gap-libs 4r7p5-2 / usr / share / gap / lib / ctblauto.gi

#############################################################################
##
#W  ctblauto.gi                 GAP library                     Thomas Breuer
##
##
#Y  Copyright (C)  1997,  Lehrstuhl D für Mathematik,  RWTH Aachen,  Germany
##
##  This file contains functions to calculate automorphisms of matrices,
##  e.g., the character matrices of character tables, and functions to
##  calculate permutations transforming the rows of a matrix to the rows of
##  another matrix.
##
##  *Note*:
##  The methods in this file do not use the partition backtrack techniques.
##  It would be desirable to translate them.
##


#############################################################################
##
#F  FamiliesOfRows( <mat>, <maps> )
##
InstallGlobalFunction( FamiliesOfRows, function( mat, maps )
    local j, k,          # loop variables
          famreps,       # (sorted) representatives for families
          permutations,  # list of perms for each family
          families,      # list of members of each family
          copyrow,       # sorted row
          permrow,       # permutation to sort the row
          pos,           # position in `famreps'
          famlengths,    # list of lengths of the families
          perm,          # permutation to sort
          row;           # loop over `maps'

    famreps:= [ ShallowCopy( mat[1] ) ];
    permutations:= [ [ Sortex( famreps[1] ) ] ];
    families:= [ [ 1 ] ];

    for j in [ 2 .. Length( mat ) ] do

      # Get a sorted version of the `j'-th row.
      copyrow := ShallowCopy( mat[j] );
      permrow := Sortex( copyrow );
      pos     := PositionSorted( famreps, copyrow );

      if IsBound( famreps[ pos ] ) and famreps[ pos ] = copyrow then

        # We have found a member of the `pos'-th family.
        Add( permutations[ pos ], permrow );
        Add( families[ pos ], j );

      else

        # We have found a member of a new family.
        for k in Reversed( [ pos .. Length( famreps ) ] ) do
          famreps[ k+1 ]:= famreps[k];
          permutations[ k+1 ]:= permutations[k];
          families[ k+1 ]:= families[k];
        od;
        famreps[ pos ]:= copyrow;
        permutations[ pos ]:= [ permrow ];
        families[ pos ]:= [ j ];

       fi;

    od;

    # Each row in `maps' is treated as a family of its own.
    j:= Length( mat );
    for row in maps do
      j:= j+1;
      Add( famreps, ShallowCopy( row ) );
      Add( permutations, [ Sortex( famreps[ Length( famreps ) ] ) ] );
      Add( families, [ j ] );
    od;

    # Sort the families according to their length, and adjust the data.
    famlengths:= [];
    for k in [ 1 .. Length( famreps ) ] do
      famlengths[k]:= Length( permutations[k] );
    od;
    perm:= Sortex( famlengths );
    famreps      := Permuted( famreps,      perm );
    permutations := Permuted( permutations, perm );
    families     := Permuted( families,     perm );

    # Return the result.
    return rec( famreps      := famreps,
                permutations := permutations,
                families     := families      );
end );


#############################################################################
##
#F  MatAutomorphismsFamily( <chainG>, <K>, <family>, <permutations> )
##
##  Let <chainG> be a stabilizer chain for a group $G$,
##  <K> a list of generators for a subgroup $K$ of $G$,
##  <family> a ...,
##  and <permutations> ... .
##
##  `MatAutomorphismsFamily' returns a stabilizer chain for the closure of
##  $K$ ...
##
##  for a family <rows> of rows with representative (i.e., sorted vector)
##  <famrep> and corresponding permutations
##  `Sortex(<rows>[j])=<permutations>[j]',
##  the group of column permutations in the group with stabilizer chain
##  <chainG> is computed that acts on
##  the set <rows>.
##
##  <family> is a list that distributes the columns into families:
##  Stabilizing <family> is equivalent to stabilizing <famrep>; so the
##  elements of <permutations> must be computed with respect to <family>, too.
##  Two columns <i>, <j> lie in the same family iff
##  `<family>[<i>] = <family>[<j>'.
##  (More precisely, <family>[i] is the list of all positions lying in the
##  same family as i.)
##
##  <K> is a list of permutation generators for a known subgroup of the
##  required group.
##
##  Note: The returned group has a base compatible with the base of $G$,
##        i.e. not a reduced base (used for "TransformingPermutationFamily")
##
BindGlobal( "MatAutomorphismsFamily",
    function( chainG, K, family, permutations )
    local famlength,             # number of rows in the family
          nonbase,               # points not in the base of `chainG'
          stabilizes,            # local function to check generators of $G$
          gen,                   # loop over `chainG.generators'
          chainK,                # compatible stabilizer chain of $K$
          allowed,               # new parameter for the backtrack search
          ElementPropertyCoset,  # local function to search in a coset
          FindSubgroupProperty;  # local function to extend the stab. chain

    famlength:= Length( permutations );
        
    # Select an optimal base that allows us to prune the tree efficiently.
    nonbase:= Difference( [ 1 .. Length( family) ],
                          BaseStabChain( chainG ) );
    
    # Call a modified version of `SubgroupProperty'.
    # Besides the parameter `K', we introduce the new parameter `allowed',
    # a list of same length as `permutations';
    # `allowed[<i>]' is the list of all <x> in `permutations' where the
    # constructed permutation can lie in
    # `permutations[<i>] * Stab( family> ) / <x>'.
    # Initially this is `permutations' itself, but `allowed' is updated
    # whenever an image of a base point is chosen.
    
    # Find a subgroup $U$ of $G$ which preserves the property <prop>,
    # i.e., $prop( x )$ implies $prop( x * u )$ for all $x \in G, u \in U$.
    # (Note:  This subgroup is changed in the algorithm, be careful!)
    # Make this subgroup as large as possible with reasonable effort!
    
    # Improvement in our special situation:
    # We may add those generators <gen> of $G$ that stabilize the whole row
    # family, i.e. for which holds
    # `<family>[i] = <family>[ i^ ( x^-1 * gen * x ) ]'.
    
    stabilizes:= function( family, gen, x )
      local i;
      for i in [ 1 .. Length( family ) ] do
        if family[ i^x ] <> family[ ( i^gen )^x ] then
          return false;
        fi;
      od;
      return true;
    end;

    K:= SSortedList( K );
    for gen in chainG.generators do
      if ForAll( permutations, x -> stabilizes( family, gen, x ) ) then
        AddSet( K, gen );
      fi;
    od;

    # Make the bases of the stabilizer chains compatible.
    chainK:= StabChainOp( GroupByGenerators( K, () ),
                          rec( base    := BaseStabChain( chainG ),
                               reduced := false ) );

    # Initialize `allowed'.
    allowed:= ListWithIdenticalEntries( famlength, permutations );
    
    # Search through the whole group $G = G * Id$ for an element with <prop>.

    # Search for an element in a coset $S * s$ of some stabilizer $S$ of $G$.
    # $L$ fixes $S*s$, i.e., $S*s*L = S*s$ and is a subgroup of the wanted
    # subgroup $K$, thus $prop( x )$ implies $prop( x*l )$ for all $l \in L$.

    # `S' is a stabilizer chain for $S$,
    # `L' is a list of generators for $L$.
    ElementPropertyCoset := function( S, s, L, allowed )

      local i, j, points, p, ss, LL, elm, newallowed, union;

      # If $S$ is the trivial group check whether $s$ has the property,
      # i.e., also the non-base points are mapped correctly.

      if IsEmpty( S.generators ) then
        for i in [ 1 .. famlength ] do
          for p in nonbase do
            allowed[i]:= Filtered( allowed[i],
                           x -> ( p^s )^x in family[ p^permutations[i] ] );
          od;
          if IsEmpty( allowed[i] ) then
            return fail;
          fi;
        od;
        return s;
      fi;

      # Make `points' a subset of $S.orbit ^ s$ of those points which
      # correspond to cosets that might contain elements satisfying <prop>.
      # Make this set as small as possible with reasonable effort!
      points:= SSortedList( OnTuples( S.orbit, s ) );

      # Improvement in our special situation:
      # For the basepoint `$b$ = S.orbit[1]' we have
      # $b \pi \in orbit \cap \bigcap_{i}
      # \bigcup_{\pi_j \in `allowed[i]'} [ family( b \pi_i ) ] \pi_j^{-1}$

      for i in [ 1 .. famlength ] do
        union:= [];
        for j in allowed[i] do
          UniteSet( union, List( family[ S.orbit[1] ^ permutations[i] ],
                                 x -> x / j ) );
        od;
        IntersectSet( points, union );
      od;

      # run through the points, i.e., through the cosets of the stabilizer.
      while not IsEmpty( points ) do

        # Take a point $p$.
        p:= points[1];

        # Find a coset representative,
        # i.e., $ss \in S$ with $S.orbit[1]^ss = p$.
        ss:= s;
        while S.orbit[1]^ss <> p do
          ss:= LeftQuotient( S.transversal[p/ss], ss );
        od;

        # Find a subgroup $LL$ of $L$ which fixes $S.stabilizer * ss$,
        # i.e., an approximation (subgroup) $LL$ of $Stabilizer( L, p )$.
        # note that $LL$ preserves <prop> since it is a subgroup of $L$.
        # Compute a better aproximation, for example using base change.
        # `LL' is a list of generators of $LL$.
        LL:= Filtered( L, l -> p^l = p );

        # Search the coset $S.stabilizer * ss$ and return if successful.

        # In our special situation, we adjust `allowed': 
        newallowed:= [];
        for i in [ 1 .. famlength ] do
          newallowed[i]:= Filtered( allowed[i], x -> p^x in
                              family[ S.orbit[1]^permutations[i] ] );
        od;

        elm:= ElementPropertyCoset( S.stabilizer, ss, LL, newallowed );
        if elm <> fail then return elm; fi;

        # If there was no element in $S.stab * Rep(p)$ satisfying <prop>
        # there can be none in $S.stab * Rep(p^l) = S.stab * Rep(p) * l$
        # for any $l \in L$ because $L$ preserves the property <prop>.
        # Thus we can remove the entire $L$ orbit of $p$ from the points.
        SubtractSet( points, OrbitPerms( L, p ) );

      od;

      # there is no element with the property <prop> in the coset  $S * s$.
      return fail;
    end;

    # Make $L$ the subgroup with the property of some stabilizer $S$ of $G$.
    # Upon entry $L$ is already a subgroup of this wanted subgroup.

    # `S' and `L' are stabilizer chains.
    FindSubgroupProperty := function( S, L, allowed )

      local i, j, points, p, ss, LL, elm, newallowed, union;

      # If $S$ is the trivial group, then so is $L$ and we are ready.
      if IsEmpty( S.generators ) then return; fi;

      # Improvement in our special situation:
      # Adjust `allowed' (we search in the stabilizer of `S.orbit[1]').

      newallowed:= [];
      for i in [ 1 .. famlength ] do
        newallowed[i]:= Filtered( allowed[i],
                                  x -> S.orbit[1]^x in
                                 family[ S.orbit[1]^permutations[i] ] );
      od;

      # Make $L.stab$ the full subgroup of $S.stab$ satisfying <prop>.
      FindSubgroupProperty( S.stabilizer, L.stabilizer, newallowed );

      # Add the generators of `L.stabilizer' to `L.generators',
      # update `orbit' and `transversal':
      for elm in L.stabilizer.generators do
        if not elm in L.generators then
          AddGeneratorsExtendSchreierTree( L, [ elm ] );
        fi;
      od;

      # Make `points' a subset of $S.orbit$ of those points which
      # correspond to cosets that might contain elements satisfying <prop>.
      # Make this set as small as possible with reasonable effort!
      points := SSortedList( S.orbit );

      # Improvement in our special situation:
      # For the basepoint `$b$ = S.orbit[1]', we have
      # $b \pi \in orbit \cap \bigcap_{i}
      # \bigcup_{j \in `allowed[i]'} [ family[ b \pi_i ] ] \pi_j^{-1}$.
      for i in [ 1 .. famlength ] do
        union:= [];
        for j in allowed[i] do
          UniteSet( union, List( family[ S.orbit[1] ^ permutations[i] ],
                                 x -> x / j ) );
        od;
        IntersectSet( points, union );
      od;

      # Suppose that $x \in S.stab * Rep(S.orbit[1]^l)$ satisfies <prop>,
      # since $S.stab*Rep(S.orbit[1]^l)=S.stab*l$ we have $x/l \in S.stab$.
      # Because $l \in L$ it follows that $x/l$ satisfies <prop> also, and
      # since $L.stab$ is the full subgroup of $S.stab$ satisfying <prop>
      # it follows that $x/l \in L.stab$ and so $x \in L.stab * l \<= L$.
      # thus we can remove the entire $L$ orbit of $p$ from the points.
      SubtractSet( points, OrbitPerms( L.generators, S.orbit[1] ) );

      # Run through the points, i.e., through the cosets of the stabilizer.
      while not IsEmpty( points ) do

        # Take a point $p$.
        p:= points[1];

        # Find a coset representative,
        # i.e., $ss  \in  S, S.orbit[1]^ss = p$.
        ss:= S.identity;
        while S.orbit[1]^ss <> p do
          ss:= LeftQuotient( S.transversal[p/ss], ss );
        od;

        # Find a subgroup $LL$ of $L$ which fixes $S.stabilizer * ss$,
        # i.e., an approximation (subgroup) $LL$ of $Stabilizer( L, p )$.
        # Note that $LL$ preserves <prop> since it is a subgroup of $L$.
        # Compute a better aproximation, for example using base change.
        LL:= Filtered( L.generators, l -> p^l = p );

        # Search the coset $S.stabilizer * ss$ and add if successful.

        # Adjust `allowed'.
        newallowed:= [];
        for i in [ 1 .. famlength ] do
          newallowed[i]:= Filtered( allowed[i], x -> p^x in
                                   family[ S.orbit[1]^permutations[i] ] );
        od;

        elm:= ElementPropertyCoset( S.stabilizer, ss, LL, newallowed );
        if elm <> fail then
          AddGeneratorsExtendSchreierTree( L, [ elm ] );
        fi;

        # If there was no element in $S.stab * Rep(p)$ satisfying  <prop>
        # there can be none in  $S.stab * Rep(p^l) = S.stab * Rep(p) * l$
        # for any $l \in L$ because $L$ preserves  the  property  <prop>.
        # Thus we can remove the entire $L$ orbit of $p$ from the points.
        # <<this must be reformulated>>
        SubtractSet( points, OrbitPerms( L.generators, p ) );

      od;

      # There is no element with the property <prop> in the coset $S * s$.
      return;
    end;

    FindSubgroupProperty( chainG, chainK, allowed );
    return chainK;
end );


#############################################################################
##
#M  MatrixAutomorphisms( <mat>[, <maps>, <subgroup>] )
##
InstallMethod( MatrixAutomorphisms,
    "for a matrix",
    [ IsMatrix ],
    mat -> MatrixAutomorphisms( mat, [], Group( () ) ) );

InstallMethod( MatrixAutomorphisms,
    "for matrix, list of maps, and subgroup",
    [ IsMatrix, IsList, IsPermGroup ],
    function( mat, maps, subgroup )
    local fam,             # result of `FamiliesOfRows'
          nonfixedpoints,  # positions of not nec. fixed columns
          i, j, k,         # loop variables
          row,             # one row in `mat'
          colfam,          # current set of columns
          values,          # values of `row' on `colfam'
          G,               # current aut. group resp. its stabilizer chain

          famreps,
          permutations,
          pos,
          famlengths,
          support,
          family,
          famrep;

    # Step 0:
    # Check the arguments.

    if IsPermGroup( subgroup ) then
      subgroup:= SSortedList( GeneratorsOfGroup( subgroup ) );
    elif     IsList( subgroup )
         and ( IsEmpty( subgroup ) or IsPermCollection( subgroup ) ) then
      subgroup:= ShallowCopy( subgroup );
    else
      Error( "<subgroup> must be a permutation group" );
    fi;

    # Step 1:
    # Distribute the rows into row families.

    fam:= FamiliesOfRows( mat, maps );
    mat:= Concatenation( mat, maps );
    
    # Step 2:
    # Distribute the columns into families using only the fact that
    # row families of length 1 must be fixed by every automorphism.
    
    nonfixedpoints:= [ [ 1 .. Length( mat[1] ) ] ];
    i:= 1;
    while i <= Length( fam.famreps ) and Length( fam.families[i] ) = 1 do
      row:= mat[ fam.families[i][1] ];
      for j in [ 1 .. Length( nonfixedpoints ) ] do

        # Split `nonfixedpoints[j]' according to the entries of the vector.
        colfam:= nonfixedpoints[j];
        values:= Set( row{ colfam } );
        nonfixedpoints[j]:= Filtered( colfam, x -> row[x] = values[1] );
        for k in [ 2 .. Length( values ) ] do
          Add( nonfixedpoints, Filtered( colfam, x -> row[x] = values[k] ) );
        od;

      od;
      nonfixedpoints:= Filtered( nonfixedpoints, x -> 1 < Length(x) );
      i:= i+1;
    od;
    
    # Step 3:
    # Refine the column families using the fact that members of a family
    # must have the same sorted column in the restriction to every row
    # family.
    # Since trivial row families are already examined, we consider only
    # nontrivial ones.
    
    while i <= Length( fam.famreps ) do
      row:= MutableTransposedMat( mat{ fam.families[i] } );
      for j in row do
        Sort( j );
      od;
      for j in [ 1 .. Length( nonfixedpoints ) ] do
        colfam:= nonfixedpoints[j];
        values:= SSortedList( row{ colfam } );
        nonfixedpoints[j]:= Filtered( colfam, x -> row[x] = values[1] );
        for k in [ 2 .. Length( values ) ] do
          Add( nonfixedpoints, Filtered( colfam, x -> row[x] = values[k] ) );
        od;
      od;
      nonfixedpoints:= Filtered( nonfixedpoints, x -> 1 < Length(x) );
      i:= i+1;
    od;
    
    if IsEmpty( nonfixedpoints ) then
      Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
            "MatAutomorphisms: return trivial group without hard test" );
      return GroupByGenerators( [], () );
    fi;
    
    # Step 4:
    # Compute a direct product of symmetric groups that covers the
    # group of matrix automorphisms.
    
    G:= [];
    for i in nonfixedpoints do
      Add( G, ( i[1], i[2] ) );
      if 2 < Length( i ) then
        Add( G, MappingPermListList( i,
                    Concatenation( i{[2..Length(i)]}, [ i[1] ] ) ) );
      fi;
    od;
    G:= GroupByGenerators( G );
    
    # Step 5:
    # Enter the backtrack search for permutation groups.
    
    permutations:= fam.permutations;
    famreps:= fam.famreps;
    G:= StabChain( G );
    
    Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
          "MatAutomorphisms: There are ", Length( permutations ),
          " families (",
          Length( Filtered( permutations, x -> Length(x) =1 ) ),
          " trivial)" );
    
    for i in [ 1 .. Length( famreps ) ] do
      if 1 < Length( permutations[i] ) then
    
        Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
              "MatAutomorphismsFamily called for family no. ", i );
    
        # First convert <famreps>[i] to `family': `family[<k>]' is the list
        # of all positions <j> in <famreps>[i] with
        # `<famreps>[i][<k>] = <famreps>[i][<j>]'.
        # So each permutation stabilizing <famreps>[i] will have to map <k>
        # to a point in `<family>[<k>]'.
        # (Note that <famreps>[i] is sorted.)
    
        famrep:= famreps[i];
        support:= Length( famrep );
        family:= [ ];
        j:= 1;
        while j <= support do
          family[j]:= [ j ];
          k:= j+1;
          while k <= support and famrep[k] = famrep[j] do
            Add( family[j], k );
            family[k]:= family[j];
            k:= k+1;
          od;
          j:= k;
        od;
        G:= MatAutomorphismsFamily( G, subgroup, family, permutations[i] );
        ReduceStabChain( G );

      fi;
    od;

    return GroupStabChain( G );
    end );


#############################################################################
##
#M  TableAutomorphisms( <tbl>, <characters> )
#M  TableAutomorphisms( <tbl>, <characters>, \"closed\" )
#M  TableAutomorphisms( <tbl>, <characters>, <subgroup> )
##
InstallMethod( TableAutomorphisms,
    "for a character table and a list of characters",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsList ],
    function( tbl, characters )
    return TableAutomorphisms( tbl, characters, Group( () ) );
    end );

InstallMethod( TableAutomorphisms,
    "for a character table, a list of characters, and a string",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsList, IsString ],
    function( tbl, characters, closed )

    if closed = "closed" then
      return TableAutomorphisms( tbl, characters,
                 GroupByGenerators( GaloisMat( TransposedMat( characters )
                     ).generators, () ) );
    else
      return TableAutomorphisms( tbl, characters, Group( () ) );
    fi;
    end );

InstallMethod( TableAutomorphisms,
    "for a character table, a list of characters, and a perm. group",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsList, IsPermGroup ],
    function( tbl, characters, subgroup )
    local maut,         # matrix automorphisms of `characters'
                        # that respect element orders and centralizer orders
          gens,         # generators of `maut'
          nccl,         # no. of conjugacy classes of `tbl'
          powermap,     # list of relevant power maps
          admissible;   # generators that commute with all power maps

    # Compute the matrix automorphisms.
    maut:= MatrixAutomorphisms( characters, 
                                [ OrdersClassRepresentatives( tbl ),
                                  SizesCentralizers( tbl ) ],
                                subgroup );
    gens:= GeneratorsOfGroup( maut );
    nccl:= NrConjugacyClasses( tbl );

    # Check whether all generators commute with all power maps.
    powermap:= List( Set( Factors( Size( tbl ) ) ),
                     p -> PowerMap( tbl, p ) );
    admissible:= Filtered( gens, 
                           perm -> ForAll( powermap, 
                                         x -> ForAll( [ 1 .. nccl ],
                                         y -> x[ y^perm ] = x[y]^perm ) ) );

    # If not all matrix automorphisms are admissible then
    # we compute the admissible subgroup with a second backtrack search
    # inside the group of matrix automorphisms, with the group generated
    # by the admissible matrix automorphisms as known subgroup.
    if Length( admissible ) <> Length( gens ) then

      Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
            "TableAutomorphisms: ",
            "not all matrix automorphisms admissible" );
      admissible:= SubgroupProperty( maut,
                       perm -> ForAll( powermap, 
                                 x -> ForAll( [ 1 .. nccl ],
                                        y -> x[ y^perm ] = x[y]^perm ) ),
                                     GroupByGenerators( admissible, () ) );

    else
      admissible:= GroupByGenerators( admissible, () );
    fi;

    # Return the result.
    return admissible;
    end );


#############################################################################
##
#F  TransformingPermutationFamily( <G>,<K>,<fam1>,<fam2>,<bij_col>,<family> )
##
##  computes a transforming permutation of columns for equivalent families
##  of rows of two matrices.
##  (The parameters can be computed from the matrices <mat1>, <mat2> using
##  "FamiliesOfRows").
##
##  `TransformingPermutationFamily' returns either `false' or a record
##  with fields `permutation' and `group'.
##
##  <G>: group with the property that the transforming permutation lies in
##       the coset `<bij_col> * <G>'
##  <K>: a subgroup of the group of matrix automorphisms of <fam2> which is
##       contained in <G>, e.g. Aut( <mat2> )
##
##       Note: The bases of <G> and <K> must be compatible!!
##
##  <fam1>: the permutations mapping the rows of the family in <mat1> to the
##          representative (the so-called famrep)
##  <fam2>: the permutations mapping the rows of the family in mat2 to the
##          famrep
##  <bij_col>: permutation corresponding to the bijection of columns in mat1
##             and mat2
##  <family>: map that distributes the columns into families; two columns
##            <i>, <j> are in the same family iff
##            `<family>[<i>] = <family>[<j>]'.
##            <G> must stabilize <family>.
##            Note: Stabilizing the famrep is
##            equivalent to respecting <family>, so the calculation of
##            <fam1> and <fam2> must respect <family>, too!
##
BindGlobal( "TransformingPermutationFamily",
    function( chainG, K, fam1, fam2, bij_col, family )
    local permutations,           # translate `fam1' with `bij_col'
          allowed,                # list of lists of admissible points
          ElementPropertyCoset,   # local function to loop over a coset
          nonbase;                # list of nonbase points
    
    # Step a:
    # Replace permutations `p' in `fam1' by `bij_col^(-1) * p',
    # initialize `allowed'.
    
    permutations:= List( fam1, x -> LeftQuotient( bij_col, x ) );
    allowed:= ListWithIdenticalEntries( Length( fam1 ), fam2 );
    
    # Step b:
    # Define the local function `ElementProperty'.
    # It is exactly the same function as the one in `MatAutomorphismsFamily',
    # so we put it in here without comments.

    ElementPropertyCoset := function ( S, s, L, allowed )

      local i, j, points, p, ss, LL, elm, newallowed, union;

      if IsEmpty( S.generators ) then                                     
        for i in [ 1 .. Length( permutations ) ] do
          for p in nonbase do                             
            allowed[i]:= Filtered( allowed[i],
                           x -> ( p^s )^x in family[ p^permutations[i] ] );
          od;                                                             
          if IsEmpty( allowed[i] ) then       
            return fail;                
          fi;                                     
        od;                                                            
        return s;
      fi;                                                            
    
      points:= SSortedList( OnTuples( S.orbit, s ) );

      for i in [ 1 .. Length( permutations ) ] do
        union:= [];
        for j in allowed[i] do
          UniteSet( union, List( family[ S.orbit[1] ^ permutations[i] ],
                                 x -> x / j ) );
        od;
        IntersectSet( points, union );
      od;

      while not IsEmpty( points ) do

        p:= points[1];
        ss:= s;
        while S.orbit[1]^ss <> p do
          ss:= LeftQuotient( S.transversal[p/ss], ss );
        od;

        LL:= Filtered( L, l -> p^l = p );

        newallowed:= [];
        for i in [ 1 .. Length( allowed ) ] do
          newallowed[i]:= Filtered( allowed[i], x -> p^x in
                              family[ S.orbit[1]^permutations[i] ] );
        od;

        elm := ElementPropertyCoset( S.stabilizer, ss, LL, newallowed );
        if elm <> fail then return elm; fi;

        SubtractSet( points, OrbitPerms( L, p ) );

      od;

      return fail;
    end;

    # Compute a stabilizer chain for $G$.
    # Select an optimal base that allows us to prune  the  tree  efficiently!
    nonbase:= Difference( [ 1 .. Length( family ) ],
                          BaseStabChain( chainG ) );

    # Find a subgroup  $K$  of  $G$  which  preserves  the  property  <prop>,
    # i.e., $prop( x )$ implies $prop( x * k )$  for all  $x \in G, k \in K$.
    # Make this  subgroup  as  large  as  possible  with  reasonable  effort!

    # Search through the whole group $G = G * Id$ for an element with <prop>.
    return ElementPropertyCoset( chainG, (), K, allowed );
    end );


#############################################################################
##
#M  TransformingPermutations( <mat1>, <mat2> )
##
InstallMethod( TransformingPermutations,
    "for two matrices",
    [ IsMatrix, IsMatrix ],
    function( mat1, mat2 )
    local i, j, k,        # loop variables
          fam1,
          fam2,
          bijection,
          bij_col,        # current bijection of columns of the matrices
          pos,
          G,
          family,
          fam,
          nonfixedpoints,
          famrep,
          support,
          subgrp,
          trans,
          image,
          preimage,
          row1,
          row2,
          values;

    # Step 0:
    # Handle trivial cases.
    if Length( mat1 ) <> Length( mat2 ) then
      return fail;
    elif IsEmpty( mat1 ) then
      return rec( columns := (),
                  rows    := (),
                  group   := GroupByGenerators( [], () ) );
    fi;
    
    # Step 1:
    # Set up and check the bijection of row families using the fact that
    # sorted rows must be equal.
    # (Note that this is only a bijection of the representatives;
    # we do not need a physical bijection of the rows themselves)
    # Note that `FamiliesOfRows' first sorts families according to
    # the representative, and then sorts this list *stable* (using `Sortex')
    # according to the length of the family, so the bijection must
    # be the identity.
    
#T check invariants first (matrix dimensions!)
    fam1:= FamiliesOfRows( mat1, [] );
    fam2:= FamiliesOfRows( mat2, [] );
    if fam1.famreps <> fam2.famreps then
      Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
            "TransformingPermutations: no bijection of row families" );
      return fail;
    fi;
    
    # Step 2:
    # Initialize a bijection of column families using that row
    # families of length 1 must be in bijection, i.e. the column
    # families are constant on these rows.
    # We will have `bij_col[1][i]' in bijection with `bij_col[2][i]'.
    
    bij_col:= [];
    bij_col[1]:= [ [ 1 .. Length( mat1[1] ) ] ]; # trivial column families
    bij_col[2]:= [ [ 1 .. Length( mat1[1] ) ] ];
    
    for i in [ 1 .. Length( fam1.famreps ) ] do
      if Length( fam1.families[i] ) = 1 then
        row1:= mat1[ fam1.families[i][1] ];
        row2:= mat2[ fam2.families[i][1] ];
        for j in [ 1 .. Length( bij_col[1] ) ] do
          preimage:= bij_col[1][j];
          image:=    bij_col[2][j];
          values:= SSortedList( row1{ preimage } );
          if values <> SSortedList( row2{ image } ) then
            Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
                  "TransformingPermutations: ",
                  "no bijection of column families" );
            return fail;
          fi;
          bij_col[1][j]:= Filtered( preimage, x -> row1[x] = values[1] );
          bij_col[2][j]:= Filtered( image, x -> row2[x] = values[1] );
          if Length( bij_col[1][j] ) <> Length( bij_col[2][j] ) then
            Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
                  "TransformingPermutations: ",
                  "no bijection of column families" );
            return fail;
          fi;
          for k in [ 2 .. Length( values ) ] do
            Add( bij_col[1], Filtered( preimage,
                                       x -> row1[x] = values[k] ) );
            Add( bij_col[2], Filtered( image,
                                       x -> row2[x] = values[k] ) );
            if Length( bij_col[1][ Length( bij_col[1] ) ] )
               <> Length( bij_col[2][ Length( bij_col[2] ) ] ) then
              Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
                    "TransformingPermutations: ",
                    "no bijection of column families" );
              return fail;
            fi;
          od;
        od;
      fi;
    od;
    
    # Step 3:
    # Refine the column families and the bijection using that members
    # of a column family must have the same sorted column in the
    # restriction to every row family. Since the trivial row families
    # are already examined, now only use the nontrivial row families.
    # Except that now the values are sorted lists, the algorithm is
    # the same as in step 2.
    
    for i in [ 1 .. Length( fam1.famreps ) ] do
      if Length( fam1.families[i] ) > 1 then
        row1:= MutableTransposedMat( mat1{ fam1.families[i] } );
        row2:= MutableTransposedMat( mat2{ fam2.families[i] } );
        for j in row1 do Sort( j ); od;
        for j in row2 do Sort( j ); od;
        for j in [ 1 .. Length( bij_col[1] ) ] do
          preimage:= bij_col[1][j];
          image:=    bij_col[2][j];
          values:= SSortedList( row1{ preimage } );
          if values <> SSortedList( row2{ image } ) then
            Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
                  "TransformingPermutations: ",
                  "no bijection of column families" );
            return fail;
          fi;
          bij_col[1][j]:= Filtered( preimage,
                                    x -> row1[x] = values[1] );
          bij_col[2][j]:= Filtered( image,
                                    x -> row2[x] = values[1] );
          if Length( bij_col[1][j] ) <> Length( bij_col[2][j] ) then
            Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
                  "TransformingPermutations: ",
                  "no bijection of column families" );
            return fail;
          fi;
          for k in [ 2 .. Length( values ) ] do
            Add( bij_col[1], Filtered( preimage,
                                       x -> row1[x] = values[k] ) );
            Add( bij_col[2], Filtered( image,
                                       x -> row2[x] = values[k] ) );
            if Length( bij_col[1][ Length( bij_col[1] ) ] )
               <> Length( bij_col[2][ Length( bij_col[2] ) ] ) then
              Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
                    "TransformingPermutations: ",
                    "no bijection of column families" );
              return fail;
            fi;
          od;
        od;
      fi;
    od;
    
    # Choose an arbitrary bijection of columns
    # that respects the bijection of column families.
    
    bijection:= [];
    for i in [ 1 .. Length( bij_col[1] ) ] do
      for j in [ 1 .. Length( bij_col[1][i] ) ] do
        bijection[ bij_col[1][i][j] ]:= bij_col[2][i][j];
      od;
    od;
    nonfixedpoints:= Filtered( bij_col[2], x -> 1 < Length(x) );
    
    # Step 4:
    # Compute a direct prouct of symmetric groups that covers the
    # group of table automorphisms of mat2, using column families
    # given by `bij_col[2]'.
    
    G:= [];
    for i in nonfixedpoints do
      Add( G, ( i[1], i[2] ) );
      if 2 < Length( i ) then
        Add( G, MappingPermListList( i,
                    Concatenation( i{[2..Length(i)]}, [ i[1] ] ) ) );
      fi;
    od;
    G:= StabChain( GroupByGenerators( G, () ) );
    
    # Step 5:
    # Enter the backtrack search for permutation groups.

    Info( InfoMatrix, 2,
          "TransformingPermutations: start of backtrack search" );
    
    bij_col:= PermList( bijection );
    
    # Now loop over the row families;
    # first convert `famreps[i]' to `family';
    # `family[<k>]' is the list of all
    # positions <j> in `famreps[i]' with
    # `famreps[i][<k>] = famreps[i][<j>]'.
    # So each permutation stabilizing `famreps[i]' will have to map
    # <k> to a point in `family[<k>]'.
    # (Note that `famreps[i]' is sorted.)
    
    for i in [ 1 .. Length( fam1.famreps ) ] do
      if Length( fam1.permutations[i] ) > 1 then
        famrep:= fam1.famreps[i];
        support:= Length( famrep );
        family:= [ ];
        j:= 1;
        while j <= support do
          family[j]:= [ j ];
          k:= j+1;
          while k <= support and famrep[k] = famrep[j] do
            Add( family[j], k );
            family[k]:= family[j];
            k:= k+1;
          od;
          j:= k;
        od;
        subgrp:= MatAutomorphismsFamily( G, [], family,
                                         fam2.permutations[i] );
        trans:= TransformingPermutationFamily( G, subgrp.generators,
                               fam1.permutations[i],
                               fam2.permutations[i], bij_col,
                               family );
        if trans = fail then
          return fail;
        fi;
        G:= subgrp;
        ReduceStabChain( G );
        bij_col:= bij_col * trans;
      fi;
    od;

    # Return the result.
    return rec( columns := bij_col,
                rows    := Sortex( List( mat1, x -> Permuted( x, bij_col ) ) )
                           / Sortex( ShallowCopy( mat2 ) ),
                group   := GroupStabChain( G ) ); 
    end );


#############################################################################
##
#M  TransformingPermutationsCharacterTables( <tbl1>, <tbl2> )
##
InstallMethod( TransformingPermutationsCharacterTables,
    "for two character tables",
    [ IsCharacterTable, IsCharacterTable ],
    function( tbl1, tbl2 )
    local primes,        # prime divisors of the order of each table
          irr1, irr2,    # lists of irreducible characters of the tables
          trans,         # result record
          gens,          # generators of the matrix automorphisms of `tbl2'
          nccl,          # no. of conjugacy classes
          powermap1,     # list of power maps of `tbl1'
          powermap2,     # list of power maps of `tbl2'
          admissible,    # group of table automorphisms of `tbl2'
          pi, pi2,       # admissible column transformations
          prop,          # property used in `ElementProperty'
          orders1,       # element orders of `tbl1'
          orders2;       # element orders of `tbl2'

    # Shortcuts:
    # - If the group orders differ then return `fail'.
    # - If irreducibles are stored in the two tables and coincide,
    #   and if the power maps are known and equal then return the identity.
    primes:= Set( Factors( Size( tbl1 ) ) );
    if Size( tbl1 ) <> Size( tbl2 ) then
      return fail;
    elif HasIrr( tbl1 ) and HasIrr( tbl2 ) and Irr( tbl1 ) = Irr( tbl2 )
         and ForAll( primes, p -> IsBound( ComputedPowerMaps( tbl1 )[p] ) and
                                  IsBound( ComputedPowerMaps( tbl1 )[p] ) and
                                  ComputedPowerMaps( tbl1 )[p] =
                                  ComputedPowerMaps( tbl2 )[p] ) then
      if HasAutomorphismsOfTable( tbl1 ) then
        return rec( columns:= (),
                    rows:= (),
                    group:= AutomorphismsOfTable( tbl1 ) );
      else
        return rec( columns:= (),
                    rows:= (),
                    group:= AutomorphismsOfTable( tbl2 ) );
      fi;
    fi;

# change: TransformingPermutations: should not access Irr until
#         it is checked that centralizers and element orders match!
    irr1:= Irr( tbl1 );
    irr2:= Irr( tbl2 );

    # Compute the transformations between the matrices of irreducibles.
    trans:= TransformingPermutations( irr1, irr2 );
#T improve this: use element orders already here!
#T e.g. check sorted lists of el. orders as an invariant
    if trans = fail then
      return fail;
    fi;
    gens:= GeneratorsOfGroup( trans.group );                               
    nccl:= NrConjugacyClasses( tbl2 );
    
    # Compute the subgroup of table automorphisms of `tbl2' if it is not
    # yet stored.
    # Note that we know the group of matrix automorphisms already,
    # so we use the same method as in `TableAutomorphisms'.

    powermap1:= List( primes, p -> PowerMap( tbl1, p ) );
    powermap2:= List( primes, p -> PowerMap( tbl2, p ) );

    if HasAutomorphismsOfTable( tbl2 ) then
      admissible:= AutomorphismsOfTable( tbl2 );
    else

      admissible:= Filtered( gens,
                           perm -> ForAll( powermap2,
                                         x -> ForAll( [ 1 .. nccl ],
                                         y -> x[ y^perm ] = x[y]^perm ) ) );
    
      if Length( admissible ) = Length( gens ) then
        admissible:= trans.group;
      else
        Info( InfoCharacterTable, 2,
              "TransformingPermutationsCharTables: ",
              "not all matrix automorphisms admissible" );
        admissible:= SubgroupProperty( trans.group,
                         perm -> ForAll( powermap2, 
                                   x -> ForAll( [ 1 .. nccl ],
                                          y -> x[y^perm] = x[y]^perm ) ),
                                       GroupByGenerators( admissible, () ) );
      fi;

      # Store the automorphisms.
      SetAutomorphismsOfTable( tbl2, admissible );

    fi;
    
    pi:= trans.columns;

    orders1:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( tbl1 );
    orders2:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( tbl2 );

    if ForAll( [ 1 .. Length( primes ) ],
               x -> ForAll( [ 1 .. nccl ],
                    y -> powermap2[x][ y^pi ] = powermap1[x][y]^pi ) )
       and Permuted( orders1, pi ) = orders2 then

      # `pi' itself respects the mappings.
      trans.group:= admissible;

    else
    
      # Look if there is a coset of `trans.group' over `admissible' that
      # consists of transforming permutations.
      prop:= s -> ForAll( [ 1 .. Length( primes ) ],
                          x -> ForAll( [ 1 .. nccl ], y ->
                powermap2[x][ (y^pi)^s ] = ( powermap1[x][y]^pi )^s ) )
             and Permuted( orders1, pi*s ) = orders2;

      pi2:= ElementProperty( trans.group, prop,
                TrivialSubgroup( trans.group ), admissible );
      if pi2 = fail then
        return fail;
      else
        trans:= rec( columns:= pi * pi2,
                     rows:= Sortex( List( irr1,
                                          x -> Permuted( x, pi * pi2 ) ) )
                            / Sortex( ShallowCopy( irr2 ) ),
                     group:= admissible  );
      fi;

    fi;

    # Return the result.
    return trans;
    end );


#############################################################################
##
#E