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<p><a id="X8755A2C67B197C63" name="X8755A2C67B197C63"></a></p>
<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap2.html#X8755A2C67B197C63">2 <span class="Heading">The Help System</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss">&nbsp;</span><a href="chap2.html#X7E2C53D2844DD8C3">2.1 <span class="Heading">Invoking the Help</span></a>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss">&nbsp;</span><a href="chap2.html#X7BE8068878B7D7D1">2.2 <span class="Heading">Browsing through the Sections</span></a>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss">&nbsp;</span><a href="chap2.html#X863FF9087EDA8DF9">2.3 <span class="Heading">Changing the Help Viewer</span></a>
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<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="chap2.html#X87C1BFB2826488B0">2.3-1 SetHelpViewer</a></span>
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<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss">&nbsp;</span><a href="chap2.html#X84AFFC817B282359">2.4 <span class="Heading">The Pager Command</span></a>
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<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="chap2.html#X7ED03E41792C3840">2.4-1 Pager</a></span>
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<h3>2 <span class="Heading">The Help System</span></h3>

<p>This chapter describes the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> help system. The help system lets you read the documentation interactively.</p>

<p><a id="X7E2C53D2844DD8C3" name="X7E2C53D2844DD8C3"></a></p>

<h4>2.1 <span class="Heading">Invoking the Help</span></h4>

<p>The basic command to read <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong>'s documentation from within a <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> session is as follows.</p>

<p><code class="code">?[<var class="Arg">book</var>:][?]<var class="Arg">topic</var></code></p>

<p>For an explanation and some examples see <a href="../../doc/tut/chap2.html#X7A7EADB77FF38BC9"><span class="RefLink">Tutorial: Help</span></a>.</p>

<p>Note that the first question mark must appear in the <em>first position</em> after the <code class="code">gap&gt; </code> prompt. The search strings <var class="Arg">book</var> and <var class="Arg">topic</var> are normalized in a certain way (see the end of this section for details) before the search starts. This makes the search case insensitive and there can be arbitrary white space after the first question mark.</p>

<p>When there are several manual sections that match the query a numbered list of topics is displayed. These matches can be accessed with <code class="code">?<var class="Arg">number</var></code>.</p>

<p>There are some further specially handled commands which start with a question mark. They are explained in Section <a href="chap2.html#X7BE8068878B7D7D1"><span class="RefLink">2.2</span></a>.</p>

<p>By default <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> shows the help sections as text in the terminal (window), page by page if the shown text does not fit on the screen. But there are several other choices to read (other formats of) the documents: via a viewer for <code class="code">pdf</code> files or via a web browser. This is explained below in Section <a href="chap2.html#X863FF9087EDA8DF9"><span class="RefLink">2.3</span></a>.</p>

<p><em>Details of the string normalization process</em></p>

<p>Here is a precise description how the search strings <var class="Arg">book</var> and <var class="Arg">topic</var> are normalized before a search starts: backslashes and double or single quotes are removed, parentheses and braces are substituted by blanks, non-ASCII characters are considered as ISO-latin1 characters and the accented letters are substituted by their non-accented counterpart. Finally white space is normalized.</p>

<p><a id="X7BE8068878B7D7D1" name="X7BE8068878B7D7D1"></a></p>

<h4>2.2 <span class="Heading">Browsing through the Sections</span></h4>

<p>Help books for <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> are organized in chapters, sections, and subsections. There are a few special commands starting with a question mark (in the first position after the <code class="code">gap&gt; </code> prompt) which allow browsing a book section or chapter wise.</p>

<p><code class="code">?&gt;</code></p>

<p><code class="code">?&lt;</code></p>

<p>The two help commands <code class="code">?&lt;</code> and <code class="code">?&gt;</code> allow one to browse through a whole help book. <code class="code">?&lt;</code> displays the section or subsection preceding the previously shown (sub)section, and <code class="code">?&gt;</code> takes you to the section or subsection following the previously shown one.</p>

<p><code class="code">?&gt;&gt;</code></p>

<p><code class="code">?&lt;&lt;</code></p>

<p><code class="code">?&lt;&lt;</code> takes you back to the beginning of the current chapter. If you are already at the start of a chapter <code class="code">?&lt;&lt;</code> takes you to the beginning of the previous chapter. <code class="code">?&gt;&gt;</code> takes you to the beginning of the next chapter.</p>

<p><code class="code">?-</code></p>

<p><code class="code">?+</code></p>

<p><strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> remembers the last few sections that you have read. <code class="code">?-</code> takes you to the one that you have read before the current one, and displays it again. Further applications of <code class="code">?-</code> take you further back in this history. <code class="code">?+</code> reverses this process, i.e., it takes you back to the section that you have read after the current one. It is important to note that <code class="code">?-</code> and <code class="code">?+</code> do not alter the history like the other help commands.</p>

<p><code class="code">?books</code></p>

<p>This command shows a list of the books which are currently known to the help system. For each book there is a short name which is used with the <var class="Arg">book</var> part of the basic help query and there is a long name which hopefully tells you what this book is about.</p>

<p>A short name which ends in <code class="code">(not loaded)</code> refers to a <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> package whose documentation is loaded but which needs a call of <code class="func">LoadPackage</code> (<a href="chap76.html#X79B373A77B29D1F5"><span class="RefLink">76.2-1</span></a>) before you can use the described functions.</p>

<p><code class="code">?[<var class="Arg">book</var>:]sections</code></p>

<p><code class="code">?[<var class="Arg">book</var>:][chapters]</code></p>

<p>These commands show tables of contents for all available, respectively the matching books. For some books these commands show the same, namely the whole table of contents.</p>

<p><code class="code">?</code></p>

<p><code class="code">?&amp;</code></p>

<p>These commands redisplay the last shown help section. In the form <code class="code">?&amp;</code> the next preferred help viewer is used for the display (provided one has chosen several viewers), see <code class="func">SetHelpViewer</code> (<a href="chap2.html#X87C1BFB2826488B0"><span class="RefLink">2.3-1</span></a>) below.</p>

<p><a id="X863FF9087EDA8DF9" name="X863FF9087EDA8DF9"></a></p>

<h4>2.3 <span class="Heading">Changing the Help Viewer</span></h4>

<p>Books of the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> help system or package manuals can be available in several formats. Currently the following formats occur (not all of them may be available for all books):</p>


<dl>
<dt><strong class="Mark">text</strong></dt>
<dd><p>This is used for display in the terminal window in which <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> is running. Complicated mathematical expressions may not be easy to read in this format.</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark">pdf</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Adobe's <code class="code">pdf</code> format. Can be used for printing and onscreen reading on most current systems (with freely available software). Some manual books contain hyperlinks in this format.</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark">HTML</strong></dt>
<dd><p>The format of web pages. Can be used with any web browser. There may be hyperlink information available which allows a convenient browsing through the book via cross-references. This format has the problem that complicated formulae may be not be easy to read since there is no syntax for formulae in HTML. (Some older manual books use special symbol fonts for formulae and need a particular configuration of the web browser for correct display. Some manuals may use technology for quite sophisticated formula display.)</p>

</dd>
</dl>
<p>Depending on your operating system and available additional software you can use several of these formats with <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong>'s help system. This is configured with the following command.</p>

<p><a id="X87C1BFB2826488B0" name="X87C1BFB2826488B0"></a></p>

<h5>2.3-1 SetHelpViewer</h5>

<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">&#8227; SetHelpViewer</code>( <var class="Arg">viewer1</var>, <var class="Arg">viewer2</var>, <var class="Arg">...</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>This command takes an arbitrary number of arguments which must be strings describing a viewer. The recognized viewers are explained below. A call with no arguments shows the current setting.</p>

<p>The first given arguments are those with higher priority. So, if a help section is available in the format needed by <var class="Arg">viewer1</var>, this viewer is used. If not, availability of the format for <var class="Arg">viewer2</var> is checked and so on. Recall that the command <code class="code">?&amp;</code> displays the last seen section again but with the next possible viewer in your list, see <a href="chap2.html#X7BE8068878B7D7D1"><span class="RefLink">2.2</span></a>.</p>

<p>The viewer <code class="code">"screen"</code> (see below) is always silently appended since we assume that each help book is available in text format.</p>

<p>If you want to change the default setting you can use a call of <code class="code">SetUserPreference( "HelpViewers", [ ... ] );</code> (the list in the second argument containing the viewers you want) in your <code class="file">gap.ini</code> file (see <a href="chap3.html#X7FD66F977A3B02DF"><span class="RefLink">3.2</span></a>).</p>


<dl>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"screen"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>This is the default setting. The help is shown in text format using the <code class="func">Pager</code> (<a href="chap2.html#X7ED03E41792C3840"><span class="RefLink">2.4-1</span></a>) command. Hint: Text versions of manuals are formatted assuming that your terminal displays at least 80 characters per line, if this is not the case some sections may look very bad. We suggest to use a terminal in <code class="code">UTF-8</code> encoding with a fixed width font (this is the default on most modern Linux/Windows/Mac systems anyway). Terminals in <code class="code">ISO-8859-X</code> encoding will also work reasonably well (so far, since we do not yet use many special characters which such terminals could not display).</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"firefox"</code>, <code class="code">chrome</code>, <code class="code">"mozilla"</code>, <code class="code">"netscape"</code>, <code class="code">"konqueror"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>If a book is available in HTML format this is shown using the corresponding web browser. How well this works, for example by using a running instance of this browser, depends on your particular start script of this browser. (Note, that for some old books the browser must be configured to use symbol fonts.)</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"browser"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>(for MS Windows) If a book is available in HTML format, it will be opened using the Windows default application (typically, a web browser).</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"links2"</code>, <code class="code">"w3m"</code>, <code class="code">"lynx"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>If a book is available in HTML format this is shown using the text based <code class="code">"links2"</code> (in graphics mode), <code class="code">w3m</code> or <code class="code">lynx</code> web browser, respectively, inside the terminal running <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong>. (Formulae in some older books which use symbol fonts may be unreadable.)</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"mac default browser"</code>, <code class="code">"browser"</code>, <code class="code">"safari"</code>, <code class="code">"firefox"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>(for Mac OS X) If a book is available in HTML format this is shown in a web browser. The options <code class="code">"safari"</code> and <code class="code">"firefox"</code> use the corresponding browsers. The other two options use the program default browser (which can be set in Safari's preferences, in the "General" tab).</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"xpdf"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>(on X-windows systems) If a book is available in pdf format it is shown with the onscreen viewer program <code class="code">xpdf</code> (which must be installed on your system). This is a nice program, once it is running it is reused by <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> for the next displays of help sections.</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"acroread"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>If a book is available in pdf format it is shown with the onscreen viewer program <code class="code">acroread</code> (which must be available on your system). This program does not allow remote commands or startup with a given page. Therefore the page numbers you have to visit are just printed on the screen. When you are looking at several sections of the same book, this viewer assumes that the <code class="code">acroread</code> window still exists. When you go to another book a new acroread window is launched.</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"pdf viewer"</code>, <code class="code">"skim"</code>, <code class="code">"preview"</code>, <code class="code">"adobe reader"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>(for Mac OS X) If a book is available in pdf format this is shown in a pdf viewer. The options <code class="code">"skim"</code>, <code class="code">"preview"</code> and <code class="code">"adobe reader"</code> use the corresponding viewers. The other two options use the pdf viewer which you have chosen to open pdf files from the Finder. Note that only <code class="code">"Skim"</code> seems to be capable to open a pdf file on a given page. For the other help viewers, the page numbers where the information can be found will just be printed on the screen. None of the help viewers seems to be capable of opening a pdf at a given named destination (i. e., jump to precisely the place where the information can be found). The pdf viewer <code class="code">"Skim"</code> is open source software, it can be downloaded from <code class="file">http://skim-app.sourceforge.net/</code>.</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">"less"</code> or <code class="code">"more"</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>This is the same as <code class="code">"screen"</code> but additionally the user preferences <code class="code">"Pager"</code> and <code class="code">""PagerOptions"</code> are set, see the section <a href="chap2.html#X84AFFC817B282359"><span class="RefLink">2.4</span></a> for more details.</p>

</dd>
</dl>
<p>Please, send ideas for further viewer commands to <span class="URL"><a href="mailto:support@gap-system.org">support@gap-system.org</a></span>.</p>

<p><a id="X84AFFC817B282359" name="X84AFFC817B282359"></a></p>

<h4>2.4 <span class="Heading">The Pager Command</span></h4>

<p><strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> contains a builtin pager which shows a text string which does not fit on the screen page by page. Its functionality is very rudimentary and self-explaining. This is because (at least under UNIX) there are powerful external standard programs which do this job.</p>

<p><a id="X7ED03E41792C3840" name="X7ED03E41792C3840"></a></p>

<h5>2.4-1 Pager</h5>

<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">&#8227; Pager</code>( <var class="Arg">lines</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>This function can be used to display a text on screen using a pager, i.e., the text is shown page by page.</p>

<p>There is a default builtin pager in <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> which has very limited capabilities but should work on any system.</p>

<p>At least on a UNIX system one should use an external pager program like <code class="code">less</code> or <code class="code">more</code>. <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> assumes that this program has a command line option <code class="code">+nr</code> which starts the display of the text with line number <code class="code">nr</code>.</p>

<p>Which pager is used can be controlled by setting the user preference <code class="code">"Pager"</code>. The default value is <code class="code">"builtin"</code> which means that the internal pager is used.</p>

<p>On UNIX systems you probably want to set the user preference <code class="code">"Pager"</code> to the value <code class="code">"less"</code> or <code class="code">"more"</code>, you can do this for example in your <code class="file">gap.ini</code> file (see <a href="chap3.html#X7FD66F977A3B02DF"><span class="RefLink">3.2</span></a>). In that case you can also tell <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> a list of standard options for the external pager, via the user preference <code class="code">"PagerOptions"</code>.</p>


<div class="example"><pre>
  SetUserPreference( "Pager", "less" );
  SetUserPreference( "PagerOptions", ["-f","-r","-a","-i","-M","-j2"] );
</pre></div>

<p>The argument <var class="Arg">lines</var> can have one of the following forms:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>a string (i.e., lines are separated by newline characters)</p>

</li>
<li><p>a list of strings (without newline characters) which are interpreted as lines of the text to be shown</p>

</li>
<li><p>a record with component <code class="code">lines</code> as in 1. or 2. and optional further components</p>

</li>
</ol>
<p>In case 3. currently the following additional components are used:</p>


<dl>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">formatted</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>can be <code class="keyw">false</code> or <code class="keyw">true</code>. If set to <code class="keyw">true</code> the builtin pager tries to show the text exactly as it is given (avoiding <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong>'s automatic line breaking),</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">start</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>must be a positive integer. This is interpreted as the number of the first line shown by the pager (one may see the beginning of the text via back scrolling).</p>

</dd>
<dt><strong class="Mark"><code class="code">exitAtEnd</code></strong></dt>
<dd><p>can be <code class="keyw">false</code> or <code class="keyw">true</code>. If set to <code class="keyw">true</code> (the default), the builtin pager is terminated as soon as the end of the list is shown; otherwise entering the <strong class="button">q</strong> key is necessary in order to return from the pager.</p>

</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <code class="func">Pager</code> command is used by <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong>'s help system for displaying help sections in text format. But, of course, it may be used for other purposes as well.</p>


<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap&gt;</span> <span class="GAPinput">s6 := SymmetricGroup(6);;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap&gt;</span> <span class="GAPinput">words := ["This", "is", "a", "very", "stupid", "example"];;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap&gt;</span> <span class="GAPinput">l := List(s6, p-&gt; Permuted(words, p));;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap&gt;</span> <span class="GAPinput">Pager(List(l, a-&gt; JoinStringsWithSeparator(a," ")));;</span>
</pre></div>


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