeneousList, IsCharacterTable ] );

DeclareSynonym( "Symmetrisations", Symmetrizations );


#############################################################################
##
#F  SymmetricParts( <tbl>, <characters>, <n> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="SymmetricParts">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="SymmetricParts" Arg='tbl, characters, n'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index>symmetric power</Index>
##  is the list of symmetrizations of the characters <A>characters</A>
##  of the character table <A>tbl</A> with the trivial character of
##  the symmetric group of degree <A>n</A>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Oper="Symmetrizations"/>).
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> SymmetricParts( tbl, Irr( tbl ), 3 );
##  [ Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 10, -2, 1, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 10, -2, 1, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 20, 0, 2, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 35, 3, 2, 0, 0 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "SymmetricParts" );


#############################################################################
##
#F  AntiSymmetricParts( <tbl>, <characters>, <n> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="AntiSymmetricParts">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="AntiSymmetricParts" Arg='tbl, characters, n'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index>exterior power</Index>
##  is the list of symmetrizations of the characters <A>characters</A>
##  of the character table <A>tbl</A> with the alternating character of
##  the symmetric group of degree <A>n</A>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Oper="Symmetrizations"/>).
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> AntiSymmetricParts( tbl, Irr( tbl ), 3 );
##  [ VirtualCharacter( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 4, 0, 1, -1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( CharacterTable( "A5" ), [ 10, -2, 1, 0, 0 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "AntiSymmetricParts" );


#############################################################################
##
#F  RefinedSymmetrizations( <tbl>, <chars>, <m>, <func> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="RefinedSymmetrizations" Arg='tbl, chars, m, func'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the list of Murnaghan components for orthogonal
##  ('<A>func</A>(x,y)=x', see&nbsp;<Ref Func="OrthogonalComponents"/>)
##  or symplectic
##  ('<A>func</A>(x,y)=x-y', see&nbsp;<Ref Func="SymplecticComponents"/>)
##  symmetrizations.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "RefinedSymmetrizations" );
DeclareSynonym( "RefinedSymmetrisations", RefinedSymmetrizations );


#############################################################################
##
#F  OrthogonalComponents( <tbl>, <chars>, <m> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="OrthogonalComponents">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="OrthogonalComponents" Arg='tbl, chars, m'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index Subkey="orthogonal">symmetrizations</Index>
##  <Index>Frame</Index>
##  <Index>Murnaghan components</Index>
##  If <M>\chi</M> is a nonlinear character with indicator <M>+1</M>,
##  a splitting of the tensor power <M>\chi^m</M> is given by the so-called
##  Murnaghan functions (see&nbsp;<Cite Key="Mur58"/>).
##  These components in general have fewer irreducible constituents
##  than the symmetrizations with the symmetric group of degree <A>m</A>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Oper="Symmetrizations"/>).
##  <P/>
##  <Ref Func="OrthogonalComponents"/> returns the Murnaghan components
##  of the nonlinear characters of the character table <A>tbl</A>
##  in the list <A>chars</A> up to the power <A>m</A>,
##  where <A>m</A> is an integer between 2 and 6.
##  <P/>
##  The Murnaghan functions are implemented as in&nbsp;<Cite Key="Fra82"/>.
##  <P/>
##  <E>Note</E>:
##  If <A>chars</A> is a list of character objects
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsCharacter"/>) then also
##  the result consists of class function objects.
##  It is not checked whether all characters in <A>chars</A> do really have
##  indicator <M>+1</M>;
##  if there are characters with indicator <M>0</M> or <M>-1</M>,
##  the result might contain virtual characters
##  (see also&nbsp;<Ref Func="SymplecticComponents"/>),
##  therefore the entries of the result do in general not know that they are
##  characters.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "A8" );;  chi:= Irr( tbl )[2];
##  Character( CharacterTable( "A8" ), [ 7, -1, 3, 4, 1, -1, 1, 2, 0, -1, 
##    0, 0, -1, -1 ] )
##  gap> OrthogonalComponents( tbl, [ chi ], 3 );
##  [ ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "A8" ), 
##      [ 21, -3, 1, 6, 0, 1, -1, 1, -2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "A8" ), 
##      [ 27, 3, 7, 9, 0, -1, 1, 2, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "A8" ), 
##      [ 105, 1, 5, 15, -3, 1, -1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "A8" ), 
##      [ 35, 3, -5, 5, 2, -1, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "A8" ), 
##      [ 77, -3, 13, 17, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "OrthogonalComponents" );


#############################################################################
##
#F  SymplecticComponents( <tbl>, <chars>, <m> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="SymplecticComponents">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="SymplecticComponents" Arg='tbl, chars, m'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  <Index Subkey="symplectic">symmetrizations</Index>
##  <Index>Murnaghan components</Index>
##  If <M>\chi</M> is a (nonlinear) character with indicator <M>-1</M>,
##  a splitting of the tensor power <M>\chi^m</M> is given in terms of the
##  so-called Murnaghan functions (see&nbsp;<Cite Key="Mur58"/>).
##  These components in general have fewer irreducible constituents
##  than the symmetrizations with the symmetric group of degree <A>m</A>
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Oper="Symmetrizations"/>).
##  <P/>
##  <Ref Func="SymplecticComponents"/> returns the symplectic symmetrizations
##  of the nonlinear characters of the character table <A>tbl</A>
##  in the list <A>chars</A> up to the power <A>m</A>,
##  where <A>m</A> is an integer between <M>2</M> and <M>5</M>.
##  <P/>
##  <E>Note</E>:
##  If <A>chars</A> is a list of character objects
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="IsCharacter"/>) then also
##  the result consists of class function objects.
##  It is not checked whether all characters in <A>chars</A> do really have
##  indicator <M>-1</M>;
##  if there are characters with indicator <M>0</M> or <M>+1</M>,
##  the result might contain virtual characters
##  (see also&nbsp;<Ref Func="OrthogonalComponents"/>),
##  therefore the entries of the result do in general not know that they are
##  characters.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "U3(3)" );;  chi:= Irr( tbl )[2];
##  Character( CharacterTable( "U3(3)" ), 
##  [ 6, -2, -3, 0, -2, -2, 2, 1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] )
##  gap> SymplecticComponents( tbl, [ chi ], 3 );
##  [ ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "U3(3)" ), 
##      [ 14, -2, 5, -1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "U3(3)" ), 
##      [ 21, 5, 3, 0, 1, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1, -1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "U3(3)" ), 
##      [ 64, 0, -8, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "U3(3)" ), 
##      [ 14, 6, -4, 2, -2, -2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -2, -2 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "U3(3)" ), 
##      [ 56, -8, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "SymplecticComponents" );


#############################################################################
##
##  12. Operations for Brauer Characters
##


#############################################################################
##
#F  FrobeniusCharacterValue( <value>, <p> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="FrobeniusCharacterValue">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="FrobeniusCharacterValue" Arg='value, p'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>value</A> be a cyclotomic whose coefficients over the rationals
##  are in the ring <M>&ZZ;_{<A>p</A>}</M> of <A>p</A>-local numbers,
##  where <A>p</A> is a prime integer.
##  Assume that <A>value</A> lies in <M>&ZZ;_{<A>p</A>}[\zeta]</M>
##  for <M>\zeta = \exp(<A>p</A>^n-1)</M>,
##  for some positive integer <M>n</M>.
##  <P/>
##  <Ref Func="FrobeniusCharacterValue"/> returns the image of <A>value</A>
##  under the ring homomorphism from <M>&ZZ;_{<A>p</A>}[\zeta]</M>
##  to the field with <M><A>p</A>^n</M> elements
##  that is defined with the help of Conway polynomials
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="ConwayPolynomial"/>), more information can be found
##  in <Cite Key="JLPW95" Where="Sections 2-5"/>.
##  <P/>
##  If <A>value</A> is a Brauer character value in characteristic <A>p</A>
##  then the result can be described as the corresponding value of the
##  Frobenius character, that is, as the trace of a representing matrix
##  with the given Brauer character value.
##  <P/>
##  If the result of <Ref Func="FrobeniusCharacterValue"/> cannot be
##  expressed as an element of a finite field in &GAP;
##  (see Chapter&nbsp;<Ref Chap="Finite Fields"/>)
##  then <Ref Func="FrobeniusCharacterValue"/> returns <K>fail</K>.
##  <P/>
##  If the Conway polynomial of degree <M>n</M> is required for the
##  computation then it is computed only if
##  <Ref Func="IsCheapConwayPolynomial"/> returns <K>true</K> when it is
##  called with <A>p</A> and <M>n</M>,
##  otherwise <K>fail</K> is returned.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "FrobeniusCharacterValue" );


##############################################################################
##
#F  ReductionToFiniteField( <value>, <p> )
##
##  If this function shall become documented, this can be done in the manual
##  section for FrobeniusCharacterValue.
##
##  <Func Name="ReductionToFiniteField" Arg='value, p'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  Let <A>value</A> be a cyclotomic whose coefficients over the rationals
##  are in the ring <M>&ZZ;_{<A>p</A>}</M> of <A>p</A>-local numbers,
##  where <A>p</A> is a prime integer.
##  <Ref Func="ReductionToFiniteField"/> returns a pair <C>[ pol, m ]</C>
##  where <C>pol</C> is a polynomial over the field with <A>p</A> elements
##  and <C>m</C> is an integer such that the field with <A>p</A><C>^m</C>
##  elements is the minimal field that contains the reduction under the ring
##  homomorphism defined above.
##  The reduction of <A>value</A> is represented by <C>pol</C> modulo
##  the ideal spanned by the Conway polynomial
##  (see <Ref Func="ConwayPolynomial"/>) of degree <C>m</C>.
##  <P/>
##  <K>fail</K> is returned if ...
##  </Description>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "ReductionToFiniteField" );


#############################################################################
##
#A  BrauerCharacterValue( <mat> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="BrauerCharacterValue">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Attr Name="BrauerCharacterValue" Arg='mat'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  For an invertible matrix <A>mat</A> over a finite field <M>F</M>,
##  <Ref Attr="BrauerCharacterValue"/> returns the Brauer character value
##  of <A>mat</A> if the order of <A>mat</A> is coprime to the characteristic
##  of <M>F</M>, and <K>fail</K> otherwise.
##  <P/>
##  The <E>Brauer character value</E> of a matrix is the sum of complex lifts
##  of its eigenvalues.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> g:= SL(2,4);;           # 2-dim. irreducible representation of A5
##  gap> ccl:= ConjugacyClasses( g );;
##  gap> rep:= List( ccl, Representative );;
##  gap> List( rep, Order );
##  [ 1, 2, 5, 5, 3 ]
##  gap> phi:= List( rep, BrauerCharacterValue );
##  [ 2, fail, E(5)^2+E(5)^3, E(5)+E(5)^4, -1 ]
##  gap> List( phi{ [ 1, 3, 4, 5 ] }, x -> FrobeniusCharacterValue( x, 2 ) );
##  [ 0*Z(2), Z(2^2), Z(2^2)^2, Z(2)^0 ]
##  gap> List( rep{ [ 1, 3, 4, 5 ] }, TraceMat );
##  [ 0*Z(2), Z(2^2), Z(2^2)^2, Z(2)^0 ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute( "BrauerCharacterValue", IsMatrix );


#############################################################################
##
#V  ZEV_DATA
#F  ZevData( <q>, <n>[, <listofpairs>] )
#F  ZevDataValue( <q>, <n> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Var Name="ZEV_DATA"/>
##  <Func Name="ZevData" Arg='q, n[, listofpairs]'/>
##  <Func Name="ZevDataValue" Arg='q, n'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  These variables are used for a database that speeds up the computation of
##  Brauer character values.
##  <P/>
##  <C>ZEV_DATA</C> is a list of length <M>2</M>, at position <M>1</M> storing a list of
##  prime powers <M>q</M>, and at position <M>2</M> a corresponding list of lists <M>l</M>.
##  For given <M>q</M>, the list <M>l</M> is again a list of length <M>2</M>,
##  at position <M>1</M> storing a list of positive integers <M>n</M>, at position <M>2</M>
##  a corresponding list of lists, the entry for fixed (<M>q</M> and) <M>n</M> being
##  a list of pairs <M>[ c, y ]</M> as needed by <C>ZevData</C>.
##  <P/>
##  For a prime power <A>q</A> and a positive integer <A>n</A>, <C>ZevData</C> returns
##  a list of pairs <M>[ c, y ]</M> where <M>c</M> is the coefficient list of a
##  polynomial <M>f</M> over the field <M>F</M> with <A>q</A> elements,
##  and <M>y</M> a complex value.
##  These pairs are used to compute Brauer character values of matrices <M>M</M>
##  over <M>F</M>, of order <A>n</A>;
##  a <M>d</M>-dimensional nullspace of the matrix obtained by evaluating <M>f</M> at
##  <M>M</M> contributes the summand <M>y</M> with multiplicity <M>d / <C>Degree</C>( f )</M>.
##  <P/>
##  <C>ZevData</C> checks whether the required data are already stored in the
##  global list <C>ZEV_DATA</C>;
##  if not then <C>ZevDataValue</C> is called, which does the real work.
##  <P/>
##  Called with three arguments, <C>ZevData</C> <E>stores</E> the third argument in the
##  global list <C>ZEV_DATA</C>, at the position where the call with the first two
##  arguments will fetch it.
##  <P/>
##  (The names of these functions reflect that the corresponding command in
##  the C-&MeatAxe; is <C>zev</C>.)
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareGlobalVariable( "ZEV_DATA", "nested list of length 2" );
DeclareGlobalFunction( "ZevData" );
DeclareGlobalFunction( "ZevDataValue" );


#############################################################################
##
#F  SizeOfFieldOfDefinition( <val>, <p> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="SizeOfFieldOfDefinition">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="SizeOfFieldOfDefinition" Arg='val, p'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  For a cyclotomic or a list of cyclotomics <A>val</A>,
##  and a prime integer <A>p</A>, <Ref Func="SizeOfFieldOfDefinition"/>
##  returns the size of the smallest finite field
##  in characteristic <A>p</A> that contains the <A>p</A>-modular reduction
##  of <A>val</A>.
##  <P/>
##  The reduction map is defined as in&nbsp;<Cite Key="JLPW95"/>,
##  that is, the complex <M>(<A>p</A>^d-1)</M>-th root of unity
##  <M>\exp(<A>p</A>^d-1)</M> is mapped to the residue class of the
##  indeterminate, modulo the ideal spanned by the Conway polynomial
##  (see&nbsp;<Ref Func="ConwayPolynomial"/>) of degree <M>d</M> over the
##  field with <M>p</M> elements.
##  <P/>
##  If <A>val</A> is a Brauer character then the value returned is the size
##  of the smallest finite field in characteristic <A>p</A> over which the
##  corresponding representation lives.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "SizeOfFieldOfDefinition" );


#############################################################################
##
#F  RealizableBrauerCharacters( <matrix>, <q> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="RealizableBrauerCharacters">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="RealizableBrauerCharacters" Arg='matrix, q'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  For a list <A>matrix</A> of absolutely irreducible Brauer characters
##  in characteristic <M>p</M>, and a power <A>q</A> of <M>p</M>,
##  <Ref Func="RealizableBrauerCharacters"/> returns a duplicate-free list of
##  sums of Frobenius conjugates of the rows of <A>matrix</A>,
##  each irreducible over the field with <A>q</A> elements.
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> irr:= Irr( CharacterTable( "A5" ) mod 2 );
##  [ Character( BrauerTable( "A5", 2 ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    Character( BrauerTable( "A5", 2 ), 
##      [ 2, -1, E(5)+E(5)^4, E(5)^2+E(5)^3 ] ), 
##    Character( BrauerTable( "A5", 2 ), 
##      [ 2, -1, E(5)^2+E(5)^3, E(5)+E(5)^4 ] ), 
##    Character( BrauerTable( "A5", 2 ), [ 4, 1, -1, -1 ] ) ]
##  gap> List( irr, phi -> SizeOfFieldOfDefinition( phi, 2 ) );
##  [ 2, 4, 4, 2 ]
##  gap> RealizableBrauerCharacters( irr, 2 );
##  [ Character( BrauerTable( "A5", 2 ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), 
##    ClassFunction( BrauerTable( "A5", 2 ), [ 4, -2, -1, -1 ] ), 
##    Character( BrauerTable( "A5", 2 ), [ 4, 1, -1, -1 ] ) ]
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "RealizableBrauerCharacters" );


#############################################################################
##
##  13. Domains Generated by Class Functions
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="[9]{ctblfuns}">
##  &GAP; supports groups, vector spaces, and algebras generated by class
##  functions.
##  <!-- add examples:
##  gap> d8:= DihedralGroup( 8 );
##  <pc group of size 8 with 3 generators>
##  gap> lin:= LinearCharacters( d8 );;
##  gap> irr:= Irr( d8 );;
##  gap> g:= Group( lin, lin[1] );
##  <group with 4 generators>
##  gap> Size( g );
##  4
##  gap> IdGroup( g );
##  [ 4, 2 ]
##  gap> v:= VectorSpace( Rationals, lin );;
##  gap> w:= VectorSpace( Rationals, irr );;
##  gap> Dimension( v );
##  4
##  gap> Dimension( w );
##  5
##  
##  Note that for generating a group of class functions,
##  one should use the two-argument version of
##  <Ref Func="Group" Label="for a list of generators (and an identity element)"/>,
##  because a call of the one-argument version will return the cyclic matrix
##  group generated by the matrix of the intended generating class functions
##  if this matrix is invertible.
##  % Otherwise it seems to work, but why?
##  
##  gap> g:= CyclicGroup( 4 );;
##  gap> irr:= Irr( g );;
##  gap> Size( Group( irr ) );
##  infinity
##  gap> Size( Group( irr, TrivialCharacter( g ) ) );
##  4
##  -->
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##


#############################################################################
##
#F  IsClassFunctionsSpace( <V> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="IsClassFunctionsSpace" Arg='V'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  If an <M>F</M>-vector space <A>V</A> is in the filter
##  <Ref Func="IsClassFunctionsSpace"/> then this expresses that <A>V</A>
##  consists of class functions, and that <A>V</A> is
##  handled via the mechanism of nice bases (see&nbsp;<Ref ???="..."/>),
##  in the following way.
##  Let <M>T</M> be the underlying character table of the elements of <A>V</A>.
##  Then the <C>NiceFreeLeftModuleInfo</C> value of <A>V</A> is <M>T</M>,
##  and the <C>NiceVector</C> value of <M>v \in <A>V</A></M> is defined as
##  <C>ValueOfClassFunction</C><M>( v )</M>.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareHandlingByNiceBasis( "IsClassFunctionsSpace",
    "for free left modules of class functions" );


#############################################################################
##
##  14. Auxiliary operations
##


##############################################################################
##
#F  OrbitChar( <chi>, <linear> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="OrbitChar" Arg='chi, linear'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the orbit of the character values list <A>chi</A> under the action of
##  Galois automorphisms and multiplication with the linear characters in
##  the list <A>linear</A>.
##  <P/>
##  It is assumed that <A>linear</A> is closed under Galois automorphisms and
##  tensoring.
##  (This means that we can first form the orbit under Galois action, and
##  then apply the linear characters to all Galois conjugates.)
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "OrbitChar" );


##############################################################################
##
#F  OrbitsCharacters( <chars> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="OrbitsCharacters" Arg='chars'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is a list of orbits of the characters in the list <A>chars</A>
##  under the action of Galois automorphisms
##  and multiplication with the linear characters in <A>chars</A>.
##  <P/>
##  (Note that the image of an ordinary character under a Galois automorphism
##  is always a character; this is in general not true for Brauer characters.)
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "OrbitsCharacters" );


##############################################################################
##
#F  OrbitRepresentativesCharacters( <irr> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="OrbitRepresentativesCharacters" Arg='irr'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is a list of representatives of the orbits of the characters <A>irr</A>
##  under the action of Galois automorphisms and multiplication with linear
##  characters.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "OrbitRepresentativesCharacters" );


#T where to put the following two functions?
#############################################################################
##
#F  CollapsedMat( <mat>, <maps> )
##
##  <#GAPDoc Label="CollapsedMat">
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="CollapsedMat" Arg='mat, maps'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is a record with the components
##  <P/>
##  <List>
##  <Mark><C>fusion</C></Mark>
##  <Item>
##     fusion that collapses those columns of <A>mat</A> that are equal in
##     <A>mat</A> and also for all maps in the list <A>maps</A>,
##  </Item>
##  <Mark><C>mat</C></Mark>
##  <Item>
##     the image of <A>mat</A> under that fusion.
##  </Item>
##  </List>
##  <P/>
##  <Example><![CDATA[
##  gap> mat:= [ [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ], [ 2, -1, 0, 0 ], [ 4, 4, 1, 1 ] ];;
##  gap> coll:= CollapsedMat( mat, [] );
##  rec( fusion := [ 1, 2, 3, 3 ], 
##    mat := [ [ 1, 1, 1 ], [ 2, -1, 0 ], [ 4, 4, 1 ] ] )
##  gap> List( last.mat, x -> x{ last.fusion } ) = mat;
##  true
##  gap> coll:= CollapsedMat( mat, [ [ 1, 1, 1, 2 ] ] );
##  rec( fusion := [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ], 
##    mat := [ [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ], [ 2, -1, 0, 0 ], [ 4, 4, 1, 1 ] ] )
##  ]]></Example>
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##  <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "CollapsedMat" );


#############################################################################
##
#F  CharacterTableQuaternionic( <4n> )
##
##  <ManSection>
##  <Func Name="CharacterTableQuaternionic" Arg='4n'/>
##
##  <Description>
##  is the ordinary character table of the generalized quaternion group
##  of order <A>4n</A>.
##  </Description>
##  </ManSection>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "CharacterTableQuaternionic" );


#############################################################################
##
#E