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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
<LI><UL>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html121"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031010000000000000">Memory Management</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html122"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031020000000000000">Pseudo-instructions</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html123"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031030000000000000">System Stack</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html124"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031040000000000000">Instruction form</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html125"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031050000000000000">Comments</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html126"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031060000000000000">Basic Instruction Set</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html127"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031070000000000000">Memory- mapped instructions</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html128"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031100000000000000">Examples</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html129"
HREF="node4.html#SECTION00031110000000000000">Memory- mapped instructions</A>
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<H2><A NAME="SECTION00031000000000000000"></A>
<A NAME="sec:vpu"></A>
<BR>
<TT>Apoo</TT> assembly language
</H2>
<TT>Apoo</TT> has a set of general purpose
registers (32 by default), a data memory area, a program memory
area, a system stack and a program counter register.
<P>
All memory cells and registers have 32 bits.
<P>
Registers are named R0,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,...
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00031010000000000000">
Memory Management</A>
</H4>
<P>
The size of the RAM is predefined (e.g. 1K) and divided into two
areas: static memory and system stack. The static memory, begins at
address 0 and it is allocated when a <TT>Apoo</TT> program is loaded. Static
memory cells can be reserved in in two ways, using the following
pseudo-instructions:
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00031020000000000000">
Pseudo-instructions</A>
</H4>
<P>
<P>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1">
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170> </TD>
<TH ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170><SPAN CLASS="textbf">Meaning</SPAN></TH>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT><Label:></TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>mem</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170><TT>n</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170>reserves n memory addresses</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>Label:</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>const</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170><TT>n1</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170> </TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>const</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170><TT>n2</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170>contents of memory
address <TT>Label</TT> is <TT>n1</TT>, of Label+1 is <TT>n2</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170>....</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170><TT>ni</TT> can be a character <TT>'c'</TT>.</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT><Label:></TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>equ</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170><TT>n</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170>Allows a symbolic
name for a number</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT><Label:></TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>string</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170><TT>"seqNWSCharacteres"</TT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=170>Allocates memory
addresses and set them to the correspondent characters ASCII
codes. The characters cannot be whitespaces: use <code></code> for
<TT>space</TT>, <code></code> for <TT>tab</TT> and <code></code> for <TT>newline</TT>.</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<P>
<TT>Label</TT> is any string beginning with a letter and containing only letters
and digits with the exception of legal register names. If exists, must
begin in the first column of a line
<P>
<SPAN CLASS="textbf">NOTE:</SPAN> Every memory address refered, must have been reserved by
one of the previous pseudo-instructions.
<P>
E.g. the instruction <TT>load 3 R2</TT>, will cause an <TT>Out of
Memory</TT> error, if at least <TT>mem 3</TT> or three <TT>const</TT>
pseudo-instructions were not given...
If a <TT>equ</TT> value is used as a memory address, that address must
be already reserved or be a known memory-mapped instruction. The
<TT>string</TT> argument must be quoted and is converted to a sequence of ascii
codes ending with <TT>0</TT>.
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00031030000000000000">
System Stack</A>
</H4>
<P>
The system stack occupies the rest
of the RAM (growing for higher addresses). Since <TT>Apoo</TT>version 3.0 it can be used in an
advanced way to implement activation records (see section <A HREF="node5.html#apooar">3.2</A>).
<P>
However in can be used in a simpler way to implement subroutines. We can only push
a value to the Stack and pop a value from it (the one in the
top of the Stack). It
is used by the instructions <TT>jsr</TT> and <TT>rtn</TT>.
<P>
It can be manipulated by means of the <TT>push</TT> and <TT>pop</TT> instructions.
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00031040000000000000">
Instruction form</A>
</H4>
<P>
<PRE>
<Label:> Operation <Operand1> <Operand2>
</PRE>
<P>
<TT>Label</TT> is any string of letters or digits; if exists, must begin in the
first column of a line
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00031050000000000000">
Comments</A>
</H4>
<P>
A line beginning with # will be ignored by the parser; so it can be
used to write comments of the program
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00031060000000000000">
Basic Instruction Set</A>
</H4>
<P>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1">
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">Operation</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Operand1</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Operand2</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>Meanning</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">load</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Mem</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>loads contents of memory
address Mem into register Ri;
Mem can be a label</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">loadn</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Num</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>loads number Num into register
Ri; Num can be a label</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">loadi</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Rj</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>loads contents of memory
which address is the contents
of Ri into Rj (indirect load)</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">store</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Mem</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>stores contents of Ri at memory
address Mem; Mem can be a label</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">storer</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Rj</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>stores contents of Ri into Rj</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">storei</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Rj</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>stores contents of Ri
into at memory address, which is the
contents of Rj</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">add</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Rj</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>add contents of register Ri to
contents of register Rj, and
stores into Rj (Rj=Ri+Rj)</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">sub</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Rj</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>subtracts contents of register
Rj from contents of register Rj
and stores into Rj (Rj=Ri-Rj)</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">mul</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Rj</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>multiplies contents of register
Ri and contents of register
Rj, and stores into Rj (Rj=Ri*Rj)</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">div</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Rj</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>stores into Rj the quotient of integer
division of contents register
Ri by the contents of register
Rj, and stores into Rj (Rj=Ri/Rj)</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">mod</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Rj</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>stores into Rj the rest of integer
division of contents of register
Ri by the contents of register
Rj, and stores into Rj (Rj=Ri%Rj)</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">zero</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>the contents of Ri becomes 0 (Ri=0)</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">inc</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>increments by 1 the contents of Ri</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">dec</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>decrements by 1 the contents of Ri</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">jump</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Addr</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>jumps to instruction address Addr;
Addr can be a Label</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">jzero</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Addr</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>jumps to instruction address Addr,
if contents of Ri is zero;
Addr can be a Label</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">jpos</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Addr</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>jumps to instruction address Addr,
if contents of Ri is positiv;
Addr can be a Label</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">jneg</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Addr</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>jumps to instruction address Addr,
if contents of Ri is
negativ</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">jnzero</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Addr</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>jumps to instruction address Addr,
if contents of Ri is different
from zero;
Addr can be a Label</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">jsr</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Addr</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>pushes the PC into the stack and
jumps to instruction address Addr</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">rtn</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>pops an address from the stack
into the PC</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">push</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>pushes the contents of Ri into the
system stack</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">pop</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Ri</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>pops at element from the system stack
into Ri</TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">halt</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"> </TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=227>stops execution; Every program
must have this instruction in order
to end properly; otherwise an
'Out of Program' error will occur</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00031070000000000000">
Memory- mapped instructions</A>
</H4>
<P>
<TT>Apoo</TT> allows the configuration of a set of memory positions for
special purposes. The memory values and its functionality are given as
a parameter of the Apoo virtual machine.
The default values allow the simulation of input/output:
<P>
<P><P>
<BR>
<P>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1">
<TR><TH ALIGN="CENTER"><SPAN CLASS="textbf">Memory Position</SPAN></TH>
<TH ALIGN="LEFT"><SPAN CLASS="textbf">Load</SPAN></TH>
<TH ALIGN="LEFT"><SPAN CLASS="textbf">Store</SPAN></TH>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">50000</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TABLE CELLPADDING=3>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>load 50000 Ri</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">loads 0 in <TT>Ri</TT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TABLE CELLPADDING=3>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142><TT>store Ri 50000</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142>writes the character which ascii code is
<TT>Ri%256</TT> in the Output Window (in graphical interface) or in stdout,
in text mode.</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">50001</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TABLE CELLPADDING=3>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142><TT>load 50001 Ri</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142>reads an integer and stores it in Ri</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TABLE CELLPADDING=3>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142><TT>store Ri 50001</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142>writes the contents of Ri as an integer</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">50010</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TABLE CELLPADDING=3>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142><TT>load 50010 Ri</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142>loads 0 in <TT>Ri</TT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TABLE CELLPADDING=3>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142><TT>store Ri 50010</TT></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH=142>writes a CR in the Output Window (in graphical interface) or in stdout,
in text mode.</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<P>
<P>
<BR>
Here is an example:
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
</DIV>
<P>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV><PRE>
loadn 97 R0
store R0 50000
store R0 50010
store R0 50001
store R0 50010
load 50001 R0
loadn 5 R1
add R0 R1
store R0 50001
store R0 50010
halt
</PRE>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
</DIV>
<P>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
</DIV>
<H3><A NAME="SECTION00031100000000000000">
Examples</A>
</H3>
<P>
Some <TT>Apoo</TT> programs can be found <A NAME="tex2html11"
HREF="examples">here</A>
<P>
<H4><A NAME="SECTION00031110000000000000">
Memory- mapped instructions</A>
</H4>
<P>
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<ADDRESS>
<a href="http://www.ncc.up.pt/~rvr">Rogério Reis</a>,<a href="http://www.ncc.up.pt/~nam">Nelma Moreira</a> <I>2008-01-22</I>
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